The official New Zealand

code for cyclists

The official New Zealand
code for cyclists

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© NZ Transport Agency 2009

This publication is copyright © NZ Transport Agency. Material in it may be reproduced

for personal or in-house use without formal permission or charge, provided suitable
acknowledgement is made to this publication and the NZ Transport Agency as the source.
Requests and enquiries about the reproduction of material in this publication for any other
purpose should be made to the Manager Information, NZ Transport Agency, Private Bag 6995,
Wellington 6141.

The permission to reproduce material in this publication does not extend to any material for
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material belonging to a third party must be obtained from the copyright holder(s) concerned.

The official New Zealand code for cyclists

ISBN: 978-0-478-35246-7 (online)

Copyright: Version 1, December 2009 NZ Transport Agency

This is an online resource produced by the NZ Transport Agency.

Disclaimer
The NZ Transport Agency (NZTA) has endeavoured to ensure the material in this
document is technically accurate and reflects legal requirements. However, the
document does not override governing legislation. The NZTA does not accept
liability for any consequences arising from the use of this document. If the user of
this document is unsure whether the material is correct, they should make direct
reference to the relevant legislation and contact the NZTA.

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The official New Zealand code for cyclists

This document explains cycle related rules using plain English - for the
precise wording of laws you should refer to the various acts, regulations and
rules which are in effect. These include:
Land Transport Act 1998
Land Transport Rule: Road User Rule 2004
Land Transport Rule: Traffic Control Devices 2004
Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Standards Compliance 2002
Land Transport Rule: Tyres and Wheels 2001
Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Dimension and Mass 2002
Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Lighting 2004
Land Transport Rule: Vehicle Equipment 2004

To view acts, regulations and rules go to: www.legislation.govt.nz or

www.nzta.govt.nz/about/who-and-what/what-we-do/legal-framework.html.

The law refers to ‘cycles’ which includes bicycles (bikes) and tricycles. In this
document the word ‘cycle’ has been used broadly to refer to both bicycles
and tricycles. The words ‘bicycle’ (and occasionally ‘bike’) or ‘tricycle’ have
also been used to refer to specific types of cycles.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank:

Contributors and advisors

Tracy-Lee Burkhart (Skills Active Aotearoa ITO)
Brian Horspool (ARTA)
Avanti Plus Cycle Specialist, Albany
John Willmer (Bike NZ)
Michele Hendren (Christchurch City Council Cycle Safe)
Anne FitzSimon (Cycling Advocates’ Network)
Forrest Hill School
Greater Wellington Regional Council
Hedgehog Bikes Takapuna
Hurunui College
Mairangi Bay School
Jaynie Gardyne (Ministry of Health)
Helen Harris and Darryl Harwood (NZ Police)
Rachel Algar (Opus International Consultants) and
the NZ Transport Agency staff that contributed to the code.

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Models
Ashton Armstrong
Katelin Croft
Caitlin Cubis
Dwane Monterio
Garth Mudford
Anneke Muir
Sam Norton (Hurunui College)
Ben Powers (Hurunui College).

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Contents

Acknowledgements 4

Introduction 8

About cycling 9
Learning to ride 9

Cyclist skills training 17

Rules 19

Cyclist responsibilities 21

Cycling in different situations 36

Cycling through intersections 39

What to do if there is a crash 56

About signs 57
Compulsory signs 57

Warning signs 59

Information signs 60

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About equipment 62
Things to consider when buying a bicycle 63

Adjusting your bicycle 69

Cycle helmets 70

Cycle equipment, clothing and gear 74

Checking and maintenance 77

Storage 81

Security 81

Notes 82

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Introduction

Cycling is a great way to get around and a sport enjoyed by more than a
million New Zealanders.

If only three in 100 people took up cycling instead of driving, New Zealand
would save more than 1 billion dollars per year!

Cycling is the pollution solution that improves your health, increases your
productivity at school or work, and enhances the safety of your community.

Every time you ride, you have an opportunity to help encourage a cycle
friendly culture. Don’t underestimate the impact that a wink or a smile and a
wave can have on motorists’ attitudes to cyclists.

Practice your skills and take care of your bike following this code, and enjoy a
lifetime of cycling through beautiful New Zealand.

Document layout

There are three sections in this guide:

The cycling section.
The signs section.
The equipment section.

Other available information for cyclists

There is a wealth of information available for cyclists. For information on:

advocacy and research – see www.can.org.nz
cycling news and events – see www.bikenz.org.nz
NZ government cycling resources and initiatives – see www.nzta.govt.nz
and www.bikewise.co.nz
local cycling – see your local and regional council web pages.

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ABOUT CYCLING

This section covers:

Learning to ride.
Rules.
Cyclist responsibilities.
Cycling in different situations.
Cycling through intersections.
What to do if there is a crash.

LEARNING TO RIDE

Basic skills1

The basic skills to learn first are:

how to hold the handlebars
stopping and braking
getting on and off the bicycle without help
beginning to pedal
balance
cycling in a straight line
steering the bicycle.

These skills should be learned in a smooth flat area where there is no

traffic.

1 This topic has been based on information contained within Cyclecraft – the complete guide to safe and
enjoyable cycling for adults and children, written by John Franklin. For more information, the reader
should refer to this book. It can be purchased online or ordered through bookstores.

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 How to hold the handlebars

Straight handlebars
Straight handlebars normally only have one or two positions where you
can put your hands. Grip the handlebars firmly, but not too tightly and
place your fingers over the brakes, so that you are ready to apply them if
you need to.

Holding straight handlebars

Dropped handlebars
There are four ways to hold drop handlebars. Practice them all and make
sure you can move between the positions easily.

This is the normal position to use in traffic. From this position you can
reach the brake levers easily and by sitting up you can see everything
happening around you.

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This position can be used when there are no hazards. From this position it
is easy to slip your hands to the brakes when needed.

This position reduces wind resistance and is useful when you want to ride
fast or are cycling against a strong headwind.

This position can relieve pressure on the hands, but it is generally not
recommended because you don’t have quick access to the brake levers.
The position should only be used by experienced cyclists on quiet roads
when there are no hazards.

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 Stopping and braking

Most bicycles have two brakes, one at the front and the other at the back.
The recommended way to stop is to apply both brakes firmly but not too
quickly.
Each of the brakes has a different effect so you should practice braking so
you get to know how the brakes work on your bicycle.
Practice the following exercises running with the bicycle next to you.

Right (front) brake

1. Stand to the left of the bicycle and hold the handlebars with both
hands over the brake levers.
2. Angle your bicycle slightly in towards you (this will stop the pedal of
the bicycle hitting your leg).
3. Run forward with the bicycle for a few metres.
4. Apply the right (front) brake.
The bicycle should stop very quickly, but the rear wheel may jump off the
ground.

Brake control practice exercise

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Left (rear) brake
1. Repeat steps 1–3 above.
2. Apply the left (rear) brake.
The bicycle should stop more slowly with both wheels on the ground.

Both brakes
1. Repeat steps 1–3 above.
2. Apply both brakes.
The bicycle should stop quickly with both wheels on the ground.

Controlling the stop

1. Repeat the above exercise a few times but vary how quickly and firmly
you pull the brake levers.
Work out how much to squeeze the brakes to make the bicycle stop
quickly, but without skidding.
If you apply the brakes too firmly you may go over the handlebars.

Getting on and off the bicycle without help

Getting on
1. To get on the bicycle, stand to the left of the bicycle.
2. Hold the handlebars with both hands and pull the brake levers.

Getting on the bicycle

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 3. If your bicycle has a low top tube – step your right leg over the tube. If
your bicycle has a high top tube – swing your right leg over the seat.
Leaning your bike towards you makes it easier to get on.
4. Continue to hold the handlebars and brakes, keep your left foot on the
ground and put your right foot on the pedal.
5. Move the right pedal backwards with your foot (counter-clockwise)
until it is slightly forward of its highest position (the 2 o’clock
position).
6. Keeping your left foot on the ground and the right foot on the pedal, sit
on the seat. You will find it easier to keep stable in this position if your
bicycle is leaning a little to the left. This position also means that if you
get onto the bike by the roadside you will be leaning away from traffic.

Foot position

Start off position

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Getting off
1. Pull the brake levers and keep them on until you are off the bicycle.
2. When the bicycle is stationary, put your left foot on the ground (you
may have to lean to the left to do this) then slide forward off the seat.
3. Swing your right leg over the bicycle seat or step over the bicycle.

Beginning to pedal
Before getting on the bicycle you should make sure it is in a low gear (if it
has gears). You can do this by lifting the back wheel off the ground and
manually turning the pedals as you move the gear levers.
Once you are on the bicycle and sitting in the seat, you should check your
right foot is slightly forward of its highest position.
To start pedalling you will need to release the brakes (but keep your
fingers over the brakes), then push down on the pedal with your right
foot.

Balance
Practice balance in a large, clear, flat area.
A helper should hold the back of the bicycle for you, either by the seat
post or by a carrier, if one is fitted, or
The helper can also hold the cyclist around the waist.
This will allow you to control the handlebars and brakes but will help stop
the bicycle and prevent falls.
As you gain competence, the helper should loosen the hold on the bicycle
and then gradually move their hand away altogether. The following tips
may help.
A couple of strong pushes on the pedals to start with will get the
bicycle going and will help make balancing easier.
Fix your eyes on a distant point (try not to look down).
Don’t worry about steering a straight line initially.
If you start to tilt to the left, steer left slightly – if tilting to the right,
steer right.
Try to keep your body relaxed.

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 Cycling in a straight line
Cycling in a straight line is helped by pedalling smoothly. To practice
cycling in a straight line you should try to follow a marked straight line on
the ground. Good cyclists will wobble less than 2.5 centimetres.

Steering the bicycle

It is important to be able to steer the bicycle very accurately, as you will
need to avoid stones and potholes. Practice by marking two lines on the
ground with chalk and cycling between the lines repeatedly, making sure
that neither your front or rear wheel touches the lines. Start with the lines
about 8 centimetres apart and reduce them to 2.5 centimetres.

Learning to steer the bike exercise

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CYCLIST SKILLS TRAINING
Learning to ride a bicycle takes lots of practice so you should consider
taking a course. Courses vary and cover a range of skills depending on
who they are designed for. If you are interested in taking a course, contact
your local council, bike club or bike shop to find a local training provider.
The NZ Transport Agency (NZTA) has recently developed national
guidelines for cyclist skills training.
The training is separated into three grades of learning.
Grade 1 – Beginner: Skills for full cycle control in non-traffic
environments.
Grade 2 – Intermediate: Skills to cycle in a variety of traffic
environments.
Grade 3 – Advanced: Skills to cycle confidently in all traffic
environments.

Grade 1 – Beginner
If you are a beginner cyclist, learn to cycle in a safe place off the road.
Beginners need to learn about their bicycle and how to control it. You
should learn to:
do a bicycle check
do a helmet check
understand the legal requirements and safety equipment for bicycles
get on and off the bicycle without help
start off and pedal without help
stop quickly and with control
steer the bicycle and manoeuvre safely to avoid objects
look behind
signal (stop, left, right)
use the gears.

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Grade 2 – Intermediate
Grade 2 cyclists need to learn skills to ride safely in a variety of traffic
situations. Practice needs to take place on quiet roads. You should learn
to:
do all of the grade 1 skills
understand road signs and the road rules
start from the side of the road (kerb)
stop on the side of the road (kerb)
ride along the road
pass a parked or slower moving vehicle
travel straight through controlled and uncontrolled intersections
turn left – at controlled and uncontrolled intersections
turn right – at controlled and uncontrolled intersections
use cycle lanes (optional)
use shared paths (optional)
ride through single lane roundabouts (optional)
ride through traffic signals (optional).

Grade 3 – Advanced
Grade 3 cyclists need to learn to ride safely in all traffic situations.
Practice in a variety of traffic situations. You should learn to:
do all of the grade 1 and 2 skills
use multi-laned roundabouts
use intersections with traffic signals
turn in and out of multi-laned roads
overtake to the start of the queue
recognise hazards and be an assertive, but also safe and confident
cyclist
share the road with other users
ride in high-speed traffic environments (rural)

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 do hook turns (optional)
ride in groups (optional).
If you are interested in more information on the NZTA cyclist skills
training programme see:
www.nzta.govt.nz/traffic/ways/bike/index.html.

More advanced and specialised cycling skills

As you get more proficient you may want to start cycling more and
explore the wider range of cycling opportunities on offer. Whether you’re
interested in cycling for transport, recreation or sport, on or off road,
there is a wealth of information and experience available to help you.
Ensuring you are better prepared through learning more advanced or
specific skills, having a bike and equipment matched to the type of cycling
and learning from the experience of other cyclists, will help ensure an
enjoyable experience. For further information on cycling, helpful advice,
events, finding a local club or cycle shop, go to www.bikenz.org.nz and
www.can.org.nz.

RULES
Before cycling on the road you must know the road rules. They apply to
cyclists as well as those using motor vehicles. The rules help to prevent
crashes and reduce risk of injury.

Equipment rules
Cycle helmets must: be worn; meet an approved standard and be
securely fastened (see page 70).
Cycles must have brakes and reflectors (see page 74).
Cycle lights must be on when it’s dim or dark (see page 74).
Doubling is not allowed unless there is a special seat called a pillion
fitted and there are footrests for the passenger. The legs of small
children must be protected from the wheels. Passengers must wear
cycle helmets.
Cycles can tow a specially designed cycle trailer but must not be fitted
with a sidecar.

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Behaviour rules
Always ride as near as you can to the left side of the road. If you are
holding back traffic you must move as far as possible to the left side of
the road to allow traffic to pass, as soon as you can. However, you do
need to cycle in a sensible position on the road to keep safe. See
page 21 for more information.
Two cyclists can ride next to each other but should take into account
the keep left rule and not hold back traffic. Three or more people
cycling next to each other is illegal, except in the case of a road race
that has been given traffic management approval from a road
controlling authority.
Ride in single file when passing vehicles.
Use hand signals to show other road users what you are doing (see
page 23).
When cycling behind other cyclists and vehicles you must be able to
stop, keeping clear of the vehicle in front, if it stops suddenly. It is
recommended you keep at least two seconds behind (see page 25).
You are only allowed to cycle on the footpath if you are:
delivering newspapers or mail, or
you are riding a small wheeled recreational device that has a wheel
diameter of less than 355 millimetres (typically tricycles or small
children’s bicycles).
Don’t park your cycle so that it blocks paths or driveways.
It is illegal for a cyclist to be towed on their cycle.
Loads need to be secure, must not touch the ground and mustn’t
extend more than one metre out in front of or behind the wheels, or
more than half metre on either side.
You must obey all signs and signals.
You must obey the give way rules (see page 42) and give way at
pedestrian crossings.
You must obey local bylaws (these often cover cycles and parks).
Give way to emergency vehicles when their sirens are on or when
lights are flashing. It is a good idea to pull over to the kerb and stop.

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CYCLIST RESPONSIBILITIES

Your responsibilities as a cyclist are to:

keep left
use the correct lane
pass other vehicles safely
use hand signals
be safe and courteous when cycling in groups
share the road and paths
expect hazards and ride to avoid them.

Keep left
Road rules state that road users should keep as ‘near as practicable’ to
the left side of the roadway. This means that you should keep left, but not
to the extent that it compromises your safety.
Ride in a position where you have a good view, and where other road
users can see you. Cycling in a straight line (ie not swerving in and
out) will help other road users predict your movements.
Never ride so closely to the kerb or edge of the road that you are in danger of
cycling into the kerb or off the road.
Never ride in the ‘door zone’ (the space where car doors open) when cycling
past parked cars. Allow at least one metre between you and a parked car.
If the road is too narrow to safely allow vehicles to pass, you are in
danger of being run off the road or hit by a passing car. In this situation
it is acceptable to move further out into the path of traffic to prevent
other users from passing you. If you do have to move further out,
remember to find a gap, signal your intentions and move across when
it is safe. Once you have moved out try to ride as quickly as you can
and allow the following traffic to pass when the road widens.
It is recommended that young or inexperienced cyclists avoid narrow
roads where cars travel quickly.

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 The ‘car door zone’

Use the correct lane

Before reaching an intersection, or when turning, you need to get into the
correct lane. Inexperienced cyclists may choose to stop and get off in a
safe place before reaching busy intersections, and walk their cycle to
where they want to go.

Pass other vehicles safely

When passing moving vehicles, pass on the right unless lanes allow
passing on the left, or when other vehicles are turning right. Hang back if
you see a truck turning left, because cyclists are often not seen by truck
drivers.
When riding past queues of stationary or slow moving vehicles, your
visibility will be reduced and turning cars may not see you. Slow down
and be particularly careful when there is a gap in the queue – the driver
leaving the gap may have left it for a turning vehicle.

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Use hand signals
Hand signals must be used at least three seconds before:
moving into traffic
stopping
turning left
turning right
moving from a lane.

Turning left Slowing down or stopping Turning right, passing

or pulling out

Roundabouts
You must use hand signals before reaching a roundabout and at the
roundabout. Once you are in the roundabout you may need both hands
on the handlebars to keep control of the cycle, so it is okay to only
indicate when you are able. For more information on indicating at
roundabouts see page 53.
There are also other situations where it will be difficult to use hand
signals because you may need both hands on the handlebars, eg on very
rough roads or in strong winds. In these cases you should stop and get off
in a safe place and walk your cycle to where you want to go.

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 Hand signal procedure

1. Well before you need to signal, check behind to see when a good time
to move or stop would be (keep both your hands on the handlebars).
2. Do the hand signal while slowly counting ‘one-thousand and one;
one-thousand and two; one-thousand and three’. Then return your
hand to the handlebars.
3. Check that other road users have seen you and understand your hand
signal. Then carefully make your move, or stop. If you are able to make
eye contact with other road users, this will help to ensure that they
have seen you.

Be safe and courteous when cycling in groups

General considerations for group cycling

Group cycling can be a very enjoyable experience provided you know how
to ride in groups. The ‘rules’ that should be followed are listed below:
Each cyclist should know the route and where the next stopping/
meeting place is (meeting places should not be too close to
intersections).
There must never be more than two cyclists cycling next to one
another. When the road is narrow or vehicles cannot pass, everyone
should cycle in single file.
Pass other moving cyclists and motor vehicles on the right, if they are
in the same lane as you.

Group cycling

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 Everyone should communicate. Let others know that you are passing,
stopping, slowing down or turning. Hazards need to be pointed out to
cyclists behind. If a motor vehicle driver is having difficulties passing
the group, the cyclists at the back should let the cyclists at the front
know.
When following a vehicle, you must have enough clear space to stop,
should the vehicle in front stop suddenly. The exception is where
cyclists are participating in council-approved cycle events that allow
cyclists to closely follow one another (typically referred to as ‘drafting’
or ‘paceline cycling’). When riding closely, any sudden movements by
any cyclist in the paceline can result in serious crashes. A good way to
tell if you are leaving a safe distance between you and the cyclist in
front is to use the two second rule, described in the box below.
Everyone should ride smoothly with no sudden stops, starts or turns. If
something unexpected happens, you should try your best to continue
cycling smoothly and at the same time let the rest of the group know
that a stop is needed.

the two second rule

Under normal conditions, the two-second rule is an easy way to make
sure you have allowed enough following distance between your cycle
and the vehicle in front, no matter what speed you’re travelling at.
To check if you are travelling two seconds behind the vehicle in front:
watch the vehicle in front of you pass a road marking or other
feature on or off the road
as it passes the marking, start counting ‘one thousand and one, one
thousand and two’
if you pass the marking before you finish saying those eight words,
you are following too closely – slow down, pick another marking
and repeat the words to make sure you have increased your
following distance.

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 Advanced cyclists entering events may wish to practice their drafting
skills. This skill takes time to master and should only be learnt with
other experienced riders present. Your local cycling club or shop may
offer courses or provide group rides with other experienced riders.

Adults cycling with children

When cycling with young children, adults should either lead or be at the
back of the group, depending on the children’s experience and the
number of adults. If there is just one adult to supervise a group of young
inexperienced riders, riding at the back of the group is best. Where there
are two adults, one should lead and the other can observe and protect the
group from behind.
Adults should make sure the group doesn’t get too spread out and should
ensure that when turning at intersections the whole group can make the
move safely. Depending on the ability of the children, adults may decide
that the group needs to stop in a safe place, get off and walk their cycles
across difficult intersections.

Using roads and paths

Wherever you ride, you are sharing space with other road users.
Understanding and respecting the needs of other users ensures everyone
is safe and comfortable while they are on the road or on paths.

Sharing with motor vehicles

Be alert and ride safely.
Use cycle lanes and cycle paths if they are available.
Keep to the left side of the road when possible.
Ride in a straight line. If you have to swerve to avoid something, try not
to veer too far off line.
Obey road rules, signs and signals.
Only ride next to another cyclist if it safe to do so, otherwise ride in
single file. It is illegal for three or more cyclists to ride next to one
another.
Always ride so that you can control your cycle and are able to stop
suddenly if you have to.

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Try to be as visible as possible. Wear brightly coloured or reflective
clothing and use lights at night.
Be aware that drivers of other vehicles may not be able to see you if
you are in their ‘blind spot.’ Cyclists know if they are in a blind spot if
they can’t see the driver’s eyes in the vehicle’s rear view mirrors.
If an ambulance, fire engine or police car has its siren on, you should
move off the road or as far to the left as possible. Watch for motor
vehicles that are also trying to move out of the way.
Thank other road users when you can. For example, let them know you
are happy they waited for you by waving, smiling, or giving them a
‘thumbs up’.
Respect other road users and be courteous. When it’s appropriate,
wait for them, give them space or wave them through.

Wearing bright clothing makes you more visible

Be ready for the unexpected – ride defensively. The most common

mistakes people driving cars, trucks or buses, make are:
not giving way
passing you and then turning left straight in front of you
coming from the opposite direction and turning right in front of you
driving too close to you when they are overtaking
opening their doors wide enough to hit you when you are
cycling past

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 not checking properly before coming out of driveways or parking
places
cutting corners
driving too fast for the conditions
trying to be nice by letting you turn at times when it’s not
necessarily safe for you to make the turn. If this happens don’t
make a move until you can see that the way is clear in all the lanes
you need to cross. Wave them on if you want to.

What drivers would like cyclists to know

Drivers expect cyclists to obey the road rules and to be courteous, ie
using hand signals and not cycling through red traffic signals.
Because cars travel fast it can be difficult to stop them quickly and
safely – so responding to hazards on the road is normally harder for
the driver of a motor vehicle than for a cyclist.
Unpredictable cycling behaviour can be unsettling – try not to swerve
or change direction suddenly.
Drivers can feel delayed by cyclists.

Emergency stop for a car pulling out

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Sharing with pedestrians

Where there are a lot of pedestrians, slow down and be prepared to

stop quickly.
Be careful when cycling past parked vehicles or stopped buses, as
pedestrians may suddenly appear.
Slow down and be ready to stop for any pedestrians on, or stepping
onto, a crossing. See page 36 for more information on legal stopping
requirements at different types of pedestrian crossings.
If you want to use a pedestrian crossing to cross the road you must get
off your cycle and walk. The exception is at crossings with special
traffic signals for cyclists – here you may cycle across the crossing
when the signal shows a green cycle symbol. See page 38 for more
information on these types of crossings.
Shared paths (paths that allow pedestrians and cyclists) have their
own set of rules – for more information on these, see page 31.

What pedestrians would like cyclists to know

If you are on a footpath with your cycle you should be walking with it,
unless you are delivering mail or are cycling a wheeled recreation
device that has a wheel diameter less than 355 millimetres (normally
a tricycle or small child’s bicycle).
Pedestrians often can’t hear cyclists approaching, especially from
behind or to the side. Call out politely or use a bell if you have one.
Children, especially those under the age of nine, may have poor road
skills. Be very careful when cycling near them.
Until children reach 15 years their vision is not fully developed. This
limits their ability to see easily to their sides and can mean they may
not see you until you are in their direct line of vision.
Children have trouble judging the speed of moving cyclists, so they
may try to cross the road even if they do see you.
Some people may have disabilities that prevent them from reacting or
moving quickly.

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 Helpful hints for cycling defensively in traffic

Look for the presence of people inside a parked car – a door may
open or the car may move off.
When a vehicle is stationary, look for brake lights or exhaust fumes
– this is a sign that the car has started and may be about to leave.
Look for indicator lights on vehicles – but be careful not to rely on
them – wait to see if the car’s speed reduces or it changes direction.
At side roads and intersections, look at the angle of other vehicles’
front wheels – this may give you an idea about what direction they
might be about to head in.
Where possible try to make eye contact with other road users.
Before checking behind you, check that the forward path is clear.
Listen for changes to the pitch of a vehicle’s engine. Learn to
recognise the sounds of accelerating, braking, and changing gear.
Look for shadows on the road, reflections in shop windows and
vehicle lights at night to give clues about hazards.
When riding past queues of vehicles, your visibility will be reduced
and turning cars may not see you. Slow down and be particularly
careful when there is a gap in the queue – the driver leaving the gap
may have left it for a turning vehicle.
In the rain:
wear reflective clothing and use your lights
ride slowly and keep the bicycle upright especially on corners
brake slowly and smoothly using both brakes
avoid surface water, drains and rough surfaces.

Based on information from Cyclecraft – the complete guide to safe and

enjoyable cycling for adults and children, written by John Franklin.

30
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 Children may be hard to spot behind vehicles and may behave unexpectedly

Shared paths
It is normally illegal to ride on footpaths, unless delivering mail or when
cycling a wheeled recreational device that has a wheel diameter less than
355 millimetres (normally a tricycle or small child’s bicycle), but some
councils have created shared paths that both cyclists and pedestrians
can use.
Sometimes the shared path is sign posted to let you know what type of
user has priority, and in this case, you need to give way to the user who
has priority. When a shared path does not have priority signs, you should
give way to the slower user. However, if you encounter a horse on a
shared path it is sensible to give way to the horse, as they are easily
startled.
All users on shared paths are required by law to use shared paths fairly
and safely, and to try and not hold anyone up.
If you are riding on a shared path you should:
keep left
let pedestrians know you are there by politely calling out or ringing a
bell when you are approaching from behind them
pass on the right, when possible – unless the pedestrians are on the
right in which case pass them in the safest way you see fit
ride defensively and cycle at a speed that does not put others at risk
look out for traffic going in and out of driveways – vehicles from
driveways do need to give way to those on the shared path, but often
drivers may not expect fast traffic on the shared path

31
 be careful at intersections and give way to motor vehicles if you
need to.

Expect hazards and ride to avoid them

Being a safe cyclist means being aware of hazards and being prepared for
them. In this section we have listed hazards you may encounter while
cycling. Read these lists and think about:
where and when you might encounter these hazards
what might happen
what you would do if any one of these hazards occurred suddenly
how you might avoid the hazards.
Plan your trip with the hazards you might encounter in mind. When
cycling, continuously check for hazards.
Consider taking a cyclist skills course. Research has shown that after
training, cyclists have five times fewer injuries than non-trained cyclists.

Road surface hazards

Debris – gravel, rocks, leaves etc.

Things that have been thrown or dropped on the road.
Glass.
Oil leaks from cars.
Drains without covers, or covers with grills parallel to your direction of
travel.

Road works, uneven surfaces and metal plates can all be hazardous in certain situations

32
 Deep gutters.
Roads with a steep side slope.
Railway lines.
Potholes and uneven road surfaces particularly on the side of the road.
Gaps or steep ridges between the tarseal and the gutter.
Sudden patches of gravelled road.
Metal plates in wet weather.
Shiny tarseal in wet weather.
Paint markings in wet weather.
Paint markings, reflectors and rumble strips that have very thick sides.
Some road features, such as built-out sections of footpath that narrow
the road and assist pedestrians crossing.

Animal hazards

Animals sometimes run out onto the road.

Some dogs chase cyclists – if they do this they can get caught up in
your cycle and cause injury to you and themselves.

The unpredictable movement of animals

33
 Other road users’ hazards

Pedestrians can step onto the road without looking.

People in parked vehicles may open their doors suddenly in front of
cyclists.
Sometimes drivers may not look for, or expect, a cyclist and in some
cases they may not see you even when they do look because you are
in their ‘blind spot’. You can tell if you are in a vehicle’s blind spot if
you cannot see the driver’s face in the vehicle’s rear-view mirrors.
Vehicles often reverse out of driveways quickly.
Vehicles often pull out in front of cyclists. Pay careful attention to
buses around bus stops.
Large vehicles turning can be a hazard. They are bigger, so they need
more room to turn.
Large vehicles passing at high speed can create wind which can make
it difficult to control your bicycle.

Motor vehicle reversing from driveway

34
Weather hazards

Gusts of wind.
Sun glare – when the sun is bright and low on the horizon, drivers may
not be able to see you. If the sun is low in the sky, either in the morning
or the evening, drivers driving towards the sun may not be able to see
you because of glare.
Rain, ice, or snow, make roads wet and slippery and make it hard to
see and be seen.

Cyclists’ own behaviour

Cyclists must not:
text or talk on a mobile phone while cycling.

Cyclists also need to avoid:

drinking alcohol or using illegal substances before or while cycling
cycling too fast for the conditions
using portable music players (you need to be able to hear traffic
when cycling).

Texting while cycling is illegal

35
CYCLING IN DIFFERENT SITUATIONS

Using cycle lanes and cycling in bus lanes

Where there are cycle lanes, you should use them. However, at times you
may need to move further out into the road (if the lane is too close to the
sides of parked cars or because of rubbish, or uneven road surfaces). You
should also leave the cycle lane well before an intersection to join a
different lane to turn right or left.
You may use a bus lane, as long as there isn’t a ‘buses only’ sign. You
should be considerate of buses – the size of a bus means bus drivers
often can’t see cyclists.
Vehicles turning left may need to cross bus or cycle lanes. The law states
that they must give way to all vehicles using the lanes. But you still need
to be careful if a vehicle is turning left just ahead of you as the driver may
not see you, or may wrongly guess your speed.

Using different types of pedestrian crossings

Marked pedestrian (zebra) crossings with no raised traffic islands

Stop and give way to pedestrians on any part of the crossing, or who are
obviously waiting to cross it.

Marked pedestrian (zebra) crossings with raised traffic islands

Stop and give way to pedestrians on your half of the road.

School patrol crossing on a marked pedestrian (zebra) crossing

Stop when a sign is being held out and wait until both signs are withdrawn.

Kea crossing – a temporary school patrol crossing outside a school that is

not on a marked pedestrian (zebra) crossing
Stop when the sign is being held out and wait until both signs are withdrawn.

Courtesy crossings – usually made of bricks or paving and are often

raised above the level of the road
These are not official pedestrian crossings, but be polite and stop for
pedestrians waiting to cross on them.

36
 Kea crossing

Courtesy crossing

Shared crossing

37
Using shared pedestrian and cycle crossings
Normally cyclists using pedestrian crossings need to get off their cycles
and walk across. However, some special crossings are designed for both
pedestrians and cyclists. These crossings have a set of red, yellow and
green signals that display bicycle symbols in addition to the normal
pedestrian signals. You are allowed to cycle across when the bicycle
symbol is green, which may or may not be when pedestrians cross.
Pedestrians must only cross when the pedestrian symbol is green.

Crossing railway lines

When you are approaching railway crossings you should slow down and
be ready to stop. If the crossing has bells, lights or barrier arms then you
will need to wait until the bells and lights have stopped and the barrier
has lifted out of the way. Some railway crossings don’t have bells, lights
or barriers, so look as far as you can up and down the railway line to
check whether trains are coming.
To avoid your cycle’s wheels getting stuck in railway lines or slipping in
wet conditions, try to cross the lines at a right angle (or as close as
possible to a right angle).

Using one-lane bridges

Some bridges are one way only. The following signs tell you what you
should do.

Give way to all vehicles coming Vehicles travelling towards you should
towards you give way unless they are already on
the bridge

38
CYCLING THROUGH INTERSECTIONS

General information for using intersections

Cycling straight through at an intersection

Approach
1. If there is a cycle lane use it.
2. If there is a lane that vehicles use for travelling straight through,
look behind and when it’s safe move into the lane for traffic travelling
straight ahead. If there is a continuous stream of fast flowing traffic
that makes this unsafe, it will be safest to ride just to the left of
this lane.
At the intersection
3. Obey all signs, signals or markings and use the give way rules (see
page 42).
4. Cycle in a straight line, maintain your speed, but be ready to stop if
you need to.
After the intersection
5. When you are through the intersection, check behind and return to
the left.

Turning left at an intersection

Approach
1. Keep left throughout the manoeuvre.
2. Signal left for at least three seconds before you reach the intersection.
Return your left hand to the handlebar.
At the intersection
3. Slow down at the intersection and look right and ahead. If necessary,
stop.
4. Obey all signs, signals and markings and use the give way rules.
5. If there is nothing coming, turn when clear, keeping to the left.

39
 Turning right at an intersection
Approach
1. Start looking behind well before the intersection to find a gap.
2. Signal right for at least three seconds before you move to the right.
Return your right hand to the handlebar. Do a quick check behind.
3. When there is space for you to do it safely, move towards the centre
line or into the right turning lane.
At the intersection
4. Slow down at the intersection. Look right, left, right and ahead. If
necessary, stop.
5. Obey all signs, signals or markings and use the give way rules.
6. If there is nothing coming, turn when clear. Do not cut the corner.
After the intersection
7. Move to the left after turning.

Doing hook turns

A hook turn is a different way for cyclists to turn right at an intersection.
This means that you can stay on the left side of the road at all times and
mean that you don’t need to move across traffic to turn right.
Hook turns can be done at any intersection, except at intersections that
have signs banning hook turns. At some intersections there may be
special marked areas to stop in at the half way turning point. It should be
noted that hook turns can be done at intersections with or without the
marked stopping area.

How to do a hook turn

Keep in the cycle lane, the left lane or the left most lane that goes
straight ahead.
Cycle across the intersection when the way is clear or the traffic
signal, for going straight ahead, turns green.

40
 Stop in the marked area of road just before the footpath. If there is not
a marked place, stop ahead of the lane for the direction you wish to
travel in. When choosing a place to stop be mindful of:
crossing pedestrians
traffic behind you that is travelling straight ahead
traffic that will want to turn left from the second arm of the intersection.
Wait until the way is clear, or the traffic signals on the other side of the
road turn green and then cycle across the intersection keeping left.

Hook turn

IMPORTANT
Turning right at some intersections can be difficult. It is okay to find a
safe place to stop prior to the intersection, get off your cycle and walk
across the intersection. If there are pedestrian crossings walk your
cycle across them. The other alternative is to do a hook turn.

41
41
The give way rules at uncontrolled intersections
An uncontrolled intersection is an intersection where there are no give
way signs, stop signs, roundabouts or traffic signals to tell you who has to
give way. At uncontrolled intersections, road users need to use the ‘give
way rules’.

Two vehicles coming towards each other and turning right at an

uncontrolled intersection
When two vehicles are coming towards each other at an uncontrolled
intersection and both are turning right, no one should have to give way.
This is because normally neither will cross the other’s path, so both
vehicles can turn safely. However, be careful if the other vehicle is a large
truck or bus as they may need more room to make the turn.

Turning at an uncontrolled intersection when others are not

You are turning, so you must give way to vehicles not turning.

42
 Turning left at an uncontrolled intersection
You are turning left, so you must give way to vehicles coming towards you
and turning right.
Note: Be aware of the traffic behind you. Vehicles travelling behind you
may affect whether the vehicle can turn or not.

what are the give way rules

If you are turning at an intersection, give way to all vehicles not
turning.
If you are turning left at an intersection, give way to vehicles
coming towards you that are turning right.
In all other situations, give way to all vehicles coming from your
right.
If you are leaving the path of a marked centre line, you are deemed
to be turning and must give way to vehicles that are following the
centre line.

43
 Going straight through at an uncontrolled intersection
You are going straight through, but you must give way to straight-through
traffic from your right.

Turning right at an uncontrolled intersection

Give way to the right when both are turning right.

Helpful hint
At an uncontrolled intersection, if you are turning, give way to all
vehicles not turning. In all other situations, give way to vehicles
crossing or coming from your right.

44
 Leaving the path of the centre line at an uncontrolled intersection
If you are leaving the path of a marked centre line at an uncontrolled
intersection, you must give way to vehicles following the centre line. This
is because vehicles leaving the path of the centre line are legally turning
(even though sometimes they might actually be going in a straight line)
and the give way rules apply.

IMPORTANT
The same give way laws apply to cyclists and motorists. But cyclists
still need to take care, in case other people don’t stop or slow down.
Try to get an idea of what other people are going to do. Have a good
look around and try to make eye contact with the drivers that should
be giving way to you, so that you can check that they have seen you.

45
Stop and Give Way sign controlled intersections
Intersections with Give Way or Stop signs are controlled intersections
because there is information to tell you who has to give way.

At a Stop sign you must come to a complete stop in a position where

vehicles coming from all directions can be seen. Look right, left, right and
move ahead when the way is clear. If another vehicle is also stopped at a
Stop sign then use the give way rules. Don’t forget, at a cross intersection,
check straight ahead as well.

At a Give Way sign, slow down and be ready to stop. Give way to all other
vehicles except those that have stopped at a Stop sign. If you and another
vehicle are coming towards each other and you are both at Give Way
signs, use the give way rules. You must not go until it is safe for you and
all other traffic.

46
Traffic signal controlled intersections
The following rules apply at an intersection controlled by traffic signals
(also known as traffic lights):

A red signal means stop.

A yellow signal means stop, unless you are so close to the intersection
that you can’t stop safely. A yellow signal indicates that the lights will
soon turn red.

A green signal means you can go, provided it’s safe and:
if you are turning right, you give way to vehicles coming towards
you that are going straight through
if you are turning left, you give way to vehicles coming towards you
that are turning right
you give way to pedestrians crossing. This includes riders of
mobility devices and wheeled recreational devices.

47
 A flashing yellow signal means the traffic signals are not working. In
this case you must apply the give way rules for uncontrolled
intersections.

Arrow traffic signals

When arrows are displayed on traffic signals, they apply only to vehicles
going in the direction the arrow is pointing. For example:

A red arrow means you must stop if you are travelling in the direction
the arrow is pointing.

A yellow arrow means you must stop if you are travelling in the
direction the arrow is pointing, unless you are so close to the
intersection that you can’t stop safely.

48
 A green arrow means you can go if you are travelling in the direction
the arrow is pointing, provided it is safe.

Reading the traffic signals

The following examples will help you to get to know what traffic signals
and arrows mean.

Signal Vehicle path Action

Turning left Must stop. The red arrow protects pedestrians crossing
the road.
Straight through May go, provided it is safe.
Turning right May go, provided:
> it is safe, and
> you give way to vehicles coming towards you that are
going straight through the intersection.
Turning left May go, provided:
> it is safe, and
> you give way to right-turning vehicles coming
towards you.
Straight through May go, provided it is safe.
Turning right Must stop, unless it is not safe to do so.
Turning left May go, provided it is safe.
Straight through May go, provided it is safe.
Turning right May go, provided it is safe. All vehicles coming towards
you should be stopped.
Turning left Must stop.
Straight through Must stop.
Turning right May go, provided it is safe. All vehicles coming towards
you should be stopped.

49
 Giving way when there are flashing lights
Red flashing lights can be found in various places including near railway
crossings, fire stations and ambulance stations. When you see red
flashing lights you must stop and stay stopped until they stop flashing.
Yellow flashing lights are found at roadworks. You can continue cycling,
but you must be careful.

Using intersections with traffic signals

The key thing when approaching traffic signals is to check you are in the
correct lane, and be ready to stop, give way or go.
If there is a queue of traffic waiting at the intersection, you will need to
decide whether you stay where you are in the queue or whether it is
possible to get to the front of the queue safely. Drivers in queues will have
their view restricted by other vehicles, so you will need to be very wary of
passing motor vehicles as they may change lanes unexpectedly.

Using advanced stopping places at intersections with traffic signals

Some intersections with traffic signals have places where you can stop
your cycle ahead of the other traffic waiting at the intersection. Use these
places because they will help make you more visible to other traffic.
However, if there is no traffic waiting behind you at the traffic signals, you
may not get a green signal. The following section gives more information
about vehicle detectors at traffic signals.

Cyclist waiting at an advanced stopping place

50
Using vehicle detectors at traffic signals
All intersections with traffic signals have vehicle detectors set in the road
surface just before the intersection’s white stop lines. When a vehicle is
on top of the detector, a ‘message’ is sent to the traffic signal controller to
‘tell it’ you are waiting. Sometimes cycles aren’t detected because they
are smaller than other vehicles on the road. Here are a few ways to
improve your chances of being detected:

Position your cycle over the vehicle detectors at traffic signals

If there is traffic around, try to time your arrival at the signals with a
larger vehicle that will trigger the detectors for you, or wait for the
arrival of a larger vehicle.
If there is no traffic around, look for the tell tale signs of the detector’s
location (tar filled saw cuts near the stop lines) and stop your cycle
directly over any one of the tar cuts running in the same direction as
you are riding.

Tar filled saw cuts – the tell tale signs of detectors

51
 If you have been waiting for a while, no larger vehicles have
arrived and you can’t see the vehicle detector, re-position your
cycle so that you can press the pedestrian crossing button. You
may be able to do this from the road, in which case you will be
able to cross by cycling (you will need to give way to any
pedestrians). Where you need to cross the road from the
footpath, you will need to get off and walk.
Note: When you know your cycling routes better, you will get to
know where the vehicle detectors are and whether they work for
you.

Using cycle detectors

Cycle lanes or roads that have a lot of cyclists may have a special
detector at intersections with traffic signals or crossing points. This
detector is designed to be sensitive enough to pick up the presence
of cyclists. The location of the detector is marked on the road surface
either with three or more diamonds in a line or an arrow and is
positioned where cyclists would normally stop. You should stop your
cycle directly over the markings when waiting for green signals at
crossing points.

Diamonds in a line indicate cycle detectors

52
Roundabouts
Roundabouts are another type of controlled intersection. Roundabouts
can be difficult for cyclists, especially when there is a lot of traffic.

Cycling straight through at a roundabout

When cycling straight through a roundabout intersection get into the

correct lane. If you need to change lanes before the roundabout you
must indicate for at least three seconds before making your move.
When you are at the roundabout you need to give way to vehicles
already on the roundabout or entering the roundabout from a road to
your right. When clear, move into the roundabout.
Ride around the roundabout in the middle of the lane, not around the
inner or outer edge.
When you pass the exit before the one you want to leave from, check
behind you and if you can indicate safely, indicate left.

important
At roundabouts, look out for vehicles that:
may have to change lanes to exit
may not be able to stay in their lane because they are:
large (for example, buses)
travelling too fast.

53
 Turning left at a roundabout

When turning left at a roundabout stay in the left lane.

When approaching the roundabout indicate to show that you are
turning left.
When you are at the roundabout you should continue indicating left
and give way to vehicles already on the roundabout or entering the
roundabout from a road to your right.
When clear move into the roundabout, and continue indicating left if
you are able.
Maintain a position to the left of the left hand lane.

Turning right at a roundabout

When turning right at a roundabout get into the correct lane. In most
cases you will need to move into the right hand lane – before making
your move you must indicate for at least three seconds.
When you are at the roundabout you need to indicate that you are
turning right and give way to vehicles already on the roundabout or
entering the roundabout from a road to your right. When clear move
into the roundabout.
When you are on the roundabout, try to continue indicating right if
you are able, or indicate occasionally while you ride around the
roundabout – this will let drivers waiting to enter the roundabout know
your intentions. Ride in the middle of the lane, not around the inner or
outer edge.

54
 When you pass the exit before the one you want to leave from, check
behind you and if you can indicate safely, indicate left.

Multi-laned roundabouts
Be careful to get in the correct lane to start with. Be assertive and ride
quickly. Multi-laned roundabouts are difficult, so in some situations it
may be easier to take a route that will avoid the roundabout altogether.

55
WHAT TO DO IF THERE IS A CRASH
If a crash causes injury, a police officer must be given details within
24 hours. The details you need to record are the motor vehicle
registration plate numbers, as well as the names and addresses of all the
people involved. It may also be helpful to collect the name and addresses
of any witnesses to the crash.
Children who are involved in crashes should let their teacher or parents
know as soon as possible.

56
ABOUT SIGNS

Road signs tell you where you are and what to do. They are needed to help
keep everyone safe. This section is an introduction to signs.

Signs can be divided into three types:

Compulsory signs.
Warning signs.
permanent
temporary.
Information signs.

Their shape and colour tell you a lot.

COMPULSORY SIGNS
Compulsory signs are usually red or blue. They tell you what you must or
must not do.

You must stop completely, You must slow down and give You must slow down and be
give way to any traffic, and way, (or stop, if necessary) prepared to stop for traffic in
only move off again when the roundabout or entering the
your way is clear roundabout from the right

You are not allowed to You must not turn left You must not go into this road
cycle here

57
 If there is an arrow sign for the lane you are cycling in, you must This is a shared path for
move in the direction shown on the arrow pedestrians and cyclists

School patrol: you must stop Path with pedestrians only Cycle lane
and remain stopped until the on the left side and cyclists
sign is withdrawn on the right

Cyclists must exit Bus lane that can also be used Bus lane that can only
by cycles and motorcycles be used by buses

58
WARNING SIGNS
Warning signs are usually diamond in shape. They warn you to be careful
for your own safety, the safety of other road users or of road workers.

Permanent
Permanent warning signs are yellow. Sometimes the fluorescent signs are
a yellow/green colour.

Look out for children Pedestrian crossing Road narrows ahead

Slippery surface Railway tracks ahead Cyclists take care going over
railway tracks

Roundabout ahead Wind gusts

59
Temporary
Temporary warning signs are orange and black.

Roadworks ahead Stop on request

Detour for cyclists on the left Slips

INFORMATION SIGNS
Information signs are all rectangular, but come in a range of different
colours and sizes.

You may turn left, but first give Shows directions to places at Shows the way to the
way to pedestrians and the next intersection nearest information centre
vehicles

60
Cyclists use ramp Cyclists use left shoulder Cyclists cross here
with care

Route and destination for cyclists

Cycle parking

61
ABOUT EQUIPMENT

This section covers:

Things to consider when buying a bicycle.*
Adjusting the bicycle.*
Cycle helmets.
Cycle equipment, clothing and gear.
Checking and maintenance.
Storage.
Security.
Please note that sections marked with a star (*) are written for people
purchasing bicycles. The sections may have some information that is
relevant to tricycles.

62
THINGS TO CONSIDER WHEN BUYING A BICYCLE

The cyclist
For many people buying a bicycle will be as simple as choosing one that
will suit:
their height
the type of cycling they will do
their skills and experience.
However, if caregivers are choosing a bicycle for a child, the following
things also need to be considered:
Where will the cycle be ridden – at home, in an off-road area, or on the
road?
If on the road:
Will the caregiver have enough time to teach the child the important
skills and knowledge needed for road cycling?
Is the child old enough to understand and apply traffic laws? From
age 11 onward, children may be able to start riding in traffic
unsupervised. This will depend on the level of instruction they have
received, their skills, confidence and ability to apply the road rules.
Is the child mature enough to be on the road and share the road with
other users?

The bicycle
The information we have provided in this section aims to give you the
basics about different types of bicycles. We recommend you talk to your
local cycling shop for more detailed information.

63
 Bicycle components

64
 Grip
Headset
Gear dial/lever/switches
Handlebars
Brake lever
Gear cable
Wheel quick release lever
Tyre
Spokes
Wheel rim
Suspension forks
Front derailleur
Chain ring/front cogs
Crank
Chain
Rear derailleur
Valve
Cassette/rear cogs
Seat/saddle
Seat post
Brake cable
Brake pads
Brake system (example shows V brakes)

Style
The most common styles of bicycle are: children’s bicycles, BMXs, road
bikes, mountain bikes and hybrids.
Children’s bicycles – suit children under 12 years and are used for
short distances (eg to school or the shops).

65
 BMXs – suit children and those wanting a bike that will cope with
jumps, tricks and rough treatment. They are generally not
recommended for long distance cycling.
Road bikes – suit people over the age of 12. They are popular for
normal road cycling. Certain styles within this group are used for
racing or touring.
Mountain bikes – suit all ages of cyclists. They are designed especially
for off-road cycling, but are also used in road situations.
Hybrids – suit all ages of cyclists. They have a mix of road and
mountain bike features and are suited to on-road cycling and gentle
off-road situations.

Size
Each style of bicycle comes in different sizes. Determine the following:
Can the bicycle be comfortably straddled with both feet on the
ground?
Is there enough room in the seat post and handlebar stem to allow for
height adjustments? If the bicycle is for a child this will help ensure
that the height of the seat and handlebars can be adjusted according
to the growth of the child.
Does the cyclist feel comfortable when seated? Does the distance
between the seat and handlebars feel comfortable?

Straddling the bike to check the frame size

66
Other considerations
There are many combinations of bicycle components, even within each
style group and it is often possible to change parts of your bicycle so that
it suits your needs. Experts at your cycle shop will be able to tell you more
about the options and help you with your choices. You may want to think
about the following things.

Frame
Apart from the style and height, the main differences between frames will
be the material they are made from. Materials include steel, alloy, and
carbon, which vary in cost, strength and weight. The frame should be
strong if the bicycle is going to be ridden off-road, and light if it’s to be
ridden in competitive or difficult situations (eg up hills).

Handlebars
Raised handlebars help learner cyclists to better control the bicycle. Low
handlebars (including drop handlebars) put the cyclist’s body in a low
position which reduces wind resistance.

Gears
Gears are useful for cyclists with some experience who want to cycle over
varied terrain and conditions. Using gears helps cyclists maintain a
comfortable and manageable level of force and effort when pedalling up
and down hills, in windy conditions and when accelerating.

Seats
Seats are normally designed to suit the type of bicycle, but different seats
can be added to suit the rider and the type of riding they do. Seats come
in varying widths and styles. There are types designed to suit men or
women.

Tyres
Tyres are also designed to suit the type of bicycle, but can be changed to
suit the type of riding you do. Normally bikes designed to be ridden
off-road will have wider wheels with knobbly tyres. Bikes designed for
racing on the road will have thin wheels with relatively smooth tyres. For
normal road riding, tyres with some tread are recommended.

67
 Brakes
For each type of bike available there will be a number of bikes to choose
from that have differing brake systems. Talk to an expert to find out what
type of brake system is best for the type of riding you do.

The best bicycle for learning on

For young or novice cyclists the best bicycle to learn on has:
a frame that can easily be straddled by the cyclist
a seat where the cyclist can easily reach the ground with their feet
when seated
handlebars at seat level or above
limited gear options
brakes that are appropriate to the age and ability of the cyclist. Back
pedal brakes may be a better alternative to hand brakes for very young
children with small hands – these are available on some tricycles and
small bicycles.

Important
Cycles need to be the right size for the cyclist. Don’t be
tempted to buy a cycle for the child to grow into – it will be too
difficult to manage and will be unsafe.

68
68
ADJUSTING your BICYCLE
To get the best from your bicycle, it will need adjusting so that it fits you.

Seat height

Novices
Fix the seat at a position where, if seated, the learner’s feet can reach the
ground easily.

More experienced cyclists

The seat height should be set so that when seated, your leg is almost
straight when the pedal is in its lowest position. Experienced cyclists
don’t need to get both feet on the ground when seated – many move
forward off the saddle and put one foot flat on the ground when they
stop.
In all cases make sure there is at least 6 centimetres of seat post inside
the frame.

Handlebars

Novices
Set the handlebars level with or higher than the seat, in a position that is
easy to reach. The handles of bicycles with raised bars (normally
children’s bicycles) should point slightly downwards.

More experienced cyclists

Handlebars should be set at seat level or lower if the bicycle has drop
handlebars.

Brake levers
Adjust brake levers so they are within easy reach of the cyclist’s hands.
Cyclists that own bicycles fitted with drop handlebars may not like having
to reach down to brake. In this case, flat handlebars can be purchased
separately and fitted.

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CYCLE HELMETS
The law requires you to wear a helmet when riding a bicycle (this
includes any passengers you are carrying). We recommend all cyclists
wear them. The most common cyclist injuries that cause death are head
injuries, so protecting your head is important.

Buying a helmet
Use this checklist when choosing a helmet.

It suits the type of cycling you do.

The helmet is the right size and shape for your head. Don’t buy a
helmet that is too large and needs extra padding – it won’t be safe.

It is brightly coloured or has a high visibility sticker on it.

The helmet is standards approved. One of the following stickers

must be on the inside of the helmet.

T IFIE D T
ER O
C
AP

RD

R A
P

OV D
ED S TAN

S mark – complies with Complies with Complies with European

NZS 2063:1996 and standards standard EN 1078
NZS 5439 AS2063:1996 or
AS 2063.2

Snell standard
!

There is no one official label for US Consumer Produce Safety Commission

compliant cycle helmets. However, helmets that have been approved will have a
label inside saying the helmet complies with the US Standard.

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Adjusting the helmet
All cycle helmets have different straps. Read the instructions that come
with the helmet or ask an expert at the shop.

Fitting method

1. Loosen all the straps.

2. Figure out which ends of the helmet are the front and back. Some
helmets may be labelled with ‘front’ and ‘back’. Normally the front of
the helmet is rounder and clear of straps.

Front view of helmet

3. Place the helmet on your head and tilt it forward until the front of the
helmet is two fingers width above your eyebrows.
4. Adjust the dial (if fitted) on the straps at the back of the helmet – to fit
the back of your head.

Important
Second-hand helmets are not recommended but if you are thinking of
getting one, check it for cracks and make sure it has not been dropped,
mistreated or involved in a crash. Check straps for wear and tear or
fraying. Make sure the buckles work and that the helmet can still be
adjusted.

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 5. Do up the buckle under your chin.
6. Adjust all the straps so they tighten firmly. Every strap should be firm,
but you should still be able to move your chin enough to talk. If the
helmet has separate chin and nape (back) straps, also check that your
ears sit in the middle of the V shape of the straps and that the straps
meet just below each ear lobe.

7. Give the helmet a wriggle – forwards, backwards and sideways to

check it stays in place. If you can uncover the forehead, sides of the
head or cover the eyes, it will need to be adjusted again. If it keeps
happening, the helmet will be the wrong shape or size. You may be
able to help it fit better by using foam adjuster pads, but if you have to
put in very thick pads, it’s probably too big.

Side view of helmet

Helmet check
Cycle helmets are designed to take only one hit so it’s important to take
good care of them. If the helmet is involved in a crash it will need to be
replaced. If the helmet is dropped or mistreated it is also likely to need
replacing. Check the helmet for the following every time it’s used:

Wear and damage

Check the straps, fastenings, inner liner and outer shell. Discuss any wear
and damage with an expert.

Fit
Give the helmet a wriggle to check its fit and, if necessary, adjust it.

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helmet Position – Your three-step mission
Perform the three-step helmet position test below and adjust if
necessary.
The following three steps can be carried out to check the position of the
helmet.
1. Check that your ears sit in the middle of the V shape of the straps.
2. Make sure that the front of the helmet sits two fingers width above
your eyebrows.
3. Check that when the chin strap is done up, that just one finger can fit
between your chin and the strap.

Three-step helmet check

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CYCLE EQUIPMENT, CLOTHING AND GEAR
There are two kinds of cycle equipment – one is required by law the other
is optional.

Compulsory equipment
A red or yellow rear reflector that is visible from a distance of
100 metres when light shines on it.
Good brakes on the front and back wheels (or, if the cycle was made
before 1 January 1988, a good brake on the back wheel).

When cycling at night or when visibility is poor, cycles must have the
following:
A steady or flashing rear-facing red light that can be seen at night
from a distance of 100 metres.
One or two white or yellow headlights that can be seen at night from a
distance of 100 metres. If the cycle is fitted with one headlamp, that

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 headlamp may be flashing. If fitted with two headlamps, only one of
the headlamps may be flashing.
Yellow pedal reflectors or the cyclist must be wearing reflective
material.

Optional equipment to fit to the cycle

There is a wide range of other equipment that can be fitted to cycles.
Some of the more useful items are:
mudguards – only the long ones will keep you clean
carriers – can be used with or without panniers (saddle bags) and are
the best way to carry loads. A load cannot extend more than
50 centimetres on either side
locks – these can be attached to the cycle to ensure that you always
have a lock with you, or you can carry them separately
bell or horn – to warn pedestrians when using shared paths
pump and tools
water bottle holder
clip in pedals for use with shoes with cleats – special shoes that clip
into the pedals
pedals fitted with toe straps – an alternative kind of pedal/foot
fastening device.

Other items include:

side and front reflectors – front reflectors cannot be red
safety flags – can help other drivers see you
rear-view mirrors
chain guards
kick stands
training wheels.
Whatever accessories you use, check regularly to see that they are
securely fastened on.

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Optional clothing and gear
It is safest to wear bright coloured and reflective clothing when you are
on your cycle. If you wear a backpack it should also be bright and
reflective, or covered with something bright and reflective such as a vest
or cover. It is also recommended that closed toe shoes are worn. Jandals
should be avoided as they slip off easily. Clothing you choose to wear
shouldn’t catch on the chain or on any other part of the cycle. Shoe laces
and the bottoms of trousers are normally the main culprits for catching
on the chain.
The following things may be useful:
Waterproof raincoat and pants.
A reflective vest, sash or high visibility belt with tail.
Reflective covers for bags.
Cycle shoes with cleats – for experienced cyclists.
Puncture repair kit or spare inner tube.
Bike pump.
CO2 canister – pumps up the tyre quickly.
Multi-tool.
Chain breaker and master chain link.
Spare batteries for the bike light.

On longer rides:
Mobile phone.
Water bottle/food.
First aid kit.
Identification and emergency contact.
Bike computer (for record and display of trip information).
Spare change for an ice cream/drinks etc.

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CHECKING AND MAINTENANCE
Maintaining your cycle regularly will enhance your cycling experience and
help keep you safe. How much maintenance you can do yourself will
depend on your ability and the tools you have. Many aspects of cycle
maintenance can be difficult and require special knowledge and expertise.
Improper adjustments can be very risky to the rider so if there is any
doubt, it’s best to get your bike serviced by an expert at a cycle shop.
Books or cycle maintenance classes will help you learn more about
maintaining your cycle. See your local library, cycle shop or cycling club.
To help you understand the terms used in this section, have a look at the
bicycle component diagram on page 64.

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The pre-ride safety check
Here is a simple, checklist to help you. You should get into the habit of
checking these things every time you ride. If anything is wrong after
having done the check you will need to get it fixed.

Equipment check
NUTS, BOLTS and LEVERS • Are there any loose parts or accessories? Lift the front wheel
off the ground, then let it drop. Does anything sound, feel or
look loose? Do a quick inspection of the whole cycle.
• Are the front wheel, rear wheel and seat post quick release
levers firmly done up?
TYRES and WHEELS • Are the tyres firm? Check by putting your weight on the
cycle while looking at the tyres. Compare the amount they
bulge out to how you know they look when they are correctly
inflated.
• Are your tyres in good shape? Spin each wheel slowly and
look for cuts in the tread and side wall.
• Are your wheels straight? Spin each wheel and check that
the tyre doesn’t touch the brakes or wobble from side to
side. Take your cycle to a bike shop for wheel straightening.
BRAKES • Do the wheels turn when you are holding the brakes? Test
each brake by holding each on in turn and make sure you
can’t roll the cycle forward.
• Are the wheel rims and brake pads/discs clean?
• Are the brake pads contacting with the wheel rims or disc?
• Can the brake levers be pulled enough to stop the cycle,
without them touching the handlebars?
HANDLEBARS • Are the handlebar grips secure and in good condition?
• Are the ends of the handlebars covered?
• Is the seat firmly fixed so you can’t twist it?

• Is the seat positioned at the correct height so that your toes

touch the ground when seated?
• Are the handlebars firmly fixed in the frame? Stand at the
front of the cycle with the front wheel held between your
legs and check to make sure you can’t twist the bars.
REFLECTORS and LIGHTS • If you are riding at night, are the lights working?
• Are the reflectors visible, secure and clean?

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Maintenance
Like any mechanical device, a cycle and its parts are subject to wear and
stress. Different materials and mechanisms wear or fatigue from stress at
different rates and have different life cycles. If a part of the cycle is getting
too worn it can suddenly fail, causing serious injury to the rider.
If you want to do some of your own maintenance, here are a few things
you can do. You should carry out these tasks on a regular basis.
Depending on how regularly you cycle, it is recommended that you get
your cycle checked by an approved cycle mechanic at least on an annual
basis. If you cycle more frequently, every few months may be more
appropriate for an expert check.
Clean the cycle using a soft brush and regular dishwash liquid. When
hosing the cycle don’t squirt water directly onto the centre parts of the
wheels.
Lightly lube the chain if it is dry. Wipe off excess lube as this can clog
up in the chain ring and rear cassettes.
Take a look at the brake blocks. Are they starting to look worn or are
not hitting the wheel rim squarely? They may need adjustment or
replacing. If you have disc brakes, ensure the brake pads are not worn
and are making contact with the discs.
Check the frame, particularly in the area around all tube joints, the
handlebars, the stem and seat post for any deep scratches, cracks or
changes in colour. These are signs of wear and the part may need
replacing.
Check that all parts and accessories are secure and tightened.
Squeeze the front brake and rock the bicycle forward and back on the
ground. Does everything feel solid? If you feel a clunk with each
forward or backward movement of the cycle, you probably have a
loose headset, which can be tightened.
Lift the front wheel off the ground and swing it from side to side. Does
it feel smooth? If you feel any resistance or roughness in the steering,
you may have a tight headset, which can be loosened a little.

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 Check the bottom bracket by rocking one pedal toward and away from
the centre of the cycle, then do the same with the other pedal. Does
anything feel loose? If so, some tightening may be necessary.
If your brake levers pull too far towards the handlebars, turn the brake
cable adjusting barrel counterclockwise, then lock the adjustment in
by turning the barrel’s lock nut clockwise as far as it will go. If the lever
is still moving too far you will have to see an expert.
If the chain won’t shift quietly from gear to gear, the derailleur is out of
adjustment. The cause may be as simple as cable stretch – to fix this
turn the shifter or derailleur cable adjusting the barrel
counterclockwise a half turn. Try the gear shift again. If the problem
continues tighten the cable another half turn. If this does not cure the
problem you will have to see an expert.
Check the brake and gear cables and their covers. If there is any rust,
kinks or fraying they will need replacing.
Make your way around the wheel by squeezing the spokes that are next
to each other. Do they all feel about the same in terms of tightness? If
any feel loose or are missing, the wheel will need looking at.

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STORAGE
Storing your cycle under cover will protect it from the weather and reduce
deterioration. Be careful that it is placed so that it can’t fall over and so
that it does not have heavy objects leaning on it – as damage to spokes,
cables and other parts of the cycle can occur if it is not stored well.

SECURITY
Record the cycle’s frame number (this is usually written under the cycle
near the pedals) and keep other details that can help positively identify a
cycle in case of theft. A photo showing these details is perfect.
Cycles are easily stolen, so remember to carry a lock and use it. If the
cycle isn’t parked in a safe place, some people prefer to remove the front
wheel from the cycle and lock it together with the back wheel and frame,
to the cycle stand or whatever you are locking your cycle to. All items
that aren’t fixed to the cycle or are easily removed should be taken with
you (eg bike pump, helmet).

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Notes

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