CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE AND TO HCI

Introduction:

Welcome to the introductory module of our course, where we embark on a journey into the
fascinating world of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI). In this introductory section, we will lay the
foundation for our exploration, exploring into the core concepts, historical evolution, and essential
principles that underpin HCI's significance in today's digital landscape.
As technology has seamlessly woven itself into the fabric of our lives, understanding the
historical context and pivotal moments that have shaped our interactions is key to crafting user
experiences that resonate deeply with human behavior and cognition. This journey takes us back in
time, tracing the footsteps of visionaries, innovators, and thinkers who laid the groundwork for the user-
centered design principles we cherish today. We will embark on a chronological voyage, unearthing
significant milestones that have transformed HCI from its budding stages to its present distinction.
By understanding this history, we are better equipped to craft interfaces that seamlessly meld
with our natural inclinations and thought processes, ultimately leading to technology that feels less like
an interface and more like an intuitive extension of ourselves.

Objective:

By the end of this lesson on Introduction to Human Computer Interaction (HCI), students will be able to:
 Understand the basic concepts of HCI and its relevance in the subject
 Explain the goal between of HCI
 Describe interaction design as it relates to HCI and other fields
 Identify and describe the principles of HCI

Content:

Module 1: Introduction to the course and to HCI

 What is Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?

 History of HCI, HCI Theories: "The Design of Everyday Things."
 Principles of HCI
 The Goals of HCI
 HCI Technologies
 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

The Human-Computer Interaction

Module1:
Introduction

In a world driven by technology, the art of crafting digital interfaces that seamlessly meld with
human cognition and needs is paramount. This course is your gateway to mastering the principles,
theories, and practical applications that define HCI—a discipline that bridges the gap between users
and machines. Whether you're a budding designer, a curious developer, or simply intrigued by the
mechanics of technology-driven interactions, this course will equip you with the insights needed to
create impactful and user-centric digital experiences. Human-Computer Interaction explores the
intricate dance between humans and technology. It delves into the psychology of user behavior, the
mechanics of interface design, and the nuances of creating technology that is not just functional, but a
pleasure to use. HCI touches every aspect of our lives, from the devices we carry to the software we
interact with, shaping how we work, communicate, and engage with the digital world.

What is Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)?

Human-computer interaction is a
discipline concerned with the design,
evaluation and implementation of interactive
computing systems for human use in a social
context, and with the study of major
phenomena surrounding them. It focuses on
the way that human beings and computers
interact to ever increasing levels of both
complexity and simplicity.
It consist of three parts;
 The human,
 The computer, and
 The Interaction

The human in HCI is the person we may mean an individual user or a group of users working together.
An appreciation of the way people's sensory systems (sight, hearing, touch) relay information is vital.
The computers refers to any technology ranging from desktop computers, to large scale computer
systems.
The interaction refers abstract model by which humans interact with the computing device for a given
task, and an interface is a choice of technical realization (hardware or software) of such a given
interaction model must ideally come from the user.

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

In Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), the interaction model refers to a conceptual framework

that describes the communication and relationships between users and the various components of a
system, including software and hardware. This model helps designers and developers understand how
users interact with technology and how the system responds to user input. Here's an overview of the
interaction model as it applies to system, software, and hardware components in HCI:
1. System Interaction Model: The system interaction model encompasses the entire ecosystem within
which the user interacts. It considers not only the software and hardware but also the context,
environment, and external factors that influence the user's experience. This model helps in designing
holistic solutions that cater to the user's needs and preferences while considering the broader system
dynamics.
2. Software Interaction Model: The software interaction model focuses on the interactions between
users and the software applications or interfaces they use. It includes the design of user interfaces,
navigation paths, and the flow of information within the software. This model emphasizes user-centered
design principles, aiming to create interfaces that are intuitive, efficient, and engaging. Elements such
as menus, buttons, forms, and feedback mechanisms are part of the software interaction model.
3. Hardware Interaction Model: The hardware interaction model pertains to the relationship between
users and the physical devices they interact with, such as computers, smartphones, tablets, and
wearable devices. This model encompasses hardware components like input devices (e.g., keyboards,
touchscreens), output devices (e.g., screens, speakers), and sensors. Designing hardware interfaces
involves considerations such as ergonomics, accessibility, and the physical affordances that devices
offer.

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

Interaction Flow:
The interaction model describes the flow of interaction between users and the system. It typically
follows a sequence of stages:
1. Input: Users provide input to the system, whether through physical interactions (e.g., typing,
tapping, swiping) or voice commands.
2. Processing: The system processes the user's input, interpreting it according to the software's
logic and design.
3. Output: The system generates output, which could include visual information on the screen,
auditory feedback, or haptic responses.
4. Feedback: The user receives feedback from the system based on their input, helping them
understand the system's response and the outcome of their actions.

Key Considerations:
 User-Centered Design: The interaction model should prioritize the user's needs, preferences,
and cognitive processes, aiming to create a seamless and natural interaction experience.
 Consistency: Maintaining consistency across the interaction model ensures that users can
transfer their knowledge and skills from one part of the system to another.
 Accessibility: The model should accommodate diverse user abilities by considering
accessibility features and usability guidelines.
 User Feedback: Incorporating user feedback through iterative design and usability testing
enhances the interaction model's effectiveness.
By understanding the basic concepts of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and its relevance is
crucial for anyone interested in technology, design, and user experience. HCI is the field that bridges
the gap between humans and technology, ensuring that digital interfaces are not only functional but
also intuitive, engaging, and aligned with human behavior. Here's an overview of the fundamental
concepts and their significance:

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

History of HCI, HCI Theories: "The Design of Everyday Things."

The history of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is a captivating journey that parallels the
evolution of technology and the way humans interact with it. From humble beginnings to the complex
digital landscapes we navigate today, the history of HCI is a testament to the ongoing pursuit of
creating technology that truly understands and enhances the human experience.

Early Beginnings: The roots of HCI trace

back to the mid-20th century when
computers were vast machines operated
by experts. Early interactions were
characterized by punch cards and
command-line interfaces, creating a
significant barrier between humans and
machines.

Emergence of User-Friendly Interfaces:

The 1970s witnessed the dawn of user-
friendly interfaces with the development of
the graphical user interface (GUI). Xerox's
PARC lab introduced innovations like the
mouse and the iconic desktop metaphor,
revolutionizing how users interacted with
computers.

Cognitive Psychology Influence: In the 1980s, cognitive psychology started shaping HCI theories.
Pioneers like Donald Norman emphasized the importance of designing interfaces that align with human
cognitive processes. His work laid the foundation for user-centered design, emphasizing discoverability,
affordances, and feedback.
"The Design of Everyday Things:" Don Norman's influential book, "The Design of Everyday Things,"
published in 1988 (originally titled "The Psychology of Everyday Things"), became a cornerstone of HCI
theory. The book highlighted the concept of "affordances," where objects suggest their usage through
design cues. Norman's principles shed light on how intuitive design could mitigate the Gulf of Execution
(the gap between user intention and system operation) and the Gulf of Evaluation (the gap between
system output and user understanding).

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

Usability and User-Centered Design: The 1990s marked the rise of usability engineering and user-
centered design methodologies. HCI professionals began involving users early in the design process,
conducting usability tests, and refining interfaces based on real-world feedback.
Multimodal Interfaces and Beyond: The 21st century witnessed the proliferation of touchscreen
devices, gestural interfaces, voice recognition, and augmented reality. HCI expanded beyond traditional
computers to smartphones, tablets, wearables, and smart environments.
User Experience (UX) and Beyond: In recent years, HCI has evolved into the broader domain of User
Experience (UX) design. UX encompasses the holistic journey of users, encompassing emotions,
motivations, and context. This shift reflects the recognition that design is not just about functionality but
also about creating emotionally resonant and delightful experiences.
The history of HCI is a narrative of progress, innovation, and a deepening understanding of
how technology and humans can seamlessly coexist. From early command lines to the sophisticated
interfaces of today, HCI has paved the way for creating technology that feels like a natural extension of
ourselves. As we continue to shape the future, the lessons of the past remain integral to designing
interfaces that are not only functional but also deeply human.

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

Principles of HCI
1. “Know Thy User” This principle simply states that the interaction and interface should cater to the
needs and capabilities of the target user of the system in design.

Figure 1.5 Examples of user-centered designs of web pages for (a) kids (courtesy of Junior Naver,
http://jr.naver.com), and (b) the elderly (courtesy of SilverNet News, http://www.silvernews.or.kr).

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

2. Understand the Task The term task refers to the job to be accomplished by the user through the
use of the interactive system. In fact, understanding the task at hand is closely related to the interaction
modelling and user analysis.

Figure 1.6 Two interaction models at different levels of detail for the task of “connecting to the Internet from a
smartphone,” depending on the user type.

3. Reduce Memory Load Designing interaction with as little memory load as possible is a
principle that also has a theoretical basis. Humans are certainly more efficient in carrying out
tasks that require less memory burden, long or short term

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

4. Strive for Consistency In the longer term, one way to unburden the memory load is to keep
consistency. This applies to (a) both within an application and across

5. Remind Users and

Refresh Their Memory
Any significant task will
involve the use of memory,
so another good strategy is
to employ interfaces that
give continuous reminders
of important information
and thereby refresh the
user’s memory

6. Prevent Errors/Reversal of Action While

supporting a quick completion of the task is
important, error free operation is equally important.
As such, the interaction and interface should be
designed to avoid confusion and mental overload

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

7. Naturalness The final major HCI

principle is to favor “natural” interaction
and interfaces. Naturalness refers to a
trait that is reflective of various operations
in our everyday life.
the principle of favoring "natural"
interaction and interfaces is a core tenet
of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI).
This principle seeks to create technology
experiences that mimic the way humans
naturally interact with the world around
them. The goal is to reduce the cognitive
load required to understand and use
technology, making interfaces more
intuitive and user-friendly.

Key Aspects of Naturalness in HCI

 Mimicking Real-world Actions: Natural interfaces replicate actions that users are already
familiar with in their everyday lives. This includes gestures, movements, and behaviors that
users are accustomed to.
 Reducing Learning Curves: By aligning interfaces with natural behaviors, users can interact
with technology without needing to learn entirely new interactions. This leads to quicker
adoption and a reduced learning curve.
 Intuitive Design: Natural interfaces are intuitive, meaning users can predict how to interact
with them without extensive guidance. This increases user confidence and satisfaction.
 Contextual Understanding: Natural interfaces take into account the context in which users
interact. For instance, voice assistants like Siri or Alexa understand natural language, allowing
users to communicate more fluidly.
 Minimizing Mental Effort: Interfaces designed with naturalness in mind reduce the cognitive
effort required to use them. Users can focus on their tasks rather than deciphering complex
interactions.
 Cross-generational Usage: Natural interfaces are often more accessible to a wide range of
users, including different age groups, backgrounds, and familiarity with technology.
 Physical Affordances: Natural interfaces make use of physical affordances – design cues that
suggest how an object should be used. For example, a touch-based interface on a tablet
mimics the intuitive actions of touching and swiping.

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

The goals of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

encompass a set of guiding principles and aspirations that drive the design and development of
technology interfaces. These goals are rooted in creating technology that enhances the user
experience, fosters effective communication, and aligns with human needs and behaviors. Here are the
key goals of HCI
1. Usability:One of the primary goals of HCI is to ensure that technology interfaces are usable and
user-friendly. Usability encompasses efficiency, effectiveness, and satisfaction in the user's interaction
with the system. Interfaces should enable users to accomplish tasks with minimal effort and without
confusion.
2. Accessibility: HCI aims to make technology accessible to everyone, regardless of their physical or
cognitive abilities. The goal is to design interfaces that can be used by individuals with disabilities,
ensuring equal access and opportunity for all users.
3. Learnability: Interfaces should be easy to learn, allowing users to quickly understand their
functionality and navigate through them without extensive training. Learnability contributes to user
confidence and a smoother onboarding experience.
4. Efficiency: Efficiency in HCI refers to optimizing the user's interaction with technology. Interfaces
should facilitate efficient completion of tasks, reducing unnecessary steps and minimizing the time
required to accomplish goals.
5. Satisfaction:User satisfaction is a central goal of HCI. Interfaces should not only be functional but
also enjoyable to use, fostering positive emotions and user loyalty. Satisfied users are more likely to
engage with technology consistently.
6. Effectiveness:Effectiveness in HCI entails achieving the intended outcomes of interactions.
Interfaces should support users in achieving their goals accurately and without errors. Effective
interfaces enhance user productivity and reliability.
7. Safety: Safety is crucial, especially in contexts where technology interfaces have the potential to
cause harm. HCI strives to design interfaces that prevent user errors, mitigate risks, and ensure the
safety of users and their data.
8. Flexibility: Interfaces should accommodate different user preferences and behaviors. Flexibility
allows users to customize their interactions, adapt interfaces to their needs, and cater to diverse ways
of engaging with technology.
9. Intuitiveness: Interfaces should be intuitive, allowing users to understand their functionality without
explicit instruction. Intuitive interfaces reduce the cognitive load required to use technology effectively.
10. Aesthetics: While functionality is key, the aesthetic design of interfaces also matters. HCI
recognizes the importance of visual appeal and aesthetics in creating a pleasing and engaging user
experience.
11. Ethical Considerations:HCI aims to design interfaces that respect user privacy, autonomy, and
well-being. Ethical considerations are essential to ensure that technology interfaces do not exploit users
or harm societal values.

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

12. User-Centered Design: At the core of HCI is the goal of designing interfaces with the user in mind.
This involves involving users in the design process, understanding their needs, and iteratively refining
interfaces based on user feedback.

HCI Technologies
Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) technologies encompass a wide range of tools, methods, and
approaches that facilitate the design, development, and evaluation of user-friendly and engaging
technology interfaces. These technologies play a crucial role in creating seamless interactions between
humans and computers.
1. Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs): GUIs utilize visual elements such as icons, menus, buttons, and
windows to enable users to interact with software applications. GUIs enhance user-friendliness and
accessibility by presenting information in a visually intuitive manner.
2. Touchscreen Interfaces:Touchscreen technologies enable users to interact directly with displays
using gestures like tapping, swiping, and pinching. They are prevalent in smartphones, tablets, kiosks,
and other interactive displays.
3. Voice User Interfaces (VUIs): VUIs allow users to interact with technology using spoken language.
Virtual assistants like Siri, Google Assistant, and Alexa employ VUIs to understand and respond to user
commands.
4. Gesture Recognition: Gesture recognition technologies detect and interpret human gestures,
enabling users to interact with devices using hand movements or body gestures. This is often used in
gaming consoles and virtual reality systems.
5. Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR): VR immerses users in a completely virtual
environment, while AR overlays digital elements onto the real world. Both technologies offer novel ways
to interact with digital content.
6. Natural Language Processing (NLP): NLP technologies enable computers to understand and
respond to human language. They power chatbots, language translation, sentiment analysis, and more.
7. Eye Tracking: Eye tracking technologies monitor a user's eye movements to understand their focus
of attention. This information can be used to optimize interface design and gather insights into user
behavior.
8. Wearable Devices: Wearable devices like smartwatches, fitness trackers, and augmented reality
glasses enable users to interact with technology while on the move, integrating digital experiences into
their daily lives.
9. Haptic Feedback: Haptic feedback technologies provide tactile sensations to users, enhancing
interactions by simulating touch or physical feedback. This is commonly used in touchscreens, game
controllers, and virtual reality systems.
10. Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs): BCIs establish a direct communication channel between the
brain and external devices. While still in the experimental stage, BCIs have the potential to revolutionize
HCI by enabling direct control over technology using brain signals.

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

11. Usability Testing Software: These tools help designers and researchers conduct usability tests by
tracking user interactions and collecting data on user behavior, preferences, and pain points.
12. Prototyping Tools:Prototyping tools allow designers to create interactive mockups of interfaces,
enabling them to test and refine the user experience before final development.

13. Accessibility Tools: These tools assist in designing interfaces that are accessible to users with
disabilities, helping to ensure equal access and usability for all.
14. Data Analytics and User Analytics Tools: These tools provide insights into user behavior,
interaction patterns, and preferences, guiding iterative design improvements.
15. Emotion Detection Technologies:These technologies aim to detect and interpret users' emotional
states based on facial expressions, voice tone, or other cues, providing insights into user sentiment.
HCI technologies continue to evolve, driving innovation in how users interact with digital interfaces. The
adoption of these technologies is key to creating user-centric designs that enhance the overall human
experience with technology.

Let’s remember:
Human-computer interaction is a discipline concerned with the design, evaluation and
implementation of interactive computing systems for human use in a social context, and with the study
of major phenomena surrounding them. It focuses on the way that human beings and computers
interact to ever increasing levels of both complexity and simplicity. The basic concept gained in HCI can
be apply in designing an interactive web site and web patterns, creating a mobile app, social media,
machine learning, designing products and many more.
Examples of human-centred use of information technology, applied in the subject of human-
computer interaction. Examples include the open source learning management system like Moodle,
video based lecturing, remote laboratory of intelligent house and an age simulator.
The goals of HCI converge to create technology interfaces that seamlessly integrate with
human behavior, empower users, and enrich their lives through meaningful and positive interactions.

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

References:
E-Book:
 Rogers, Y., Sharp H., & Preece, J.(2023) Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer
Interaction 6th Edition. Wiley
 Dix, A. et al (2023) Human-Computer Interaction 3rd Edition. Pearson
 Ardito, C. et. al. (2021) Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2021. Springer
 Johnson, J (2020) Designing with the Mind in Mind: Simple Guide to Understanding User
Interface Design Guidelines 3rd Edition. Morgan Kaufmann
 Becker, C. R.(2020) Learn Human-Computer Interaction. Packt Publishing

Internet:
 What is Human Computer Interaction. (n.d.). Interaction Design Foundation.
https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-
interaction-2nd-ed/human-computer-interaction-brief-intro
 HOW TO ANALYZE YOUR UX RESEARCH FINDINGS.
https://careerfoundry.com/en/tutorials/ux-research-for-beginners/how-to-analyze-your-ux-
research-findings/
 Strada, R. Human-Computer Interaction Chapter 4: HCI Design,
https://youtu.be/YmMO7geE3u0

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 Module 1: Introduction to HCI

COLLEGE OBJECTIVES

1. Offer comprehensive academic programs responsive to industry needs.

2. Provide extensive and specialized training in Information Technology both for faculty and students.
3. Sustain linkages in industries, communities, research institutes, and professional organizations.
4. Develop student's potential trough involvement and extra-curricular activities.

MSIT 102 : Fundamentals of Information System Page #