ee Ahewnis! cSpaee (4) (tod fo a= Tastcliow Olt = Sie ian FaGny Desde Timur Bug/Mackiny oyelt —=Ablaagt 4 look oye (Each Clyde =A Glale)am T5714 Exeude How = Gus/Mackine cyclt = Al fenst 4 lock cycle - Dae: J Gnstruction Cycle = Feleh cycle CF) + Exeoude cycle (Ee) Decode _y, % 14 J Fngiruction Cycle = Clock Generation t Clock for synchnoniaation, Clock genenodor. crest =[8234A : 19 (cle) 2 F a086 NeroGlav ‘Scanned with CamScannerSystem Clock Soacerh' ne Ghould be caleuloded in Ng (NenoSeconds) _ Cycle compiled within 0. Second « ™ Fagg 1 [Bamps] Wf fpuquaney = 20HHa ; \ dhen Jima Jor 4 clock state = erage Mie Hel = 5xi08s = _Bxio® or [sons] —> [4 Bes os Matias Cyan ges] = 50 nS of 4 Bus Cyple/ Machine Cydle = yoXA ns = g00 nS soma ‘Example Mov Ax» [224654] ot 2 Calculate one clock state dunation 2 3D 0 Ts dunation of one bus ogee. “fF Avare one -hoe cwailting Stoles © Derieulate the qunation of the Instruction @Dusadion of ow dock slate \ ae 1 3° Bom § = 125x108 Ye 40-2 125 aS° " (W) Thre ans hoo eositing states - A Bus: Cycle = 4 stodes ” 2eoalting stole =42 Tolad 6 States - os Bus cyl = 6X 18S 7S =45 ns © Mov Ax» [224G5h) Vere only fetchNo execdion 05 Wig ‘only Mov- Si 03 a 4. us eye = Trshueion le = =75ns- & JWe Know» Re egclo @ Ths oye = 4/More Bus ays ‘Scanned with CamScannerDate: ff Fr tigi Sra ~] Ready-> han mew to COU >a : ont Ee Chak al ha end of Ta in Apo- Abs e 7° 7 Wthaye 15 Dla Fiow Than paralelly Aline Feo oe the, Ready cas i wim RD Reod Bar. means (4 tof2) wohan there will be : Daly poms forbs Jong Reon dota Stow at Ao- Apis - eae the clock -cycls coos ON” ee DENS akan Ape-Abig ill Sow Datta Dale — > By default Duty Cys 15 39%] ond DEN enoble pin ciill be 10x) to (080 Fill date — Clock Slates = (@vo~Apis) Multiplex (Address-+ Derla) Flow: See NER io sO Ss a T= Ado =Abs (Adivess Sioa) ra hh [oe Tz = Mem, r/o» read /eorite borAns Pasir REZ Dalal Few a. Ta = Data is supplied 7 og Ang pEIREDC = Tq =Control Signal Remone « lave > _Reod Bus Timing Diagram: MUST lage abit § Ane= Aus > Ta > Address Ficus Cle) pet Rak only 1s- Arg —9($3- SO) ALE> (Address ALE> (Addnss Lek Bt) ay | Enable, Ae et ee alae colun Address availalole | r/e-rBare maans pF oe Transmit Memo A slare| than O : - RevinHaider — Merocla ‘Scanned with CamScannerAfter, Mid_ leche No float in corte _p- gum io v0 "mad" pin in canile exsle- tarde Cyple Bomple : ® D ov Cex +51] 9AX . w Te Ts v4 Abo- A ire J ce) ; pig paws] Sih & ests PRBAX BL: fe ara see : Aut se ALE - § 2 = | : ie te Lr ae a I mm 1 {—— Dew. fie DEN I = ® E & & ‘Scanned with CamScanner8086 Nemony Ganks Dae: ft Address Bus ~>20 ik eae Mpa ae Dela fus-s Web enee = Sot FEE gait Frre feiioe-woo [seach Quit FerO FFFC ono M0 i FFB FFFA |_|.0d4 Bank acl Bank Gu A Byte { 0005 ooa4 Now Read on Grate 3H caill Jake 1BusGycle « (0003 0002, 209! 0000 i cst Eigse ]t4 word nerds to cycles Pi5 ~ Dalhign) Dy -Do (oa) So, it nesds (4X2) = dock cycles % | —> 2Bus Cycles means rrone ime: So» 2 te Jake less time or 4 Bus cycle only: Bonk Control 2 > Ao Pin (Address Even/opp indicate) > BHE > Bus Enable High pin (0 means high) 0 i iow can divide the mor i ankS *( Evenflo Bank and add/high Bank) Consider AU Addcass), Even on Odd - SS. Even GanK > All even addressog (5Hex) Odd Bank All odd addresses (BHe¥) Each Location will contain g pits a8 bafore- AA 58 Aca Merolav ‘BRE De Po ‘Scanned with CamScannerw erler: any bank (Banfodd) you haverto lake es ‘and fran the oulput should be 4- Othenwise yos cord enter. Even Fo cpu ——40=0 —— emer ABus| Aoz0 dont wont to enter odd 2 Take BHE=43 50s. =| | @ [rods an EJs 0: > Even address a8 last digit > will fake & GH only» Bernuse Aux Bit Pag > logt Digit = 6 =even ie | Example: Mov AL [123934 =4A> So ven—@ (No entry) BRE =0) So odd —e@4 (entry) irene > (Goi > (Gian Tas OAT a bac oye oT P eee TF q DAs it is not_tavile Go ovly ow Bonk” > Even Address» $0 even Bonk enten- —> low Byte dota: $0 Ay =0 —> even Bank i Ao=O—3 Bie =4> no eningon Odd Total = 4 Bus oycly - > Bbit= No prosit Of Hime cave in 0 tthe Bit.0<—_——— OVS) «. ° P 12347 12346} 2 2 — 1ow bo E High Bute eae ” = — Dy 3 Dee a z Te wits 3 g * . = will set in AX 2k a wh ‘Scanned with CamScanner= a ~y > Reading loeit Data Starcling rem odd bank a takes Q bus Cycles - (can be naselved) YW —Htlown as Unaligned cond ~ a a : last digit 4 odd— stact odd B Ax" weit- Start) ‘BREEC ete CPD al ‘Scanned with CamScannerAster Nid Lecture S (Tntennupis) = pose smaieno ~ privees Ore is coonking Naas a. signal drying 4 enter This is called \odensuspt - voor pashdia Stack JL Siod = [r= continue Service + Sound RET 2 PoP stack value ing ue his intennupt will find ISR° TsQ= Iniennupt Servic. Rouline « 1b Vocation > memora (RAN) uo Vike this gets “ERET" That means inlerwmpl serving is dows - Teleen tare a0 TES Caf? vara TSR Selenmup} Servvice CRAM) car Asp fore Yor ome? sFind IVT (4ntermupt Vedor. Toble) in Memory» Hene velor. means Sins adds Lovee » 0086 = ZT] eIvt 6& CS fag TP ona [v7 + RO Ive Boe CS51P ag aac address ey WA raw -ocay PA=¢s x10 +IP = ISR Storing oneal | Sense sap cag ae aACR wre Anturrupt “2A Mp DA Ongoing FRG push AeA Stock D aPC! Supposes' Tad Go" (wera Gara ae 10a Int) Rowling) aegca Hem FFFFF JO03FF 00000 | TSR Wa First “TSR slanting arc IRET aig 4ptonnupt Return option on guT ita, Servi wT TRET COT Service. CE SERET-QG Lp WIT push zpaE TOMUSTA —aieych pop PATA aad Contin vaca stock SRI LOTSA AVTEY_ Ramm m ‘Scanned with CamScannera > Sntexapt the curren} work of cpu: 2 c bral Seah a i ARO we . joan val " . a a 2 a 2 ee oe oS eurument work: Ghifen iatenrupl is here: q— What happens? ~ Gumps_to TSR fo mespond the cunment inlennuph= i ai a to its 10: > GFnlenrup} Seom s oe 4) Exlennal signal Drom Keyboond » Mov D Scom special instruction 1A Ina program - = ance [Telecast] D internal signal nals Scat Ty IT 1 ae N —[Maskabtc} [Non Haskonlg en a ¥ _ [256 types of] _ INTER vsvoidob le _ | S0ftaare = Mero clav Nou Maskable, ‘Scanned with CamScannerHoredwanE Srtennupr aera apy . K poands mouse »DVP » hard disk--efe: + 036 hag two ‘wlorrupt pins: NMI (14) INTROS) pskoble inlenrapl | Non Naskable >All goSteoane intErurcupr: + Serve ‘mmackiat ey, : sDoesn'| save studs’ |. nmr pin + Save things - e + Response ‘in cratical time} -(90000 fo _003FF) Served / woit/denied : eINTR PIN” Software Gatenrurpts * Program instruchon * + 256 (00> on @- 255) ee use as: [Sal 2] pes oS imorrupts © Lossifications of G08 interrupt J Pp user defined available - ¥ ) sostwore 4 “ E . Bice nod signal - : E + Known ag hand ware int- “i © Pu desind $nt- = & Interrupt Vectors and Vector x ¢ Within 1KB of memory ‘Scanned with CamScannerdrtennupt Types based on ISR Date: fee fo de Se of 7ee * - = ah gooto [00014 ool _H. 6000CH ea) 9000 q 1 S0,TP = B20 h ‘Scanned with CamScannermee sinedeeanarses Setbatadiaaat otePs O dotdype x4 7 F iox4'=(2040d 2 alien = 00FO (Hes) ote Pata = Ooors | es tagh [lo ae. OooFe CS Low [ba [tes Ss coor! | _2P waghsé o00FO Tp low b2 fe @ So Tp. 582 bh C4= 1062 PA=Sxlo+ TP = (1062x40)+ Bese = 46452 h- = fipst address of TSR Serve unit i mm mM Mm me mw mes B ‘Scanned with CamScannerAfter Mid(L-4) Srterrenpt fant 2. J 7 - ae 5 7Fntennupt Vedor = Gatennup} Peinfen - | 2 Q0000H fo 000013 H)—> Frudlefinad (Type 60> Typ24)) ——>olal Hype S(oool4H #0 00070 H) —S Rogerved p25 to type 84) —> total 2+ > (000 80 H te 003FF 1) — Avoilobe sor usec (ype 92-255) ——> 204 Fatah o% Choo Grlencupt ‘is Served ) a ge : 5 So arly Sabesenspl HEME Big CORSET - 2 = . & Pant [Beals wasrang Tags currant pragren Sas ia SHOCK [e5; a Pons a Segmant Bae ratio Point maTsi@ Cs: 66) 3[Main Psw - 849= 16 bit 5 Tag pra BY GO (357 50-8) 05 GP Pash RET Sop arr oma gy ar Tass (98! SP 4) EP Ge Push “SG _ “Now INT ype x 4 = [alee talaxa J = Fired address of TER => Tran Senve— undil TReT [Golewlate BA =cexio-+ TP) ‘Scanned with CamScannerGol type Statnd oshile, exer) main doce : CAN+2° sen offer B eeeereepe so Hain Ps Se: SP Main es | $8: SP-2 Main TP SS: OP-4 amrPrmnmnmwnm woe we eee oe saus[-2)> each BOX Minas2) got 2 bereg Iebit= pswstSs=FP - ‘Scanned with CamScanner2) Push Flags Cleare TE (Ant Su Clear TRGrap fi Push Cs Selenreph Pash xP Routine USR) Fetch sR Nomnal Worke— Ereurtin: ‘Scanned with CamScanner= a Date: / Segoe of Snlemmpt- 7 . > Before 4nlennept UP used to cule -tuth —awad_eviny “fo devieas_oloaut _ "baled 3/57 oP Dal now Fo devius oskes Ha up if Tha need hale: Progtiaun med $70") @ felling Cwhin wp used to ask others) Sp Simp bud soa, INud to check UpAreqularty * ~» Handed by cpu Th 1 Internupt > Fast oul more complicated > prowssor is nolified by T/o devas” D> Handed by intenrupt handler: = ‘Scanned with CamScanneree ee eer 25) Non maskable CType2) © ere inkemrwpt > wahan loca to bigh Jransition (NMI) ) 2ero ‘rlenrapr TANGO, DIV/z Div Aoo large ie > Aewreg aucto othen ange DP Starling CS valuc- > Can't be disabled - > useful 4o sow program (in cosa, oF gover Sailure) 24) Single fe ingle Step Ent tT ES oe = @ Brekeoitt Anternugh Tyer-B slop after each ‘nstrucion - waits i oo for Sweter direction Pimplement a preakpoint funtion - > TF types (slask) > Start <3 whe —senecy > Disabled cahile doing intennapr TP value slard + v000c Service, procedure - > (00004 4o o000h) > Useful: debugging large programs ED Overston Care D 5 WF signd rasall is bu dW00 signad numbers - and Yoo large +o be represented « ooolz H > usesul : detect overftoo @r ae cs stacd > _ Zope epee oe SS ooelo 8 tec coonss: OE SIO) om ‘Scanned with CamScannerDatta accel Highest Priowly > PIVDE FRROR »Ivitas INTO-NMI > TTR > single slop 3 Lowes! frior'ly HW Divide an€ NMI of a Vine? Ans: Divi sie ‘ : in Divide - iy Main program (Flag CSiTP) NMt —___, |pw i DIMDE ennon ‘ Push flags » CSIP » \ Clean TE > if transfer \ Conteol Push Flogs CS, IP Clean TF IF Transfer contro! gontinut NMI oe ; Jexeute NMI] es IF=0 IF=0 Froute Divide eed A Fermon Rowing | oF Meroclav ‘Scanned with CamScannerProgrammable Saterrapt Ooulaller (PIC) ]3e59A) Pick track yar ss on ) eee ay Tue) | ree 4 4nterruph Priovidy Ito > Babee “h 2p Dread Res6lver | Request : ppg boete a ed : 2 Logic ee id ~ As s Cee Ras lowest eRORE, EP z Ea Eq ees | © Prionity check ob INT —3 INTR Ba AL. Faply cath two pulse ea ‘ en A ileal ares wma(ret OO) pg D Ready dnt ee dada Bus digs © cpu co paihegdibe: fF ea ea B... ‘Scanned with CamScannerRegistens _ ee New high Date: / a Nest Prost zl of oles tlo allo] o ee Te Ire les Tea TPS Ra Se, Teo D> check Wgher priontles cougar Ise isi ol 2 [eT eT er oe [> Walur prictly + 18RG IsRS SRI , Sort < ist3ISR2__ISRI 19RD Sire sR Vow pricy ar 3 we 8 toq FV ATT only Tees Th INR3 Gy achat =O Ime aim 4 gy er \oR A QA Al» TRR AGA - IRR volus—> ISR perordy check Th bigger hen Jin \SR- fre TRR value > check Wgh prorty 3 Tf yes, tnen close last \sR> Sei New ISR: Bus if TeR less ‘Scanned with CamScannerHaina» NMI Cascaing, woth {reo gore ; [pil (Exe) =c4 + 4 =O oh a Time > Bod con joke more Sot gq wh ntuxreph in ee ‘Scanned with CamScannerT/o instructions Dae: / in input oul > output 2 1/0 Mapping Adyanlag* d-Less complications 2 less cineuitry Tao methods 4o define» Fixed Address g [36it} Example IN AK 2 Mera. 95 Sixed) Fixed beanug.e Stoned in ROM with OP codo- byte Known ac Pg: Voriable Address: __7@e-Ai5) ‘A can be [abit / lbvits |, Register Dx holds- Becouse this con gre changed + Exompla: IN AX9DX Hem Dx means any value that aill be cloud So cant Six ise 3: Sams int such aS Nove con be used in Memory and I/0° 4: Less decoding * “Tsolated 3/0 :( Prowss2) ) Separate T/o address aGai So _Hemony ond T/o Wig BH addressing Sully “Orn “T/o Adinsss MAPPING, (Accessing I/O Process) 2) Separectely MoV and Tm Jout use - Advantage : Dowd nead Jo use 70 deviag Disadvantage: Memoruy space waste ¢ (EC Basically wenn meal [pation T76 AR OAS WANT HAT VA HAT oft Ar TET info F Lloationa ava To devia. OI diadly acess PAC MITAL UIeT TAT Common addrass T/o Was memos AF CS % Most of the processors use 1/0 Mapping - S)ToRe 3 TO read 4c \ ayo comol Tow + T/o wnile eye / was Si Aa “4 nse 4) MEMR= Sore memory read MEM ~> for mem rele ° 5) Most common form in ITEL prowsser 6) Pentium supports igolated fT of 64 kB addnass ° Meroclav ‘Scanned with CamScannerTgoladed 1/0 Advandage: 4) No memory Spau wastage * | DSeparce signals s 2) oral tw ay oul iadstuckon ASIA D Programmad 1/0 2) Trlentuspt- driven T/0 D Direct memory actesS ama cpu all tnedime r/o gare dade MSA HOTA ATGR “Ota, AQ AT fen So cpu ime waste Back! Adgdvanlage: Always in coaiting ; gels 3/0 data: So time waste» Checking again and again for data from T/O° Hene CPu percforemance degreades * until Hf Tolewwpl caren 3/0 8 ole ih ig Geller than programmed 3/0 xfs cooring process : cPo Frage ant Fey Efe “A aRAGO area BA Tio CAE dela pty WIT wr Torterccup! 27 Was CPU OFM aia AN stack A CART interreupl AQ AVG ws els Eis g ® Programmed T/o and Tmterrupt-dnive (4 CPU rs ico diradlly “aig ai As a Tusult epu ES z| UB] gra pressure CARS BT WARS CPU Era CA -ompay OTE AIG oe we CPU & im BR ameeya up assistant gresr TET ena CPU @® help AAG eNCA) which 1S i Known a os ‘Diracl Hemony Access(OMA) E19 ey Dirad Memory Access (ona) ea ea 1 Eq ° e e4 7 oy T ‘Scanned with CamScannerH_LDA | Tmporctart DMA OPERATION” DIAGRAM Date: ff A T/o sioner DNA Gr Taquest “AACA MEHORY through DREG (Diruct Request) ~R then DNA will osk permission Som Cev- Lepy ROwRCT aI Request accept “cA Worse “HOIO" A law “I “HLQ" > Hold Request - HOLD % CPU Tuquasl accept 42G Safa DHA @ Notification scar HUA 3 Hold AcKnowladgement ~ | tora DNA directly (cpv to Nem) Dela Bus Corfnection - Gus/adarecs/ control Bus Ora arn — TA DRES, i ae us DMA | 2 | [eortallen| = | A aaa DMA Caear F/o Ge" DACKY Notification MTA Pack > DNA acknow- ledgrunt pack 4 channel device GG BGT DREG Option W4TAl Each DREG is dedicated Jo agpeclic TIO Deve’ DExampla: Tniet g237 > can oddrass GAKG’ =p Con decide _prionity of raquast * pes [evel of Lowen, oye Totak 1@ bit —> Dor Pao] [Ar-A4 | _Ag-Ae MeroClav Quit — ce ve BBE Louer level nicole ‘Scanned with CamScanner329% DNA Gotrollere — fin DRERO > DREAS 79 Renuesd toe ore) aca | & peo: ; 4 pACKSIPACKO Acknowledges DMA ruquest- pack 3 2DACK Hg Chold Request) Requist control - HRS Chold Soe HDA (Hold Acknowledge) Acknowledge hold Req; AENT (Address enable) rome mr mmr Prem eer eee me ‘Scanned with CamScanner_DHA_cCoseade Node Dara anger gratin “WIA SOT -BQBy add HU DR BUCA THAT ATG = a aaa ae Level DUIility oF more than = tee 4 channels ot a Fire - Micro RES! ay F DREA is conneded aidh HRO, Pracesson| Telit | DACK is connected with HLDA~ | | ate PRS DREGETHRS — DRES f— z te [aoa DA ci PyHLDA veo ff I REG fHY{HRS DRES DACK FHL DA ~pack—»4 Lie T/o Devices of a time] L pack a ——_ 16 — Meroclav ‘Scanned with CamScanner> data Bus > I bit ~ > Adliness Bus-7 20 bit te oit HP Ie bit Data Bus Ie bid LAP 16 bid data Bus 24 bit add bus Aor, : = (leMB) Pe: £ & Additional Sanctions : & clock genenator 20 bit addness Gus (4Mg) a independent DMA Din +10 modes (Hax /rin) 2 Modes( Peal /vintual) EF 11.2 programmable 16 bil timare ° et Multiplexed Bus - go pin 40 | Et Non Multiplxed bus, | SO 68 ping: Ei t FE works like a Micro Controller amore than micrbProcesson” Lr Fosterc? (0-127 MH2 é r Standard node gna eR Era High pereforemante. fs with o oa erg Slower: 5 4o JO MH ag Mesily used in industrial control Standard tate GMH2 applicotions - No memorey management and protection protection - T & Gtimes c Real 3 AR MOE A 90296 Aomr 8086 pa sae Figg Fasten 7 Exta 4 bil (24vil are) Dagig ma@-na A) aig Protection and Hanogement a eta | Peotocled Virtual Hode 2 94 -HgEr M41 [ ‘Scanned with CamScanner