Hanigmeut i-

A Computr Netork
Bubmtted By Samikska
Rotl No. i- 22802
Aubmitted To i- Hr. Hukesh
4
Course 3- BCA- CTIS
 metwork deice that
subnetorks
boaithe
Jto crete a
Connety mltiple Lterconneion wth other
network. It prouides A0 me Pro too.
ye
Comjputr netwots LANs caw be Conhectel
bridye multlple
Throgl and eteneid AN. Tuis fnce
larje
of creati callel nefuot
ron muliple metok
netoik Kgmes
It wóks olata Uwk layer,DSIwich
Hoclel
brioig Becouel mett in

piaram:
(ub)
(ub)
(Bridye)

() Iwproved letwoYk Pofohmae

(2) Adldres Learg
(3) Iolatie
() RAeri
(5) Kcalailiy
(6) cort - <feive
to iustall
* Diadvantages i
(i) Liuted Ranje
() 8road cast storms
(t)ecunt
(iv) Linited Tratfic Coatos
() Zinitedl Funcionality

() Conn eciug LANS

() sqmey Netuorky
t) Extemding reles Networks
(e) Zoad Balancig
() TAolatig NetJok Prblens
() Connecting Remoti ofties

A bride net wortg

deuie Connectt Or more metODGs
or
etsort
tojether. t raols
olestinaow MAC addreses ot
4e Aource ahel
Ac
incomiy packet, akd table of
deuede where o senthem.
addrses
it oesnt ow here pa cket it
to all Cohhe e
broadcayt
bridhe connet dieret pats a
melwo, we caw incrcase
rduce cougrfin.
 basic
used Connect mutiple douces toqettere
a docal netoosk.
all duwie Conhet
networh al
hubr loseo Metwork,
bandwjdth anol
to Hhe hub share
to the nehwort.
duvice Ras egual aCcers
hub brodCayt
when duvice dale
other
Connetd dwice.
latu

HUB

he basie pCes o
() Data Trasmigion (3) Data Receptow
Broad cashi
(2) (4) bata Coll's'an

Eeates
() Aloays Brocdcast
(>) Hall -duplex Commuwicatien
(3) siuye clision Domain
(u) Use omly local networt
(5) Canhot tore MAc
(6) No data Filterig
* Adwatages3
() Hesage Boadcast () cheaper dewieg
 (3) east instalat'on
(4) Eay remval of olomajdl dooice
* Limitatiw -
()Net utelligut () Hub i evy
(a) Ho lterng (u) No scunty
C) boes nt we full duplex
tronsnion mde
(a) Cant Cannedt to difret
netwok arhitecures

device
AA Hub basc nelworig
that foraands data Patkets all devices
Connecte to t cheating
ou He Dtter Rand are
(oMgeothi on. Switelhes, ow forwarol
advanced devies that selecivedy
more
Pachety to iwteudel deatintoy, resultiy
data avd fater odata
n lem netwo congestin
tromwion sleads

devices in a small metork

) Connechig
(o) Extenalig te
Cohnecig (ow- spee dlewices
(3)
( ) sinle and Lot-efectwe commethvity
(s) Nehwok Conectivity Teatig
olov'es.
#Awitch -
(=) A iteh miluoork cleuice
evice that Connecty
duices tozethe Combute metork and wey
facket itchint to foruland data to iu destinatiay
(D) Auteches openate
osenate at tho Data link layer
he OSI moolel and MAC
(Lyerd) of te etwort.
adclees idedif olouices
are Commbnly sed in LANs ta Conne et
diwices Compucters , pritens nt Servers.

TYajie to A
Nework
Traffic to B
Router
Computer B
Tuternet
Aoitch

AdJadeqet
() Tnreased Netuwork erformance
() ImproUed eunty
(3) Eay Netoort tauagemet
(u) dealabiliy
Dihodveutoges i
(2)+jt.Comler
(2) Sinyl Poiut of Failure
() Lmited Compatbrlity
 6
tlere overview Awith
w0rks;
1) when dewtee, buch comþute
want to alata to another oleuice

metworky data packet J tue

pachet
Kwiteh.
2) The swite reads Source MAC o the
Adol.
Packet Cund Combares it its MAC Ado. Table.4
Hhe MAC mot le Tale, e fitch
ad s it alont with Port ohere t receued
tue pa cket.
3) switeh then loogs u olestinaton
HAc table t9 dletermihe w'ch port to
forwarol sike packet fhe dest' atiu MAC Ade!
Hhe ta ble, ee switc broaclcest
Packet ale pors enept t t it received he
Packet rom (tuis kpon flodig).
he Packet received on tue olestinatiau, the
olewie ackhowled gehat back to the dource
deuia.
s) Suwte reass tHhe source HAc Adol. tu ackhDJledt.
emuut andl updates table aceorduyly.

6)Switc Continuey to (oarn anel updaty t MAc Add

Table levices Comuicate hetwbok
Astore - and
buothes a techulog called
forand' to lsocem dat Rackits.
* Netwank Tutenface d (NIC) :
(3) NIC
hardae Combonent that conhect! -a
computer lat Gonnec dwfe to -a

metuwork.
þlovides a flysical iteface b/w thu dleuice
Cnd allouwing data
data to be
trammitted and recejved.

(D) NIC Ca be built iuto edewices (nstalleol as

ex pansiow Cares in desktoe Compteu.
e thert or wi- p sta ndarols
to Connect to ee etwork.
1)) Ngs
( support vious alata trasfern rates
specifie model and netwot
dependig
techudg beiy o Covn municat
(NICs
() ane essetial fose olewices
Cnd enchange al euta with other
etork.
Hene ae thu main funtib
Networt Tutufae Card (NIC) ;
)Netuook comecuity
dwice, Tt a los
do Prouide network
metwork connectiuit
Cohnet a networle CUnd
te with otthet devies that metwotk.
(C) Dta TrammisiBn The sespons'ble fon
to
transmitig olota Arom
 více Tt reeives clat feuom the
deuice, packoges t ciuto etwork packet and
it to netwot. Jt alao teeves
the metwok, un packs it, anl elelives
data
to
from dewice .

(i") Dota liuk Coto i NIC plfams data liWk Coutisl

crror deteew ahl correctien,
funtions, sueh seguehig. Thes funs
Coutrele pacleet
dlata trans mitttod reliably ahel
esure that
metootc,

ivy Netoork addreing - NIC sespeusible for ati

and acld, uch as Ie
deice., Tt alao performs aaldreg
Add, or such trawdati logi'eal
resoltion functie, as
IAol.
MetuooHe addreses to phyial MAC

(v) Network decunty i Rrovicle Uarous seunty

funtieng, such can also
leta trasmsion he
ace ew Cotrol mechansmy to Prevet un
in plemewt the netwo*
-authonged aces

ufomance optimization; NIC oFhimize netwok

(vi) tasks, such
feformance by floaclig cestain
certain procesig
te NTC hardare. This
Prvcesi&, to
reduces e dwice's
i proves netort pertormane.
 # Modem
(3) modem a metioorkiy devite Jlot madue.
-lates and demodulatee tal sinals t
olate DUer Com municatien chanuel,
tramnit
ihe or cable network,
Suth telephoue
Tt convets oisitals olata uto analo ajnals
dor trasmisibs and Cnwerts ah aloj nals back
enl.
Kto di_ital data at

(u) Hodem stumols fmoculato - dmodwloto'.

Cennet to He lisimd
are

other metwordy.
( ) It Apeeds en defeudig on theCommyhe of
uhicaho
Conneten and the 2uaity of the
clhannel.
" Hodulat couwet tle conipute'a
data siznals
dijitl dlata ixto analot
sighes travel futerret.
d ata Can

e Demodulat meas Condt he analog data

sjnas rom he ito digital data' ijaad
oighas Computtr Can understau it.

Analof

alemoulctio
Hodalet ngnaloden
 (a) Inteenal odemn
() External No dem
(3) wireles (4) Dfal - up
(s) Cable (c) DL
() stellit (8)

(1) Full uplin » (r) Four- wire Noclem

(u) Tuoo - oire Hodem

*Acvantages
() cay to ihstall (a) Cost e44ctive
(3) Comþatibg (4) Accoss to ttu ihternet

() slo speeds () Uimited Range

dervice
(9) Deptndence on Providen
l3) Jeunty Concetns

A modem woks by modlating ome

cnd
democulating cliyital to enable comm umca
s'snals channel. when ol'ial
-tion over mimunication
co
data s leuice, sueh as Com puter, o
moden Conveu
he vnodem, the a technip ue calleel
analoy
moculoation. The molem thew t r a itt the analos
Commu i cato chanmel su cha
over
Cable netw,. to t e receiviug
Tele pho i e or moolem democlulates
mo cdem. The reeivig them bacc iwto diiteg
analo Mnes anel convei devies,
be undestopel b
Conputth, The receivig moele tac
tramiti Aisital anes the lewice
 or Procening The Proces moclul ati anel ()
demodulatit si nads Pergormud rapill and
Fepeatedy to ehebhe contiuuos Co mmuíCatieu
nel
vanocus actors ne
o4 mode m, the qu ality ot conmuni catjon chann
Cmd He connectien big usadl.

Tel- Tel stanch fo TranAminion Coutrot Btocol,

tae Tiwteynet erotocoe)
(ore protoul ot
Aite. Jt uliabe, Conhehioy- pieuted Prtocoe thot
lom municatien b/w alewrces w a

network.
TcP breats data iuto pacleezs ahd teassemHe
at the receiiug nd.
end. Tt establiskel a Connec
Afabskel
then
-tiew blw Aencer ano receier before trasfemi
tot all packety are ecelve&
data and Rsures
Corret order. also petoras error checkig
e that olata s trasmitteal oithot any
to
RrYors.
wide'y we for applicatostat eune
transmisiow, such email, le
reliable dlata
trawfus, and web browting. Tt Ohe

Tutrnet rotoCoe
importaut protvcols (n
uitel roe in
sult and plays a
itrnet,
 I? | Tntemet Pat): I? stancb for Tude
frotce, wkich is Protocol that Rrovices te
Comm uieaton oUer
baatc building tlock for pnudes
network- layer protoot that
wternet. Tt a a netwek
ndto - Chd Commuication blw lwices
fatket ohata
rout ehables doulces difereut
netwoks to Co mmcate each otter by
prouidig
stahdaralizel addreg
alat packet talm. It
roudig adol. to cluuice hehort
oleturmie the movt
and wses routihg ta bles
Tor dlota to travel blw dwice.

Connetiowlen Proto cal, meawy

dloes ot stablwh oleaicoted conhecian
that
blw lvices before transmitg olota. Tmted, it
senas Packeti oata to te olestina
owice anol relies Ri?her- leel protocals,
-tiow reliable dlalivery
eyure
Buch
lata