Principles Of Neural Science

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Memory is probably one of the most complex human cognitive functions, and in many years, thousands of studies have helped us better recognize this brain function. Professor Kandel and his colleagues
have written one of the reference textbooks in neuroscience, which has also elaborated on the memory function. In this book, I encountered several ambiguities while explaining the memory system.
Here, I share those points, either to find an answer to them or to let them be a suggestion for our future works. Professor Kandel has spent most of his meritorious lifetime studying the memory system;
however, the brain is extremely complex, and as a result, we still have many years to comprehensively understand the neural mechanisms of brain functions.

Highlights: The human memory system is not yet well identified.Imaging studies are not able to locate the memory storage sites of the brain.Current theories cannot explain the huge amount of memory
storage in the brain.Episodic memories of animals should be different with a human episodic memory?

Plain language summary: The human memory system is very complex, and we still have many questions on that. One of the questions is about the location of episodic memory storage in humans. Is that
really happening in the brain? One other question is about studying the episodic memory in animals: do they really have an episodic memory similar to the humans? Prof. Kandel in his very valuable
book has explained the memory system; however, many ambiguities are still unsolved. For example, the neuroimaging methods are nearly never able to speak of the site of memory "storage" in the
brain, whereas many of their results are used as evidence for identifying the location of memory storage in the brain. Also, the hippocampus is emphasized to be responsible for the storage of episodic
memories in animals, whereas a human whore hippocampus is resected is still able to retrieve his memories from before the surgery. As a result, we speculate that, despite all the very precious findings
of Prof. Kandel, we still have to work in this field to reveal its mysteries.

I've got a folder on my computer titled "To Read Pronto". In it, I've placed .pdfs of all the journal articles that I really need to read right away. The folder titled "Cortical Sh*t" contains articles about, you
guessed it, the cortex.

Textbooks can be ... problematic for neuroscientists. Neuroscience is a relatively new field of study, and as we ease into a century of active research, the pace of new discoveries is far outstripping the
ability of those discoveries to be printed in a textbook. And if the function of a textbook is to collect the fundamental principles of a field, (to paraphrase first year graduate student Alex Scharr), there
just hasn't been enough time to figure out whether neurosciences "fundamental" discoveries are actually fundamental. Or even accurate.

So, neuroscientists tend to wander around with binders full of journal articles. (Or computers. Or filing cabinets, if you're my PI.) But the plethora of scientific journals can present an intimidating, and
frankly unhelpful front to the enterprising student interested in an introduction to neuroscience.

For a textbook similar to the one used in high school biology classes, there are 2 that are generally regarded as the most thorough, and well written. These books are Eric Kandel's Principles of Neural
Science*, and Larry Squire's Fundamental Neuroscience.* The latter is recommended reading for the Neuroscience/Neuroanatomy course that Stanford Medical students take (and I think is used by
undergrad courses as well).

*Each of these textbooks were edited by a team of individuals, so technically, Principles of Neural Science is Kandel's, plus Schwartz's, Jessell's, Siegelbaum's and Hudspeth's. Larry Squire likewise
shares the editorial crown with Berg, Bloom, du Lac, Ghosh and Spitzer.

For a less intense introduction, a good friend of mine (current PhD candidate in Neurosciences here at Stanford) suggests Creating Mind, by John Dowling. This book was written by a Harvard faculty
member who, (according to my friend) wrote it for his freshman "neuroscience for non-biology majors" course. I haven't personally read it, but it seems like a great guided introduction to neuroscience.

Lastly, non-fiction books can act as gateway texts into more technical neuroscience knowledge. There are quite a few out neuroscience-themed non-fiction books, but one of the best is "The man who
mistook his wife for a hat", by Oliver Sacks. This is a fantastic book (see a recent blog post by David Bochner, who selects this book as one that does a great job of "distilling the wow factor that drives
[neuroscientists] to think and talk about the brain"). See the blog post for two more recommendations, if you're interested in non-fiction books relating to neuroscience.

After I sent Gabby the above recommendations, she wrote back, commenting that many of the textbooks are quite expensive. I thought this was an excellent point, and set out to find an adequate
substitute for a pricey textbook. After a spot of internet searching, I found an open access online neuroscience textbook, created by some folks over at the University of Texas. While the writing may not
be as elegant as the Kandel or Squire books, it does contain the same basic information. Here is the link to the online textbook.

My recommendation for any high school student like Gabby, is to get started with the online textbook, see if anything catches your particular interest, and then look into specific books or journal review
articles that cover that area of interest.

Also, non-fiction books do tend to be a little less expensive than formal textbooks. Additional suggestions include: Carl Zimmer's Brain Cuttings (ebook), Susan Blackmore's Conversations of
Consciousness (the first neuroscience book I ever read), anything written by Oliver Sacks, and Incognito by David Eagleman. Many of these you may find at your local library.

HST.131 is a comprehensive introductory course in Neuroscience for HST medical students and graduate students. Basic principles of organization and function of the nervous system will be discussed
and frequent reference will be made to pathophysiology of neurological and psychiatric disorders. By this approach we hope to provide physician/scientists and Ph.D. candidates with a dynamic picture
of the rapidly evolving field of neuroscience and the experimental process from which the picture is derived. We hope that all students will emerge with a greater awareness both of the applications of
their work in alleviating disease, and of the ways that disease can provide insight into basic scientific questions.

The course will span modern neuroscience from molecular neurobiology to perception and cognition, including the following major topics: anatomy and development of the brain; cell biology of neurons
and glia; ion channels and electrical signaling; synaptic transmission, integration, and chemical systems of the brain; sensory systems, from transduction to perception; motor systems; and higher brain
function (memory, language, affective disorders).

Our Neuroscience degree is designed for students wish to pursue graduate training in neuroscience, attend medical school, or obtain a research-related position in biotechnology, the life sciences, or
the pharmaceutical industry.

The major provides you with interdisciplinary training in basic scientific principles in the life and physical sciences that are necessary for an understanding of nervous system function. We also provide
training in the fundamental principles of neuroscience and opportunities for more advanced training in specific topics in the field. In our program, you will gain a depth of understanding in
neuroscience, from the cellular and molecular bases of nervous system function to a systems-level approach to the study of brain-behavior relationships.

When pursuing our Neuroscience B.S. degree, you start with a set of entry-level and foundational courses, making it easy to adjust your path as your interests develop. These foundational courses
provide you with a well-rounded understanding of the science of the mind, brain, and behavior.

There are no official tracks or concentrations in the Neuroscience major. Instead, you'll work with our academic advisors to self-select from a wide range of electives, advanced courses, and lab and
capstone experiences that coincide with your interests.

For more than 40 years, Principles of Neural Science has helped readers understand the link between the human brain and behavior. As the renowned text has shown, all behavior is an expression of
neural activity and the future of both clinical neurology and psychiatry is dependent on the progress of neural science. Fully updated, this sixth edition of the landmark reference reflects the latest
research, clinical perspectives, and advances in the field. It offers an unparalleled perspective on the the current state and future of neural science.
This new edition features:

Principles of Neural Science, Sixth Edition benefits from a cohesive organization, beginning with an insightful overview of the interrelationships between the brain, nervous system, genes, and behavior.

Part I: Overall Perspective provides an overview of the broad themes of neural science, including the basic anatomical organization of the nervous system and the genetic bases of nervous system
function and behavior.

Part III: Synaptic Transmission focuses on the electrophysiological and molecular mechanism of synaptic transmission with chapters on neuronal excitability, neurotransmitters, and transmitter release.

Part IV: Perception discusses the various aspects of sensory perception, including how information from the primary organs of sensation is transmitted to and processed by the central nervous system.