MIND

Gravitation
Gravitation
The non-contact force of attraction between any two bodies in the Gravitational Constant (G)
universe.
✦ The gravitational force between two objects
of unit mass each separated by a unit
distance from each other.
Gravitational Force F=G
✦ The force with which the earth pulls the bodies towards it.
✦ It is the universal gravitational constant
✦ It does not need any contact between two bodies. found by Cavendish.
✦ It is an inverse square force. ✦ Its unit is N-m2/kg2.
✦ It forms action-reaction pair. ✦ Its value is 6.67 ×10–11 N-m2/kg2.

Universal Law of Gravitation Relation between G and g

✦ The attractive force between any two objects in the universe is Gm
✦ g=
directly proportional to the product of their masses and R2
✦ g is maximum at poles and minimum at
inversely proportional to the square of distance between
them. equator.
G m1 m2
✦ F=
r2
Free Fall
✦ When objects fall towards the earth under
the gravitational force alone.
Kepler’s Laws of Motion
✦ In vacuum, all bodies fall towards earth
✦ I law The path of any planet in an orbit around the sun follows with the same speed.
the shape of an ellipse, with the sun at one of the foci.
✦ II law An imaginary line from the sun to the planet sweeps out
equal areas in equal times. Acceleration due to Gravity (g)
✦ III law The cube of the mean distance of a planet from the sun
✦ Acceleration produced in a freely falling
is directly proportional to the square of time it takes to moves body due to gravitational attraction of earth.
around the sun. 3
r ✦ The value of g is 9.8 m/s 2.
K=
T2

Weight Equations of Motion for Freely

✦ The force with which a body is attracted towards the centre of
Falling Bodies
earth. ✦ v = u + gt
✦ Unit is newton. ✦ h = ut + 1 gt 2
✦ Vector quantity. ✦ v 2 = u 2 + 2gh
✦ w = mg ✦ When a object fall vertically downwards,
✦ Weight of body changes from place to place. then acceleration due to gravity is taken as
positive.
✦ Weight of an object on moon is one-sixth of the weight on the
earth. u = 0, g = + 9.8 m/s2
✦ When an object is thrown vertically upwards,
then acceleration due to gravity is taken as
Mass negative.
✦ It is the quantity of matter contained in a body. v = 0, g = 9.8 m/s2
✦ Unit is kg. ✦ Time taken by an object to fall from a height
is same as time taken by it to rise the same
✦ Scalar quantity. height.
 Flotation

Thrust Buoyancy Archimedes’ Principle

Thrust is the force or push acting on The tendency of a liquid to exert an upward When an object is fully or partially
an object perpendicularly to its force on an object immersed in it, is called immersed in a liquid, it experiences a
surface. buoyancy. buoyant force or upthrust, which is equal
Effect of thrust depends on the area to the weight of liquid displaced by the
on which it acts. object.
SI unit of thrust is newton.
Buoyant Force
It is an upward force which acts on an object
Pressure when it is immersed in a liquid. It is also Conditions of Floatation
It is the force acting perpendicularly called upthrust. l If the buoyant force or
on a unit area of the object upthrust exerted by the liquid is less
Force than the weight of the object the
Pressure = object will sink in the liquid.
Area Factors Affecting
From the formula of pressure, it is l If the buoyant force is equal to the
Buoyant Force weight of the object, the object will
clear that same force can produce
different pressures depending on the float in the liquid.
area over which it acts. l If the buoyant force is more than the
SI unit of pressure is pascal. weight of the object, the object will
Density of the Fluid rise in the liquid and then it floats.
The liquid having higher density
exerts more upward buoyant force on
an object than another liquid of lower
Pressure in a Fluid density. Density
Fluid exerts pressure on the base and
walls of the container all along it due It is defined as the mass of substance
to its weight. in a unit volume.
Fluid exerts pressure in all directions, Volume of Object Immersed i.e. Density = m
upwards also. V
in the Liquid where, m = mass of the substance
The magnitude of buoyant force acting V = volume of the substance
on a solid object does not depend on
Its SI unit is kg/m3.
nature of solid. It depends only on
Law of Floatation volume of solid immersed.
According to this law, an object will As the volume immersed increases,
float in a liquid if the weight of object water displaced also, increases, hence
is equal to the weight of liquid buoyant force increases.
displaced by it.

Relative Density
It is the ratio of the density of substance with the density of water.

i.e. Relative density of a substance =

Since, the relative density is a ratio of similar quantities, it has no unit.

The relative density of substance express the heaviness (or density) of the
substance in comparison to water.