CHAPTER FOUR

Result and Discussion

Research question 1
Table 1. Frequency Distribution of Types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu North
LGA, Enugu State.
Items Yes No
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
have you aids e.g walking stick, hearing aid etc. been
123 38.4% 197 61.6%
snatched from you before
have you been hit by a care giver before 94 29.4% 226 70.6%
have objects of any kind been thrown at you by your
122 38.1% 198 61.9%
children, grandchildren, relative or care giver
have you been denied medical treatment by family/care
163 50.9% 157 49.1%
giver
have you been shouted down by family member 182 56.9% 138 43.1%
have you been raped 104 32.5% 216 67.5%
has there been an attempt of sexual assault on you before 139 43.4% 181 56.6%
do you speak up for yourself when you are maltreated 147 45.9% 173 54.1%
do you deliberately decline help in your daily activities
203 63.4% 117 36.6%
such as bathing, feeding and dressing up
do you use harmful objects on yourself 90 28.1% 230 71.9%
have you been forced to watch acts that you do not like 103 32.2% 217 67.8%
have you been threatened before 189 59.1% 131 40.9%
have you been criticized and called all manner of names 199 62.2% 121 37.8%
have you been denied access to your money 185 57.8% 135 42.2%
have you been forced to give up your money because you
146 45.6% 174 54.4%
are aged
have you been forced by care giver/relation to beg for
88 27.5% 232 72.5%
money that belongs to you
have your needs and wants been ignored 215 67.2% 105 32.8%
do your family members/care givers call or check up on
151 47.2% 169 52.8%
you as often as necessary
have you been provided with your necessities such as food
150 46.9% 170 53.1%
items, drugs, roof over your head etc
have you been physically abused before 244 76.2% 76 23.8%
have you been sexually abused at all 147 45.9% 173 54.1%
have you abused yourself in any form 176 55.0% 144 45.0%
have you experienced an economic abuse 183 57.2% 137 42.8%
have you been emotionally abused 201 62.8% 119 37.2%
have you been neglected or abandoned by family members 112 35.0% 208 65.0%

Average 1700.6 149.34 53.31% 46.69%

Result on table 1, Shows that abuse on the elderly is high in Enugu North LGA with an average
percentage value of 53.31% in Enugu north.

38
Research question 2

What are the types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu north local government of Enugu
state based on their level of education?
Table 2 Frequency Distribution Types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu North
LGA, Enugu State Based on Level of Education
What is your level of education?
Non-formal Primary Secondary Tertiary
Freque Frequency Percentag Percent Frequ Fre Percenta Percenta Frequ Freq Percenta Percenta Frequen Frequ Percentag Percentag
ncy no e (%) yes age no ency que ge ge (%)ency uenc ge (%)ge(%) cy yes ency e (%) yes e (%) no
yes yes ncy (%)yes no yes y no yes no no
no

Item 1 19 19 23 45.2% 54.2% 6 52 10.3% 89.7% 21 30 41.2% 58.8% 77 92 45.6% 54.4%

Item 2 30 30 12 71.4% 28.6% 6 52 10.3% 89.7% 14 37 27.5% 72.5% 44 125 26.0% 74.0%

Item 3 101 36 6 85.7% 14.3% 9 49 15.5% 84.5% 12 39 23.5% 76.5% 65 104 38.5% 61.55

Item 4 36 32 10 76.2% 23.8% 43 15 74.1% 25.9% 34 17 66.7% 33.3% 73 96 43.2% 56.8%

Item 5 28 24 18 57.1% 42.9% 36 22 62.1% 37.9% 8 43 15.7% 84.3% 36 133 21.3% 78.7%
Item 6 32 20 22 47.6% 52.4% 9 49 15.5% 84.5% 22 29 43.1% 56.9% 66 103 39.1% 60.9%
Item 7 24 19 23 45.2% 54.8% 18 40 31.0% 69.0% 23 28 45.1% 54.9% 87 82 51.5% 48.5%
Item 8 13 30 12 71.4% 28.6% 53 5 91.4% 8.6% 43 8 84.3% 15.7% 77 92 45.6% 54.4%
Item 9 24 24 18 57.1% 42.9% 9 49 15.5% 84.5% 12 39 23.5% 76.5% 45 124 26.6% 73.4%
Item 10 19 19 23 45.2% 54.2% 9 49 15.5% 84.5% 3 48 5.9% 94.1% 72 97 42.6% 57.4%
Item 11 20 18 24 42.9% 57.1% 54 4 93.1% 6.9% 30 21 58.8% 41.2% 87 82 51.5% 48.5%
Item 12 24 31 11 73.8% 26.2% 43 15 74.1% 25.9% 43 8 84.3% 15.7% 82 87 48.5% 51.5%
48
Item 13 19 28 14 66.7% 33.3% 10 82.8% 17.2% 27 24 52.9% 47.1% 82 87 48.5% 51.5%
Item 14 48 27 15 64.3% 35.7% 9 49 15.5% 84.5% 31 20 60.8% 39.2% 79 90 46.7% 53.3%
Item 15 32 33 9 78.6% 21.4% 8 50 13.8% 86.2% 12 39 23.5% 76.5% 35 134 20.7% 79.3%
Item 16 30 33 9 78.6% 21.4% 57 1 98.3% 1.7% 45 6 88.2% 11.8% 80 89 47.3% 52.7%
Item 17 22 33 9 78.6% 21.4% 13 45 22.4% 77.6% 21 30 41.2% 58.8% 84 85 49.7% 50.3%
Item 18 31 16 26 38.1% 61.9% 17 41 29.3% 70.7% 23 28 45.1% 54.9% 94 75 55.6% 44.4%
Item 19 19 13 29 31.0% 69.0% 53 5 91.4% 8.6% 43 8 84.3% 15.7% 135 34 79.9% 20.1%
Item 20 66 21 21 50.0% 50.0% 10 48 17.2% 82.8% 23 28 45.1% 54.9% 93 76 55.0% 45.0%
Item 21 6 4 38 9.5% 90.5% 49 9 84.5% 15.5% 28 23 54.9% 45.1% 95 74 56.2% 43.8%
Item 22 78 19 43 45.2% 54.8% 48 10 82.8% 17.2% 36 15 70.6% 29.4% 80 89 47.3% 52.7%
Item 23 88 30 12 71.4% 28.6% 47 11 81.0% 19.0 38 13 74.5% 25.5% 86 83 50.9% 49.1%
Item 24 63 33 9 78.6% 21.4% 8 50 13.8% 86.2% 17 34 33.3% 66.7% 54 115 32.0% 68.0%
Item 25 49 29 84.5% 56.9% 97 26 78.9% 21.1% 30 12 71.4% 28.6% 103 66 60.9% 39.1%

Average 173.6 146.4 56.6% 43.4% 160.8 159.2 58.2% 41.8% 143.6 175.4 46.3% 53.7% 185.5 134.5 68.5% 31.%

Table 2, shows that based on level of education elders of non –formal education 173(56.6%),
primary education 160 (58.2%), secondary 145.6 (46.3%), tertiary 185.5(68.5%), was on the
high level in Enugu north.

39
Research question 3
What are the types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu north local government of Enugu
state based on their level of education?
Table 4.1 Frequency Distribution of Types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu North
LGA, Enugu State Based on their income level
What is your level of income

Low Medium High

FrequencFrequen Percentag Percentag FrequenFrequen Percentag Percent Frequenc Frequ Percentage Percent
y yes cy no e e no cy yes cy no e (%) yes age no y yes ency (%) yes age no
(%) yes no

Item 1 30 93 24.4% 75.6% 44 64 40.7% 59.3% 49 40 55.1% 44.9%

Item 2 26 97 21.1% 78.9% 41 67 38.0% 62.0% 27 62 30.3% 69.7%
Item 3 29 94 23.6% 76.4% 60 48 55.6% 44.4% 33 56 37.1% 62.9%
Item 4 88 35 71.5% 28.5% 61 47 56.5% 43.5% 33 56 37.1% 62.9%
Item 5 44 79 35.8% 64.2% 25 83 23.1% 76.9% 35 54 39.3% 60.7%
Item 6 38 85 30.9% 69.1% 60 48 55.6% 44.4% 41 48 46.1% 53.9%
Item 7 37 86 30.1% 69.9% 53 55 49.1% 50.9% 27 62 30.3% 69.7%
Item 8 36 87 29.3% 70.7% 50 58 46.3% 53.7% 61 28 68.5% 31.5%
Item 9 91 32 74.0% 26.0% 69 39 63.9% 36.1% 43 46 48.3% 51.7%
Item 10 20 103 16.3% 83.7% 34 74 31.5% 68.5% 36 53 40.4% 59.6%
Item 11 20 103 16.3% 83.7% 33 75 30.6% 69.4% 50 39 56.2% 43.8%
Item 12 82 41 66.7% 33.3% 66 42 61.1% 38.9% 41 48 46.1% 53.9%
Item 13 100 23 81.3% 18.3% 66 42 61.1% 38.9% 33 56 37.1% 62.9%
Item 14 80 43 65.0% 35.0% 47 61 43.5% 56.5% 58 31 65.2% 34.8%
Item 15 43 80 35.0% 65.0% 49 59 45.4% 54.6% 54 35 60.7% 39.3%
Item 16 25 98 20.3% 79.7% 42 66 38.9% 61.1% 21 68 23.6% 76.4%
Item 17 94 29 76.4% 23.6% 76 32 70.4% 29.6% 45 44 50.6% 49.4%
Item 18 40 83 32.5% 67.5% 73 35 67.6% 32.4% 38 51 42.7% 57.3%
Item 19 41 82 33.3% 66.7% 81 27 75.0% 25.0% 28 61 31.5% 68.3%
Item 20 95 28 77.2% 22.8% 90 18 83.3% 16.7% 59 30 66.3% 33.7%
Item 21 37 86 30.1% 69.9% 50 58 46.3% 53.7% 60 29 67.4% 32.6%
Item 22 72 51 58.5% 41.5% 50 58 46.3% 53.7% 54 35 60.7% 39.3%
Item 23 86 37 69.9% 30.1% 47 61 43.5% 56.5% 50 39 56.2% 43.8%
Item 24 74 49 60.2% 39.8% 78 30 72.2% 27.8% 49 40 55.1% 44.9%
Item 25 20 103 16.3% 83.7% 60 48 55.6% 44.4% 32 57 36.0% 64.0%
Average 153.2 166.2 39.2% 60.8% 178.2 141.8 58.6% 41.4% 168.2 151.8 51.4% 48.6%

Result of Table 3, shows that based on level of income abuse is low, low income earners
153.2(39.2%), medium 178.2 (58.6%), high 168 .2(51.4%) in Enugu north LGA.

40
Research question 4
What are the types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu north local government of Enugu
state based on sex?
Table 4, Frequency Distribution of Types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu North
LGA, Enugu State Based on Sex.
What is your sex
Female Male
Frequency Frequency Percentage Percentage Frequency Frequency Percentage Percentage
yes no (%) yes (%) no (%) no (%) yes (%) no
Item 1 36 114 24.0% 76.0% 87 83 51.2% 48.8%
Item 2 16 134 10.7% 89.3% 78 92 45.9% 54.1%
70 80 46.7% 53.3% 97 73 57.1% 42.9
Item 3
Item 4 44 106 29.3% 70.7% 78 92 45.9% 54.1%
Item 5 32 118 21.3% 78.7% 131 39 77.1% 22.9%
Item 6 51 99 34.0% 66.0% 131 39 77.1% 22.9%
Item 7 41 109 27.3% 72.7% 63 107 37.1% 62.9%
Item 8 32 118 21.3% 78.7 53 117 31.2% 68.8%
Item 9 74 76 49.3% 50.7% 65 105 38.2% 61.8%
Item 10 74 76 49.3% 50..7% 48 122 28.2% 71.8%
Item 11 46 104 30.7% 69.3% 71 99 41.8% 58.2%
Item 12 63 87 42.0% 58.0% 38 132 22.4% 77.6%
Item 13 77 73 51.3% 48.7% 70 100 41.2% 58.8%
Item 14 103 47 68.7% 31.3% 100 70 58.8% 41.2%
Item 15 53 97 35.3% 64.7% 87 83 51.2% 48.8
Item 16 40 110 26.7% 73.3% 50 120 29.4% 70.6%
Item 17 38 112 25.3% 74.7% 65 105 38.2% 61.8%
Item 18 68 82 45.3% 54.7% 121 49 71.2% 28.8%
Item 19 79 71 52.7% 47.3% 120 50 70.6% 29.4%
Item 20 116 34 77.3% 22.7% 128 42 75.3% 24.75
Item 21 69 81 46.0% 54.0% 78 92 52.7% 54.1%
Item 22 68 82 45.3% 54.7% 108 62 63.5% 36.5%
Item 23 72 78 48.0% 52.0% 111 59 65.3% 34.7%
Item 24 122 71 71.8% 47.3% 79 48 52.7% 28.2%
Item 25 53 97 35.3% 64.7% 111 59 65.3% 34.7%
Average 174.8 145.2 58.4% 41.6% 154.3 165.7% 45.9% 54.1%

Result of table 4, shows that based on sex the females where abused more by 20.5(13.4%) higher
than men, females 174.8(58.4%) males 154.3(45.9%) in Enugu north L.G.A

41
Research question 5
What are the types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu north local government of Enugu
state based on their occupation?
Table 5, Frequency Distribution of Types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu North
LGA, Enugu State Based on Occupation
What is your occupation
Civil servant Trading Farming Self employed
Freque Frequ Percentag Percentag Frequ Frequ Percentag Percentag Frequ Frequ Percentag Percentag Frequ Frequ Percentag Percentage
ncy yes ency e (%) yes e (%) no ency ency e (%) yes e (%) no ency ency e (%) yes e (%) no ency ency e (%) no
no yes no yes no yes no (%) yes

Item 1 19 38 33.3% 66.7% 9 72 11.1% 88.9% 23 27 46.0% 54.0% 72 60 54.5% 45.5%

Item 2 23 34 40.4% 59.6% 18 63 22.2% 77.8% 13 37 26.0% 74.0% 40 92 30.3% 69.7%
Item 3 18 39 31.6% 68.4% 21 60 25.9% 74.1% 22 28 44.0% 56.0% 61 71 46.2% 53.8%
Item 4 32 25 56.1% 43.9% 61 20 75.3% 24.7% 34 89 68.0% 32.0% 55 77 41.7% 58.3%
Item 5 10 47 17.5% 82.5% 30 51 37.0% 63.0% 19 31 38.0% 62.0% 45 87 34.1% 65.9%
Item 6 32 25 56.1% 43.9% 8 73 9.9% 90.1% 32 78 64.0% 36.0% 67 65 50.8% 49.2%
Item 7 19 38 33.3% 66.7% 12 69 14.8% 85.2% 25 25 50.0% 50.0% 61 71 46.2% 53.8%
Item 8 5 52 8.8% 91.2% 21 60 25.9% 74.1% 70 70 20.0% 80.0% 54 78 40.9% 59.1%
Item 9 13 44 22.8% 77.2% 12 69 14.8% 85.2% 10 40 20.0% 80.0% 68 64 51.5% 48.5%
Item 10 32 32 56.1% 43.9% 57 24 70.4% 29.6% 86 24 52.0% 48.0% 74 58 56.1% 43.9%
Item 11 23 34 40.4% 59.6% 76 5 93.8% 6.2% 32 18 64.0% 36.0% 68 64 51.5% 48.5%
Item 12 30 27 52.6% 47.4% 60 21 74.1% 25.9% 79 21 58.0% 42.0% 66 66 50.0% 50.0%
Item 13 6 51 10.5% 89.5% 27 54 33.3% 66.7% 26 24 52.0% 48.0% 87 45 65.9% 34.1%
Item 14 13 44 22.8% 77.2% 17 64 21.0% 79.0% 62 88 44.0% 56.0% 36 96 27.3% 72.7%
Item 15 24 31 42.1% 54..4% 6 25 7.4% 30.9% 90 28 58.0% 52.0% 66 67 50.0% 50.8%
Item 16 31 26 54.4% 45.6% 25 56 30.9% 69.1% 28 22 56.0% 44.0% 67 65 50.8% 49.2%
Item 17 42 15 73.7% 26.3% 29 52 35.8% 35.8% 73 97 26.0% 74.0% 66 66 50.0% 50.0%
Item 18 45 12 78.9% 21.1% 71 10 87.7% 12.3% 29 21 58.0% 42.0% 99 33 75.0% 25.0%
Item 19 15 42 26.3% 73.7% 30 51 37.0% 63.0% 43 97 26.0% 74.0% 89 43 67.4% 32.6%

Item 20 14 43 24.6% 75.4% 51 30 63.0% 37.0% 29 21 58.0% 42.0% 82 50 62.1% 37.9%

Item 21 18 39 31.6% 68.4% 60 21 74.1% 25.9% 29 21 58.0% 42.0% 76 56 57.6% 42.4%

Item 22 36 21 63.2% 63.2% 77 4 95.1% 4.9% 69 81 38.0% 62.0% 69 63 52.3% 47.7%

Item 23 23 34 40.4% 59.6% 17 64 21.0% 79.0% 22 28 44.0% 56.0% 50 82 37.9% 62.1%

Item 24 32 25 56.1% 43.9% 57 24 70.4% 29.6% 26 24 52.0% 48.0% 74 58 56.1% 43.9%
Item 25 30 27 52.6% 47.4% 60 21 74.1% 25.9% 79 21 58.0% 42.0% 66 66 50.0% 50.0%

Average 140.6 179.4 48.9% 51.1% 157.5 162.5 57.5% 42.6% 150.4 149.6 43.9% 57.1% 189.7 730.3 79.6% 20.4%

Result of table 5, shows that based on occupation civil servants 140.6(48.9%), traders
157(57.5%), farmers 150.4(43.9%) and self- employed 189.7(79.6%) experienced abuse which is
high level of abuse in Enugu north LGA

42
HYPOTHESIS 1: There was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse among the aged
in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based of Level of Education. Using inferential statistics of
Pearson Chi square, the test gave calculated value of 41.871 with a degree of freedom of 3 and a
p value of 0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject the null hypothesis.

HYPOTHESIS 2: There was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse among the aged
in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based on Income Level. Using inferential statistics of
Pearson Chi square, the test gave calculated value of 20.887 with a degree of freedom of 2 and a
p value of 0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject the null hypothesis.

HYPOTHESIS 3: There was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse among the aged
in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based on Sex. Using inferential statistics of Pearson Chi
square, the test gave calculated value of 24.872 with a degree of freedom of 1 and a p value of
0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject the null hypothesis

HYPOTHESIS 4: there was a significant difference on the types of elder abuse among the aged
in Enugu north LGA, Enugu state based on their occupation using inferential statistics of
performance Chi-square the test gave a calculated vale of 41.871 with a degree of freedom of 3
and a p value of 0.000. Since the p value is <0.05, we therefore reject the null hypothesis.

43
 Summary of Major Findings

1. Table 1, shows that abuse on the elderly is high in Enugu North LGA with an average percentage
value of 53.31% in Enugu north LGA.
2. Table 2, shows that based on level of education elders of non –formal education 173(56.6%),
primary education 160 (58.2%), secondary 145.6 (46.3%), tertiary 185.5(68.5%), was on the
high level in Enugu north LGA.
3. Table 3, shows that based on level of income abuse is low, low income earners 153.2(39.2%),
medium 178.2 (58.6%), high 168 .2(51.4%) in Enugu north LGA.
4. Table 4, shows that based on sex the females where abused more by 20.5(13.4%) higher than
men, females 174.8(58.4%) males 154.3(45.9%) in Enugu north LGA.
5. Table 5, shows that based on occupation civil servants 140.6(48.9%), traders 157(57.5%),
farmers 150.4(43.9%) and self- employed 189.7(79.6%) experienced abuse which is high level
of abuse in Enugu north LGA
6. The findings also show that, there was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse
among the aged in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based of Level of Education. Using
inferential statistics of Pearson Chi square, the test gave calculated value of 41.871 with a degree
of freedom of 3 and a p value of 0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject the null
hypothesis.
7. The findings show, that there was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse among the
aged in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based on Income Level. Using inferential statistics of
Pearson Chi square, the test gave calculated value of 20.887 with a degree of freedom of 2 and a
p value of 0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject the null hypothesis.
8. The findings show, that there was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse among the
aged in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based on Sex. Using inferential statistics of Pearson Chi
square, the test gave calculated value of 24.872 with a degree of freedom of 1 and a p value of
0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject the null hypothesis
9. The findings show, that there was a significant difference on the types of elder abuse among the
aged in Enugu north LGA, Enugu state based on their occupation using inferential statistics of
performance Ch-square the test gave a calculated vale of 41.871 with a degree of freedom of 3
and a p value of 0.000. Since the p value is <0.05, we therefore reject the null hypothesis.

Discussions of major findings

1. Types of elder abuse common among the aged in Enugu north LGA
2. Types of elder abuse based on selected variables.
44
Types of elder abuse common among men and women of Enugu north LGA
The findings show that the most common type of abuse.
The findings show that there is low physical abuse and high level of economic and
emotional abuse among the elders of Enugu north, which shows that the expansion of the
extended families is affecting the African philosophy that all children and grand-children will
take care of their parents when they become old. The elders are not clearly taken advantage of by
both family or care givers, their human rights are violated, Christian and social duties of the
family are being neglected which place them in a very vulnerable position in the society.
Types of elder abuse based on selected demographic variables.
Elder abuse based on income level of the elderly men and women in Enugu north LGA.
The result in table 3, shows that economic abuse is high which is not surprising because it is
more from the high income earners who their signature gets to be forged by their children or
grand-children, in as much as the low income earners and medium income earners where abused
because they have steady and flowing income. This stands to agree with Asogwa & Igbokwe
(2010), who found in their own research that there was economic abuse / exploitation of the
elderly in the domestic settings in Enugu state, also Ekot (2016), says among the widows and
widowers experience a lot of economic exploitation in his research on selected demographic
variables and elder abuse.
Elder Abuse Based on Occupation of the Elderly Men and Women in Enugu north LGA.
Table 5, shows that based on occupation, neglect/ abandonment is the most experienced
abuse among elders who has had jobs and at some point have had to retire to their various
homes, due to the change in the extended families today, most children believe that since their
parents where capable of working they abandon them to their own care and vices.
Elder Abuse Based on Sex of the Elderly Men and Women in Enugu north LGA.
Table 4, shows the type of elder abuse based on sex of the elderly in Enugu north LGA,
emotional and sexual abuse is most common among the women while economic abuse and
abandonment is most common among the men. However it is not of any surprise to get such
result because women are the more emotional of the two parties and always referred to as the
weaker species

45
 CHAPTER FIVE

Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

The main purpose of the study is to ascertain the types of elder abuse amongst the
aged in Enugu north local government of Enugu state. In other to accomplish this purpose,
five (5) specific objectives and corresponding research questions were formulated. Four (4)
null hypotheses were postulated for verification. Four (4) socio-demographic variables,
namely; sex, level of education, income level, occupation. Literature pertinent to the study
was review under the following headings; conceptual framework, theoretical framework and
empirical studies.

The descriptive research design was adopted for the study. The study population
comprises 276672. The multi- stage sampling procedure was used in selecting a sample of
400 respondents. Mean statistics and were utilized for answering principle research questions
while Chi-square¿) was utilized for verification of postulated four hypotheses. Out of 400
copies of questionnaire distributed, 320 (80% return rate) copies were used for data analysis.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of the study the following conclusions were drawn.

1. Table 1, shows that abuse on the elderly is high in Enugu North LGA with an average
percentage value of 53.31% in Enugu north LGA.
2. Table 2, shows that based on level of education elders of non –formal education 173(56.6%),
primary education 160 (58.2%), secondary 145.6 (46.3%), tertiary 185.5(68.5%), was on the
high level in Enugu north LGA.
3. Table 3, shows that based on level of income abuse is low, low income earners 153.2(39.2%),
medium 178.2 (58.6%), high 168 .2(51.4%) in Enugu north LGA.
4. Table 4, shows that based on sex the females where abused more by 20.5(13.4%) higher than
men, females 174.8(58.4%) males 154.3(45.9%) in Enugu north LGA.
5. Table 5, shows that based on occupation civil servants 140.6(48.9%), traders 157(57.5%),
farmers 150.4(43.9%) and self- employed 189.7(79.6%) experienced abuse which is high
level of abuse in Enugu north LGA
6. The findings also show that, there was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse
among the aged in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based of Level of Education. Using
inferential statistics of Pearson Chi square, the test gave calculated value of 41.871 with a
degree of freedom of 3 and a p value of 0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject
the null hypothesis.
46
7. The findings show, that there was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse among
the aged in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based on Income Level. Using inferential
statistics of Pearson Chi square, the test gave calculated value of 20.887 with a degree of
freedom of 2 and a p value of 0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject the null
hypothesis.

8. The findings show, that there was a significant difference on the Types of elder abuse among
the aged in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State Based on Sex. Using inferential statistics of
Pearson Chi square, the test gave calculated value of 24.872 with a degree of freedom of 1
and a p value of 0.000. Since the p value is < 0.05, we therefore reject the null hypothesis

9. The findings show, that there was a significant difference on the types of elder abuse among
the aged in Enugu north LGA, Enugu state based on their occupation using inferential
statistics of performance Ch-square the test gave a calculated vale of 41.871 with a degree of
freedom of 3 and a p value of 0.000. Since the p value is <0.05, we therefore reject the null
hypothesis.

Limitations of the Study

In carrying out this study, a lot of problems were encountered by the researcher,
which constitutes some constraints. Some of which include problems of getting vital material
for the literature review, limited time frame, financial difficulties and unwilling co-operations
of some elders, but with the help of the informed consent and explanation, the researcher was
able to collect properly filled and completed copies of the questionnaire.

Recommendations

Based on all findings, discussions of the study, the following recommendations were
made;

• Increasing the awareness of the public on the needs of the elderly with emphasis on the
traditional roles of and responsibilities of the family in the care of elderly.

• Civic/recreational centres should be provided for the elderly to help them to gather together
to discuss their challenges and other issues affecting them and by so doing, they are able to
cope with the challenges of aging process.

47
 • Qualitative and Quantitative intergenerational research should be carried out on
psychosocial challenges of the elderly in both rural and urban areas so as to identify most
appropriate and effective policy approaches to addressing the issues relating to the elderly.

• Encouraging community based support networks to the elderly for instance, ensuring that
they get their pension and gratuity, provision of physical needs such as feeding, finance, good
living arrangements among others.

• Workshops, seminars and symposium should be organized in the rural areas on

psychosocial challenges of the elderly so as to educate families, care givers and the
community on how best to take care of the elderly and their challenges.

Suggestions for Further Studies

1. Related study should be conducted on types of elder abuse in other geo-political zones of the
country.
2. Also, more efforts and researches should be made and carried out in ascertaining the common
types of elder abuse in Enugu state.

48
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52
 Appendix A

Department of Public Health

Faculty of Health Sciences,

Madonna University Elele,

TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN

The bearer, IGEGBE, ODINAKACHUKWU MATHAR with Registration number
PH/12/023 is a final year student of the department of public health, Madonna University.
She is currently carrying out a research on TYPES OF ELDER ABUSE COMMON
AMONG MEN AND WOMEN OF 60 YEARS AND ABOVE IN ENUGU NORTH L.G.A.
This is to request your kind co-operation and participation or other form of assistance if need
be. Thanks for your anticipated co-operation.

__________________

Dr. B.N Agu

Head, Department of Public Health

APPENDIX B
53
 Participant Information Sheet (PIS)

Department of Public Health

Faculty of Health Sciences,

Madonna University Elele,

Rivers State.

A QUESTIONAIRE ON TYPES OF ELDER ABUSE COMMON AMONG MEN AND

WOMEN OF 60 YEARS AND ABOVE

Dear Respondent,

I am Igegbe Odinakachukwu Mathar a finale year student of the above named institution
conducting a research on Types of Elder Abuse Common among Men and Women of 60
years and above in Enugu North local Government Area of Enugu State. This study will
help ascertain the common types of abuse among the elders of our community. Your
information will be treated with absolute confidentiality and used only for study purpose.
Thanks for your anticipated cooperation.

___________________
Igegbe Odinakachukwu

Researcher

54
 QUESTIONNAIRE ON TYPES OF ELDER ABUSE COMON AMONG MEN AND
WOMEN OF 60 YEARS AND ABOVE IN ENUGU NORTH LGA ENUGU STATE.

Section A: Socio Demographic Variables

Instruction: please tick [√] on the option you choose that is most appropriate in the box
provided below.

1. What is your sex?

a) Female [ ]
b) Male [ ]
2. What is your level of education?
a) Non-formal [ ]
b) Primary [ ]
c) Secondary [ ]
d) Tertiary [ ]
3. What is your occupation
a) Civil servant [ ]
b) Farmer [ ]
c) Trader [ ]
d) Self- employed [ ]
4. What is your level of income?
a) Low from 18,000 and below monthly [ ]
b) Medium from 50,000- 149,000 monthly [ ]
c) High from 150,000-300,000 and above monthly [ ]

Section B

Instructions: You are required to choose yes or no in the columns below.

Physical Abuse

S/ yes No
N
1. Have your aids e.g. walking stick, hearing aid been snatched from you
before?
2. Have you been hit by a care giver before?
3. Have objects of any kind been thrown are you by children or by care
giver/relation?
4. Have you been shouted down by family?

Sexual Abuse

S/N Items Yes No

1. Have you been raped before?
2. Has there been an attempt of sexual assault on you before?
3. Have you been scolded for not obeying sexual commands?
4. Have you been threatened because of sex before?

55
 Self-Abuse

S/N Items Yes No

1. Do you speak up for yourself when been maltreated
2. Do you deliberately decline help in your daily activities such as bathing,
feeding and dressing up?
3. Do you use harmful object on yourself?

Emotional Abuse

S/N Items Yes No

1. Have you been threatened before?
2. Have you been criticized and call all manner of names?
3. Have you been denied daily care and asked to do it yourself?

Economic Abuse

S/N Items Yes No

1. Have you been denied access to your money?
2. Have you been forced to give up your money when noticed that you are
aged?

Neglect/ Abandonment

S/N Items Yes No

1. Have your needs and wants been ignored?
2. Do your family members/care givers check up on you as often as
necessary?
3. Have you been provided with your necessities such as food items, drugs,
etc.?

Section C: COMMON TYPES OF ELDER ABUSE IN ENUGU NORTH LGA OF

ENUGU STATE.

Instruction: please choose which is most common type of abuse you have experienced

1. Have you been physically abused before? Yes No

2. Have you been sexually abused? Yes No
3. Have you abused yourself before? Yes No
4. Have you been emotionally abused? Yes No
5. Have you been economically abused? Yes No
6. Have you been neglected/ abandoned? Yes No

56
 Appendix C

To get the population of elders in 2016 we use the population growth rate which was
denoted as

n/100× Nts

Where n= population growth rate (3.2)

Nt = population at that time ( 2006)

=2,096

Estimate population = 3.2/100 × 2096

= 0.032 ×2096

=67.072

F= ≈ 67.072

Between 2006 and 2016 = 10yrs

F ×10 = 67.072 ×10

= 670.72

For 2016= 2096 + 670.72 =276,672

Calculation for sample size

The sample was gotten using the Taro Yamane’s Formula which is denoted as

n = N/(1+N(e^(2 )))

Where N = total population (276672)

e2 =constant (0.05)

n = (276672)/(1+276672(〖0.05〗^(2 )))

n = (276672)/(1+276672(0.0025))

n =(276672)/(1+691.7)

n= (276672)/(692.7) n =399.41 n =399 ≈ 400

57
 Appendix D

Distribution of Metropolitan Areas at Enugu North Local Government Area of Enugu

State.

S/N Metropolitan Areas

1. New Haven
2. Ugbo Odogwu
3. China Town
4. UNN
5. Ogbete Layout
6. Azikiwe Stadium

58
 Appendix E

Distribution of Metropolitan Areas and their Corresponding Streets.

S/N Metropolitan Areas Streets

1. New Haven 1. Ist Avenue
2. 2nd Avenue
3. 3rd Avenue
4. Abagana Street
5. Aguleri Streer
6. Amawbia close
7. Arochukwu street
8. Bassey duke street
9. Bisalla road
Chime Avenue
Dennis crescent
Custom road
Edward Nnaji street
Ezeani street
Federal government close
Ihiala street
Independence avenue
Ishielu avenue
Ituku street
Lumumba street
Mbanefo street
Nanka street
Nfere street
Nza street
Nsugbe street
Nzimiron street
Ogwofia street
Port Harcourt road
Uduma street
Umuaga street
Umuezebi street
Umusi street
2. Ugbo odogwu 1. Ist avenue
2. 2nd avenue
3. 6th avenue
4. Chieze street
5. Dental avenue
6. Hill view avenue
7. Nomeh drive
8. North 1st avenue
9. Obeledu crescent
Ofodile street
Ojota crescent
Onitsha road
Umuenwere A zone road

59
3. China town 1. Abomimi street
2. Adigwe street
3. Akutu crescent
4. Ani street
5. Aniimnwede street
6. Annang street
7. Carter street
8. Ebe street
9. Ezikwa street
Igboeze street
Lagos street
Nzekwe street
Oba street
Obiagu road
Ogidi street
Ogui road
Ogidi street
Presidential road
Rangers avenue
Udoji street
Ukur streer
Uli street
4. UNN 1. Achi street
2. Akpugo street
3. Amechi street
4. Custom road
5. Federal government close
6. Hill view avenue
7. Isiuzo street
8. Nkpokiti street
9. Nwamu street
Pioneer avenue
Presidential road
Uguoji street
Umudi street
5. Ogbete layout 1. Adelabu street
2. Agbani road
3. Agukwu street
4. Amigbo lane
5. Amokwe street
6. Bede wrianhi street
7. Edozien street
8. Enugu-ukwu street
9. Eugen oba street
Kam salem street
Kenyetta street
Mbanugo street
Nnaji street
Nnobi street
Oji street
Ozovanichabe street
Robinson street
Umuleri street
6. Azikiwe stadium 1. Club avenue
2. Colliery avenue
3. Concrete avenue
4. Egerton street
5. Garden avenue
60
6. Ogui road
7. Kingsway road
8. Okpara avenue
9. Ridge way
Station avenue
Temple avenue
Works road

61
 Appendix F
Distribution of Selected Sample Metropolitan Areas and Streets
S/N Sample metropolitan areas Streets
1. New haven 1. Bassey duke
2. Chime avenue
3. Lumumba street
4. Mbanefo street
5. Umusi street
6. Umuezebi street
7. Uduma street
8. Nzimiro street
9. Nanka street
10. Nza street
2 China town 1. Adigwe street
2. Akutu crescent
3. Ani street
4. Carter street
5. Ebe lane
6. Igboeze street
7. Nzekwe street
8. Obiagu road
9. Ogui road
Rangers avenue
3. UNN 1. Achi street
2. Amaichi lane
3. Isiuzo street
4. Nkpokiti street
5. Pioneer avenue

62
 Appendix G
Distribution of Sample Streets and Sample
Sample Streets Sample
1. Bassey duke 16
2.Chime avenue 16
3.Lumumba street 16
4.Mbanefo street 16
5.Umusi street 16
6.Umuezebi street 16
7.Uduma street 16
8.Nzimiro street 16
9.Nanka street 16
10.Nza street 16
11.Adigwe street 16
12.Akutu crescent 16
13.Ani street 16
14.Carter street 16
15.Ebe lane 16
16.Igboeze street 16
17.Nzekwe street 16
18.Obiagu road 16
19.Ogui road 16
20.Achi street 16
21.Amaichi lane 16
22.Isiuzo street 16
23.Nkpokiti street 16
24.Pioneer avenue 16
25.rangers avenue 16
TOTAL 400

63
 Appendix H

Scale: Types of elder abuse among the aged in Enugu North LGA, Enugu State.

Case Processing Summary

N %

Valid 320 100.0

Cases Excludeda 0 .0

Total 320 100.0

a. Listwise deletion based on all variables in

the procedure.

Reliability Statistics

Value .842
Part 1
N of Items 18a

Cronbach's Alpha Value .794

Part 2
N of Items 17b

Total N of Items 25

Correlation Between Forms .796

Spearman-Brown Equal Length .886

Coefficient Unequal Length .886

Guttman Split-Half Coefficient .883

The items are: have you aids e.g walking stick, hearing aid etc been snatched from you
before, have you been hit by a care giver before, have objects of any kind been
thrown at you by your children, grandchildren, relative or care giver, have you been
denied medical treatment by family/care giver, have you been shouted down by
family member, have you been raped, has there been an attempt of sexual assault on
you before, have you been threatened because you stood up for yourself during a
sexual abuse, have you been sexually assaulted in any form, when you make a mistake
do you punish yourself, do you speak up for yourself when you are maltreated, do you
deliberately decline help in your daily activities such as bathing, feeding and dressing
up, do you deliberately injure yourself to get the attention of your care giver/relation.
The items are: have you been threatened before, and called all manner of names,
have you been humiliated publicly, have you been denied daily care and asked to do it
yourself,have, have your needs and wants been ignored, do your family
members/care givers call or check up on you as often as necessary, have you been
provided with your necessities such as food items, drugs, roof over your head etc.
have you been physically abused before, have you been sexually abused at all, have
you abused yourself in any form, have you experienced an economic abuse, have you
been emotionally abused, have you been neglected or abandoned by family members.

64
65