PS ee Cale) ere Total Geography TEA HANDBO Dolly E. Sequeira BET clei)(ii) Contents Chapter 1 os Chapter 2 4 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 27 — 28 Chapter 18 28 — 29 Chapter 19 29 — 30 Chapter 20 30 — 32CHAPTER 4 3 Chapter 1 ics} |. Choose the correct option: 1G) 2.) 3.) 4) 5) 6 78) 9) 10. () Al. fa) 12. (e} 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. fe) 16. (a) Il, Short Answer Questions 1 Nagnepe 9. The Pole Star lies in line with the axis of the earth and can be seen at 90° angle at North Pole. Ite angle decreases as we go towards the Equator (0°). This could happen only © are of a circle. Hence, the shape of the earth is like a sphere. The earth is sphere shaped but is slightly flat at the Poles and bulges gelittllon® the Equator. This shape of the earth is called Oblate Spheroid. 17°C. Supports life. Nearly 70% of the earth’s surface is covered by water. The narrow zone of contact between land, water and air where li Pegs is called the biosphere, () Temperature (ii) Light (ii) Humidity (iv) Wind. () Barth is located at a right distance from the sun. (i) It has an average temperature of 17°C which i\guitailje to support life on the planet. (i) Its atmosphere is made up of life supportingigases WlaMoxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. (ix) The presence of ozone layer protects the eggjh from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun by preventing them from reaching the ¢ (¥) About one-third of the earth is covere fer, which helps to maintain the hydrological balance. (Any two) Climate change — extinction of fs — melting polar ice caps — flooding of coastal areas. Refer to Carbon Cycle in the teffbo Il. Structured Questions 1 2. 3, (a) While sighting an ing ship from seashore, the mast of the ship is seen first followed by the deckghe j1-and finally the hull, If the earth were flat, the entire ship would have bee fonce. (b) Place 3 poles alge the table — equidistant from one another — view them from one end. Place 3 goles at the same distance from one another in the school playground — view them from, nd. (0, fi) Gnis)js" because the earth is round and rotates on its axis from west to east. If the Meefl would have been flat, the sunrise and sunset would have occurred at the same time all over the world. () The carth's diameter varies at the Equator and at the Poles due to the centrifugal foree of earth’s rotation at a great speed which results in a bulge at the Equator and a compression at the Poles. (iii) Venus is hotter than mercury because the atmosphere around Venus is mainly composed of carbon dioxide that produces Greenhouse effect, i.e., infrared rays from the Sun are allowed to penetrate into Venus which increase the temperature on Venus. (d)_ Refer to Figures 1.5 (a) and (b) in the textbook. Self explanatory. Refer to the textbook (2) (i) During lunar eclipse the shadow of the earth on the moon's surface is visible. The shadow is always circular proving the circular shape of the earth (ii) The Pole Star can be seen at 90° at the North Pole and this angle reduces to zero at the equator. This can happen only in the are of a circle hence proving earth's circular shape.4 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) (b)_ An ecosystem refers to the community of living organism and the non-living components of their environment interacting as a system. For example pond, grassland etc. (9) () Refer to Sec. Il Q.No. 7. (ii) Because 70 per cent of the carth’s surface is covered with water. (iii) Refer to ‘Water’ in the textbook. (@ Refer to Fig. 1.8 in the textbook. 9000 Chapter 2 Bawa |, Choose the correct option: 10 20 3@ 40 50 64 7 9%) 10d) IL) 121) 13.2 14 @ 15. IQ, Il, Short Answer Questions 1. Geographic grid refers to the framework of lines of tena latitude on a globe or a map. 2. The geographic grid serves the same purpose of as dinates on a graph with the lines of latitude representing the x-axis and the lines ¢f loni representing the y-axis. 3. The lines running from east to west and parallel to the Equator are called the lines of latitude. The lines running north to south and passing, yn the poles are called lines of longitude. 4. Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hi . Torrid or Tropical Zone, Temperate Zone and Frigid Zone. 5. (i) A latitude is the angular distance| (i) Lines of latitude are parall called parallels of latitude. 6. Refer to Figure 2.3 in the text 7. The 0° longitude is called dian. () It divides the earth i Eastern and the Western Hemispheres. (i) The time set ‘Meridian — the Greenwich Mean Time is an important point of reference fox€alc time at different places on the earth. 8. The lines of latifudeYjvide the earth into specific heat belts which represent the general climate in that area. For exarfiple, the hot Torrid zone. 9. The Prime Méfidian; 0°; 82%° E. ice north or south of the Equator. ther and parallel to the Equator, hence they are at Circle Route is the shortest distance between two places on earth and lies on the arc of a Bat circle. () Ithelps the navigators to find the shortest distance between any two points on the earth, (i) It helps meteorologists to determine climate and weather conditions in a region. Il. Structured Questions 1. (a) (i) Equator: 0° [ii] North Pole: 90° N (ii) South Pole: 90°. (i) Tropic of Capricorn: 2344° S () Tropic of Cancer: 2344° N (b) Significance of Lines of Latitude [i) Lines of Latitude are used to find the location and distance of a place north or south of the Equator. (i) They divide the earth into three distinct heat belts — help to indicate the general climate of the area.CHAPTER 2 5 i) (@) 2. (a) (b) fe (@) (b) 0 (a IV. Problem 1. The, Fi Wo (ii) A Great Circle ie a theoretical line that is for li) Because the lines of latitude are parallel to the Equator and each other. (i) Because these lines are complete circles that remain equidistant from each other, and vary in size from the longest at the Equator to the smallest, which are just points or dots, at the Poles. (iii) The rays of the sun fall at different angles along the latitudes. Refer to Figure 2.3 in the textbook. Self-explanatory. Distance: Two diametrically opposite lines of longitude make a great circle, Navigators use great circles to find the shortest distance between any two points on the surface of the earth Time: The Prime Meridian is numbered at 0 degrees. Each line of longitude isgmarked as East or West based on the direction from the Prime Meridian, And the time diiference is of 4 minutes for every 1 degree longitude. So for each 1 degree longitude wgoWing towards the East 4 minutes are added and for each | degree longitude moving, s Je West, 4 minutes are subtracted. [i) The word ‘Meridian’ is derived from the Greek word called = meaning noon, The sun crosses a meridian at noon and all places on a ps ineridian, or line of longitude, will have noon at the same time. (i) Lines of Longitude are of same length because each linge longitude equals half of the Circumference f the earth and cach line tends from Cyc Dale te the South Pole tersection of the earth’s Jcentre of the earth and divides fe diametrically opposite lines of surface and an imaginary plane that passes thi the earth into two equal halves. The Equi longitude, by thie definition, form Great Cir Refer to Figure 2.6 in the textbook. IDL means the International Date Line. Js the line of 180 degrees longitude which is located diametrically opposite the Prim: . The time difference works out to one day when we cross this line, While going Gt to West a day is added and while moving from West to Bast a day is deduic 1 time is fixed backward by one day. Refer to the textbook under the Jinternational Date Line (Im order to prevent the ess of having different dates within the same country, the IDL zig zags and ben «d countries like Fiji and Tonga and around the land masses of the Bering Strait (ii) The longitude Nouse If we use the calculation of time difference using longitude, then for 1 n@ituce the time difference is 4 minutes. The difference in longitude between these tw P19" (92-73). So the time difference is 76 minutes or 1 hour and 16 minutes (19*4). So, Mumbai is behind Shillong time, subtract 1 hour 16 minutes fro! 30 pm to get the ‘Mumbai time. That will make Mumbai time at 9:14 pm. [Have a, of @ clock in front when doing these calculations, it may make the calculations easier) aan »S Chapter 3 |. Choose the correct option: 10. (a) 1b) 12.) 14. (4) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. fa) 18. b) I Short Answer Questions 1 ' is jine about which the earth rotates from the West to the East. The axis atan angle of 66%". 2. ‘evolution. 3. (i) The care completes one rotation from west to east on its axis in approximately 24 hours. (i) Spey fer at the Equator than at the two poles. 4 (fea xy and night. UR gffiects the ocean currents and winds. 5. (i) Bige duration of day and night would be equal at alll places on earth. (i) All the places on earth would have the same temperature all the year round. Due to the pull of gravity of the earth. ‘The path of the earth around the sun is known as elliptic. Revolution is the journey of the earth around the sun, along an elliptical orbit that takes 365% days to complete. 9, (When the earth is closer to the sun it moves faster due to gravitational forces. (i) The period taken to finish a revolution is 365 days and 6 hours 10. (i) Seasonal changes are not sudden due to the inclination of the axis; and (i) creation of heat zones. 11. Perihelion is the position when the earth is closest to the sun. Aphelion is the position when the earth is farthest from the sun.CHAPTER 3 Z 12. September 23 and March 21 because the sun shines vertically over the Equator. The two days are called Equinox. 13, The longest day in the Northern Hemisphere is on June 21, which is the Summer Solstice. The shortest day is on December 22, which is the Winter Solstice. 14. (a) On March 21 and September 23, (b) June 21 (c) December 22. 15, The rays of the sun are more vertical at noon and more slanting in the morning due to () the shape of the earth and (ii) the earth is tilted on its axis. 16, Because on September 23, the sun is vertically overhead at the Equator, the days and nights are equal. N and the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. On June 21. It is autumn in the Northern Hemisphere and Spring in the Southern Hemisphere, 17, Summer Solstice refers to June 21, the day when the sun is overhead at the Tropic, Ss 23% 18. Equionox means of equal length. On two days in a year, ie., March 21 and eran The African Rift Valley. 9. A plateau is defined as an area of high ground, usually 500 feet above REN Ne uplands have generally flat upper surface and a steep slope on one side. 10. Refer to Sec. IV, Q.No. 2a} 11. () Mountains, plateaus, plains and valleys are beautiful sculptures of earth’s crust which add to the beauty of the earth. (i) Landforms represent the relief features of the earth. They of winds, precipitation as well as other atmospheric (i) The mountain ranges of the world are the abode of perennial rivers. ‘on the surface of the spact on climate, direction laciers and are thus, the source (i) Many kinds of forests are found on the slopes ®¥ mount to different species of plants and animals. (49 two) ins, hills and plateaus which are home Ill. Distinguish between each of the following: 1. Caused by the horizontal s| 1. Formed by faulting, Vertical movement of the on the crust of the earth causi ocks| — land results in either upward lift or submergence to get compressed and then form| leading to the formation of a mountain. mountains. 2, These mountains longer and not| 2. These types of mountains are not as long as very wide. the fold mountains. 3. The Himalay: 3. Salt Range of Pakistan 2. 1. Highest extensive types of plateaus | 1. Derived from lava flows from volcanic eruptions. fe with fold mountains. plateaus are surrounded by hills and} 2. These plateaus are covered with basaltic rock. ‘mOgptains on all sides. 3. Tibetan Plateau (Asia) 3. Decean Plateau (India). 3% 1, Formed due to uplift or subsidence of land. | 1. Formed by deposition of different materials. 2, Result of forces of structural development as|2. Result of action of different agents of deposition well as deposition. like rivers wind or sea. 3. The Great Plains of the USA formed due to|3. The alluvial plains of Northern India, Thar uplifting ofland that was submerged underwater.| desert and East Coast of India. IN. Structured Questions 1, (a) Refer to ‘Causes of Landform Development’ in the textbook. (b) Refer to ‘Mountains’ in the textbook.CHAPTER 6 1 (©) i) The intense heat inside the earth's crust cannot escape to the surface as rocks are bad conductors of heat. This heat melts the rocks and keeps the asthenosphere in a semi- molten state. (ii) Because they cause widespread destruction through weathering and erosion of existing landforms. (iii) Because residual mountains are formed from already existing mountains which are lowered or reduced by agents of denudation such as winds, running water and snow. (d) Refer to Figure 5.5 in the textbook. 2. (a) Refer to See. III, Q.No. 2 (b) fi) Structural Plains are formed when a part of the land is lifted up or a part of the land along the coast is submerged in water. (i) They are relatively undisturbed horizontal surfaces of the earth. (iii) They make up extensive lowlands of the earth bordering all the conting (6) (i) Plains are formed due to a number of reasons such as a hg irs, uplift or subsidence of land deposition of materials, which cause variat (ii) Because they are the most fertile areas where abundant of ero} duced. (iii) Because most of the landforms on the surface of the earth ave been formed by enormous heat energy generated inside the earth and released yy tonic activity, earthquakes and volcanoes. (@ (i) Depositional Plains are formed by the deposition’ q o~ brought by various agents of transportation. () River Deposition — caused by river x e yrthern Plains in India. (il) Wind Deposition — caused by wind depodts — Sty form deserts. eg, sand deserts like the Sahara (Africa) (iil) Marine Deposition — plains formed * coastal regions. For example, the East coast of India. He apter 6 |. Choose the correftt option: L@ 2. 3) 46 5 66) 70 &@ %@ 10. (a) frill 12. (by 13. (b) 14.) 15. fa) 16. () 17. (a) I, Shor juestions Refer % Table 6.1 in the textbook. Silicon; Aluminium; Iron; (Igneous; (i) Sedimentary; (iii) Metamorphic. Pepe () They are formed when magma cools to solidify | (j) ‘They are formed when magma cools slowly and form rocks on the surface of the earth.| _under the surface of the earth to form rocks. (@) They are smooth, crystalline and fine grained. |(i) They have coarse texture, hard and large crystals and are compact. 5. (i) They are hard and resistant to erosion. (i) Water percolates only along the cracks and joints. 6. (i) Basic igneous rocks have a higher percentage of oxides of denser elements and silica content between 40 and 60percent.12 TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) (i) They are heavy and dark in colour. () Lava sheets; (i) Lava plateaus. 8. Sills are a type of intrusive igneous rocks that are formed when the magma flows between layers of rocks horizontally and gets hardened there. Whin Sill and sills with the Keroo basin. 9. Igneous rocks; Sedimentary rocks. 10. () Sedimentary rocks are formed from other rocks and might have plant and animal remains (fossils) (i) They are most widerspread on the surface of the earth (75%). 11, Sedimentary rocks. Sandstone; Gypsum. 12. ()) Evaporation; (i) Compaction; (ii) Cementation 13. (i) Riverine Rocks; (ii) Glacial Rocks; (ii) Aeolian Rocks. 14. Water, glaciers and wind. rocks 15, Metamorphic rocks are the rocks formed by the change in the form of “= S ome under the earth's crust by temperature and pressure. Marble, Slate 16, Mechanical Metamorphism is a mechanical transformation in which ees of the rock is changed by crushing and rubbing process. Il. Distinguish between each of the following: 1. Formed by the slow cooling of the magma] 1. Formed ‘of magma on earth's surface within the crust of the earth. 2. Slow cooling leads to the formation of large] 2. Sggling Yecurs fast so rocks are smooth and size crystals. fin ed. 3. Eg Graphite Eg Basalt 2. 1. Changes in rocks due to high tem 1. Changes in rocks due to high pressure. 2. Eg Slate from clay 2, Eg Marble from dotomite 3. Formed when magma flows ‘between | Formed when the magma flows vertically along the layers of rocks and hardens in' those rocks. | cracks within existing rocks and then hardens. 4. 1. Formed by deposifign of shells and skeletons] 1. Formed by sea plants burried over a long| of sca orggnisms. time. 2. Eg cl jmestone 2, Bg Coal, Lignite, peat 5. a hhave higher silica content, lack in iron] 1. They have higher percentage of oxides of| ant magnesium. denser elements oxides, 2. Light in weight with large crystals. 2. Heavy and dark in colour 3. Eg Granite 3. Eg, Basalt IV, Structured Questions 1. (a) Refer to Table 6.1 in the textbook. (b) Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling, solidification and the crystallisation of magma — the molten material found inside the earth. Extrusive type is formed when the magma cools on the surface of the earth and intrusive type when the magma cools within, or below the earth’s crust. The chief characteristics are: () Hard and resistant to erosion. (ii) Water percolates only along the cracks and joints.CHAPTER 7 13 (i) Either fine-grained or smooth and compact. May also have large crystals with coarse (rough) texture (outside surface). (iv) Do not contain fossils as they are formed from the cooling of the molten magma. (*) Associated with volcanic activity and are found mostly in volcanic regions. —_(Arathred (6) (i) Igneous rocks were the first to be formed so they are called primary rocks. (i) Igneous rocks are neither weathered by mechanical weathering nor by chemical weathering as water does not percolate in these rocks and are usually compact. (iii) Because they are formed by solidification of sediments of original igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic parent rocks. (@) The igneous rocks are classified on the basis of their chemical composition in the following ways: [i) Acid Igneous Rocks and (i) Basic Igneous Rocks. For details refer go Sec. Ill Q.N0.S, 2. (a) When igneous rocks are exposed to the surface of the earth, they PN lown by weathering and carried away by forces of gradation like rivers and glac xy ire then deposited as sediments. These sediments are deposited over a lot oNtime in lakes, seas and streams. Subsequent layers are added on top of each long period of time. And the sediments get cemented to form sedimentary roc (b) Refer to ‘Classification on the Basis of Agents of Formation’ in th@setbook. (6) (@ Sedimentary rocks are formed in layers and when the paf€Bp rocks break, the sediments are gradually squeezed by the weight of overlying ee the lower layers harden to form rocks. (i) Rocks like peat, lignite and anthracite have formed from remains of dead plants and afimals. jentage of carbon as they are (iii) Because these rocks are formed by the Jong d remains of the sea plants called {fossils which have remained buried for ® very long period. (@) Metamorphism is the process by which get transformed from one kind to another kind of rocks through physical or ch cesses. ‘The process of metamorphism includes, \ical metamorphism, chemical recombination, chemical replacement and recryst ‘The causes of metamorphism,in, \emical processes, (ii) heat (Thermal metamorphism] and (ii) pressure (Dynamic ism). 3. (a) Refer to ‘Characterstics of phic Rocks’ in the textbook. (b) Refer to textbook und ding Economic Significance of Rocks. (9) The continuous proce! e transformation of old rocks into new rocks is called the rock cycle. Rocks '¢ 5.400 years old and the earth is believed to be 4,700 million years old. Tif id\yfcJproof that rocks go through a cyclic transformation and old rocks become né ‘ks. “@h the surface of the earth, rocks are disintegrated or broken up by climatic forces. “Upe disintegrated pieces travel to different parts by rivers and glaciers and accumulate, The different ways in which rocks transform takes thousands of this operation of the rock cycle, the earth is kept young as the same rocks are new rocks. This rock cycle also helps to maintain the balance of the various f the earth. ( fier to Figure 6.12 in the textbook. 0900 Chapter 7 (22 da es) |. Choose the correct option: L@ 26 3@ 40 50 6Ca@ 7@ 8 () 9.6) 10.) IL 12) 13.) 14.)14 TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) II, Short Answer Questions 1. A volcano is a vent or an opening on the crust or surface of the earth through which fiery hot, magma erupts from the interior of the earth. Example: Mt. Stromboli in Italy. 2. Magma is molten material found inside the earth. Lava is the magma that has come up to the surface of the earth. 3. Active Volcano: Mt. Etna (Italy) Dormant Volcano: Mt. Kilimanjaro (Africa) 4. Dormant Volcanoes are those volcanoes which have not erupted in recent historical past but they can become active at any time. For example, Mount Kilimanjaro (Africa). Extinct Volcanoes are those volcanoes which have not erupted in the present geological period and are not likely to become active again. For example, Mt. Kenya (Africa). 5. All major volcanoes have below them a huge magma chamber which is the res storage place for the magma. It is joined to the earth's surface by a conduit or passay ig)called a volcanic vent. Magma, Lava, Pyroclasts. 6. (i) Extrusive landforms, for example, Volcanic Plateaus and (i) Intrusive landforms, for example, Batholiths. 7. Ring of Fire is a collection of active volcanoes which can ee and throw up molten lava, hence the term Ring of Fire. The Circum Pacific Belt i e Pacific Ring of Fire. Il, Structured Questions 1. (2) ( Heat and pressure inside the earth which Mit throcks and build up great pressure forces the heat to find an escape routé%prougfissures and cracks in the rocks. (i) When the plates of the earth's crust st each other or collide against each other due to intense heat inside the earthy ihe crust gets weakened at plate boundaries through which hot magma gushes“Qut fedding to voleanic eruption. (b) Refer to ‘Types of Volcanoes’ in (0) @ At the plate boundaries each other or collide aggi which hot magma gusfes (ii) Because of the di ok, crust gets weakened when the plates slide along ach other and results in the formation of fissures through leading to volcanic eruption. ‘in the type of volcanic eruptions there occurs diversity in the formation mountains. (ii) Because ghey many dissolved minerals including sulphur, which is good for curing didtasts, (@) Refer to Figure“ in the textbook. 2. (a) Refer tafLandforms’ under ‘Effects of Volcanoes’ in the textbook, ® @ life and property. ‘ii agricultural fields unsuitable for cultivation due to the layers of volcanic ash. ) Huge clouds formed after volcanic eruptions cause heavy rains and consequently floods and landslides. (0 (i) Volcanic Cone: When the molten magma erupts out of the volcano, it gets collected around the vent, cools gradually and solidifies and gives the volcano a typical cone-like shape known as the Voleanic Cone. (ii) Caidera is a large depression formed on the surface of the earth when the magma chamber cannot emit sufficient magma resultingin the collapse of the cone either wholly or partially. (iii) Geyser is a fountain of hot water and steam that escapes when underground water comes into contact with hot volcanic rocks. (@) Volcanoes occur near the Earthquake belts found around the young fold mountains. ‘The Circum Pacific Belt or the Pacific Ring of Fire has over 80 per cent of the total number of active volcanoes. Among these are 40 active volcanoes in the Andes, over 100 in the Philippines, 70 in Indonesia, and 40 in Japan.CHAPTER 8 15 The Midworld Mountain belt includes other active volcances like Mount Vesuvius, Mount Etna and Mount Stromboli. The Indian active volcanoes found in the islands of Andaman and Nicobar, Mount Kenya in Africa, and the active volcanoes found in the Philippines and Hawaii also lie in this belt. 900 Chapter 8 EXERCISES |. Choose the correct option: OS 16 26 3 44 5S 6) 7a ) 10. (¢) Il, Short Answer Questions shaking of the earth's crust. An earthquake of 7.5 intensity in the Sulawesi Province in Indonesia, Killed about 2000 people. 2, (i) Plate Tectonics; i) Volcanoes; 3. (i) Construction of large dams near fault zones; etg., KoWa™earthquake in Maharashtra. (i) Nuclear Explosions; c.g, carthquakes in caged Sg) in the 1960s. 4. Seismic focus is the point of origin of seismic waves, inside the earth. Epicentre is the point on the surface of the eqgfB directly above the seismic focus. 5. The Richter Scale is an instrument for cote or power of an earthquake, It is used 1 1. An earthquake is a tremor or vibrating movement below the ey the earth which causes to measures the power of earthquake bet 9. For each 1 point upward, the earthquake is 10 times more powerful. 6. (i) Barthquakes help the earth stay in good shape. (i) Earthquakes either raise 7. (i) Barthquakes cause m; loss of life and property, its stored up energy and thus helps the earth to parts of earth and result in landform formation. structures like buildings to collapse and thus, results in (i) They cause land st submerged under water, especially in the coastal arcas. (iii) They cause oly the course of rivers, thus making an area from which the river is 8. A tsunami is a lars lestructive ocean wave caused by some disturbance like an earthquake, volcanic eruptjen, landslide or meteorite impact which rapidly displaces a large amount of water. A tsunami, Ree cava and Sumatra in Indonesia on December 22, 2018 caused by under sea landslides ppened due to an ongoing eruption of Anak Krakatau volcano. i “asuring changes in the sea level; (ii) The Midworld Mountain belt. Ill, Structured Questions. 1. (a) Refer to ‘Causes of Earthquakes’ in the textbook. (b) Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 4. (9) (i) Because when plates move, they either slip past each other or collide against cach other and their edges produce faults along the lines of weakness and cause earthquakes. (ii) Because primary waves can pass through solids, liquids and gases, (ii) Because both the earthquakes and volcanoes are formed along faults between tectonic plates, where the crust is the weakest. (qd) Refer to ‘Anatomy of an Earthquake’ in the textbook.16 TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) 2. (@)_ Yes, the destructive effects of an earthquake are far more than its constructive effects because: () whenever they happen they cause loss of life and property. (ii) they lead to submergence of land; (iil) they change the course of rivers and make land unsuitable for agriculture and irrigation; (iv). they trigger landslides and tsunamis which cause heavy damage; (b) The intensity of an earthquakes is measured by using Richter Scale and the Mercallis Scale, For details refer to the textbook. ()_ There is no foolproof way to predict an earthquake. Seismologists use the P and S seismic waves to predict earthquakes, (d)__ Refer to ‘Distribution of Earthquakes’ in the textbook. & Chater 9 so EXERCISES |. Choose the correct option: 1@ 26 30 40) 5(2) (a) 8) 9.) 10. (a) 11.) 1A} 13. (b) 14. (o) © 17. (0) Il Short Answer Questions 1. Weathering is the disintegration or ioomeenen of rocks by natural agents at or near the surface of the earth. 2. (i) Physical weathering; (i) chemical weathe! id (ii) Biological weathering. 3. Refer to Table 9.1 in the textbook. 4. Exfoliation refers to the peeling off gf, layer of rocks by sudden contraction and expansion caused by changes in pert ©: involved are mechanical weathering and chemical weathering. 5. (i) Solution; (i) Carbonati xidation; (iv) Hydration, 6. When oxygen found in the at ere and rainwater comes into contact with the iron component of the rocks, the iron part ist and crumble. This is called oxidation. The colour of the to red, yellow or brown. Il, Distinguish betw of the following: is @) Itiny itting of rocks. (i) It involves peeling off the outer layer of the rocks. al sure due to expansion and contraction | (ii) It occurs due to sudden temperature changes ‘ks caused by sudden rise and fall of] which cause fissures in rocks into which temperature. water penetrates and the outer layers of the rocks peel off. i) Carbonation is the mixing of water with|(j) Solution is the process by which rocks are carbon dioxide in the rock to make carbonic] dissolved when exposed to rainwater. acid. The carbonic acid acts on the rocks by breaking down and dissolving its mineral content which is washed away by ground water. (ii It dissolves most calearous rocks such as] (ii) All rocks are subjected to solution to some limestone. extent. But sedimentary rocks are more prone to solution.CHAPTER 10 7 IN. Structured Questions 1. (a) Weathering is the disintegration of rocks by natural agents such as temperature, moisture and precipitation. Chief characteristics are: () disintegration or decay of solid rocks; (ii) it affects the surface of the earth; (iil) it causes formation of soil; (iv) it changes massive hard rocks into finer materials; (s) it prepares rock materials for transportation by agents of gradation. (b) Refer to Table 9.1 in the textbook. (0. (Because it involves physical disintegration of rocks without any change in tig chemical constituents of the rock. (i) Because temperature changes are more rapid in deserts. During , pe outer layers expand much faster than the interior layers and tend to, son the rest, whereas at night the outer layers contract more rapidly a pYinternal stresses, which cause rocks to crack and split. (iii) Metting water in cold areas contains more carbonic acid as_ carbo oxide is more soluble at low temperatures than at high temperatures. (0) Refer to Figure 9.2 in the textbook. 2. (a) Refer to “Chemical Weathering” in the textbook. oS (b) Refer “Biclogical Weathering” in the textbook. (9) (Because it involves disintegration of rocks as Qwe@ilt of action by living organisms i.e., animals, insects, plants and man. (i) Because it binds the surface layer not allow exposure of rocks beneath to the elements of weathering, « es not allow decay or alteration of rocks. (iii) Because of too low tempera Py (@) Refer to subheading WHORE jerent Climatic Regions” in the textbook. 9200 oth apter 10 Zc) 4 fa) 5) 6} 7 (H) 8) WEI) 10.) lj) 12 13.) 14.1 ete erie Poe eatercrs Poet ree! ‘Young Stage | Formation of gorge, Mainly erosion. Formation of V-shaped (Upper Course) | rapids and waterfalls. valleys. ‘Maturity Stage | Formation of meanders. | Mainly transportation [Formation of wide gently (Middle Course) some deposition. sloping valleys. Old Stage | Formation of deltas, flood | Mainly deposition. Formation of very gently (Lower Course) | plains and ox-bow lakes. sloping smooth river valleys. IIL Short Answer Questions 1, The wearing away of landmass by weathering, erosion, mass movement and transportation, which causes lowering the level of land, rounding of exposed rock surfaces and levelling of the peaks.18. TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) 2. (i) Velocity of water; (ii) Volume of water; (ii) Load of the river; (iv) Gradient of the river. 3. Erosion. (i) V-shaped valleys; and (ii) Waterfalls. Waterfall is formed in the upper course of a river where it flows over different bands of rock. It erodes soft rock more quickly than the hard rock leading to the formation of a waterfall. 5. (i) Lateral cutting is more active than down cutting; and (i) the volume of water in the river increases due to many tributaries joining it. ©. When the river flow is diverted by an obstruction, there is active deposition along the convex bank and undercutting along the concave bank, forming a loop in the course of the river channel, called the meander. ‘The Ganga. () Das i) Oxbow Lakes & 8. In the desert region. 9. Deflation hollow is a hollow created by erosion by wind. O 10. (i) Deflation hollows; (ii) Sand Dunes. 11.) Barchan; (i) Seifs 12. (i) They are moon-shaped dunes. (i) They are live dunes which advance before winds that a particular direction, (ii) Their migration is a threat to desert life. IV, Structured Questions 4 1. (a) Weathering is the disintegration of rocks ‘agents at or near the surface of the earth. Denudation — Refer to Sec. Il, Q.No.1 a (b) Weathering, Erosion, Mass Movement the level of land, rounding expose, ‘asportation. Denudation results in lowering surface and levelling of the peaks. Oe ee ee nee sd tnate and due to the impact of SI water and the load it carries, erosion is dominant at (ii) In the middle river enters the plains, with enhanced volume of water. material. (iii) For the oe St deltas, nearly calm sheltered sea, large amount of sediment supply and a le size of the river are the necessary conditions, which all the rivers do not fulfill. (@) Refer taWork of Wind” in the textbook. 2. (a) Ref 1, Q.No.2 (yf Re ‘Course of a River’ in the textbook. (ING Because of the absence of vegetation and moisture to bind the loose surface materials. () Because they migrate with the wind and damage towns and villages in their way. (iii) To check the advance of the sand dunes and to prevent the fertile land from being damaged by sand dunes. (@ @ The direction and force of wind. (i) The speed of wind, carrying the dust and sand particles. (iii) The nature and amount of sand brought by the wind, (iv) Water features e.g, lakes, streams etc., in the close-by area (v) The nature of vegetation on the land. (vi) The nature of the surface, where the formation of a sand dune takes place. (Any {our 090CHAPTER 11 19 Chapter 11 |. Choose the correct option: 1. (d) 2. (ce) 3.(d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6) 7.) 8 () 9. fd) 10. fe} 1) 12) 13.) 14. (A) II, Short Answer Questions 1. () Waves; (ii] Currents and (ii) Tides. 2. Tides refer to the rise and fall of sea water due to the gravitational forces & and the moon. Refer to Sec. Ill, Q.No.1 (a). 3. The time interval between tides is 12 hours and 26 minutes. The f rotation of the earth, the rotation of the moon round the earth and axis. 4. Spring Tides are very high tides caused when the sun, the moo the earth are in the same line. This alignment causes the gravitational forces of ee) to work together causing high tides. Neap Tides: These tides are formed when the sun, o the earth are at right angles to each other. The gravitational forces work in oppo GiFione of each other. Thus, the Neap tides are generally 20% lower than Spring Tides®, 5. (i) The Warm Currents: The Gulf Stream (i) The Cold Currents: The Labrador Cur; 6. The Gulf Stream is responsible for the a of Western and Northern Europe than it would have been otherwise 7. When the warm and cold current leads to the creation of rich fis a ay Hata at TH ales 8. Neap Tides. Refer to ‘Neap Tide& in the textbook. Ill, Structured Questions: 1. (a) Refer to Fact ise Tides’ in the textbook. (b) () They are cau8ed when the sun and the| (i) They are caused when the sun and the me in the same line. ‘moon are at right angle with reference to the earth. jwice @ month, {i]_Ocour on the 8th day of each fortnight. (ING Refer to Q.1 (a) (above). Refer to “Periodicity of Tides’ in the textbook (iii) Because it depends on the locations of the Moon and the Sun. () Refer to Figures 11.4 and 11.5 in the textbook. 2. (a) (i) Warm Currents: These are currents which flow from the low latitudes in the tropical zones to the high latitudes in the Temperate and Sub Polar Zones. (ii) Cold Currents: These have a lower surface temperature and they bring cold water into the warm water areas. The oceans near the tropics and Equator are warmer them ocean water in the Polar regions (b) (Level of salinity of Ocean waters; (ii) Temperature. (iii) The Earth's Rotation.20 TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) (©. (@ Warm currents heat the air and indirectly the land over which this air blows and produce a mild climate. For example, the British Isles enjoy a mild climate on account of the influence of warm North Atlantic Drift. (ii) The cold currents decrease the temperature in surrounding ocean areas. Therefore, the cold Labrador current lowers the temperature near the eastern coast of the US. (iii) Due to the influence of the warm North Atlantic Drift the coasts of Norway are not frozen in winter but the adjoining areas of Norway like Greenland remain frozen all the year round. (8) Refer to “Labrador Current” in the textbook. (ii) Refer to “The Kurushio Current” in the textbook. Ge one Gratis CoesPis ee ween 3. (a) and (bj Refer to the “Gulf Stream” in the textbook. (9. Th oll notre Oecin hao high eee mstsont or fos gO Np es (ii) Cold currents discourage rainfall. The Atacama desert is because of the presence of the cold Perurian Current. The opposite is true currents. So, the warm East Australia current brings heavy rainfall in Queen: (ii) Due to the presence of the Oyashio Current, a cold cuy For more details, refer to Q.No.3(c) (). (@) (@ They affect the climate of a place by influencing erature and rainfall of the area. The warm ocean currents raise the tem} of a place and also raise the moisture absorbing capacity, thereby causifig mor@rain. The opposite of this happens due to cold currents. (i) Dense fog occurs where the warm and dbld ocean currents meet. (ii) The warm ocean currents allow th jours to remain ice-free and facilitate the movement of ships and in tum af@t and commerce. (iv) Ocean currents bring food for @ Janktons, which in tum act as food to the fish. (Any three) WY apter 12 EXERCISES |. Choose the cont opin 1. @) 3.) 4 5S) 7H) 8. (0) 9. (a), 11. (@ 12a) 13.4) 14 ©) 18. (a) 16. (a) I, Short AGwer Questions 1, The bidhket of air surrounding the earth is known as atmosphere. A clean dry sample of air is made up of 78% nitrogen, and 21% oxygen. The remaining 1% includes other gases like carbon Gioxide, water vapour, helium, hydrogen, argon. 2. (i) Troposphere, (ii) Stratosphere, (i), Mesosphere, {iv} Thermosphere 3. The troposphere is the lowest and most dense layer of the atmosphere. Seventy five per cent of the atmosphere is found in this layer and its concentration decreases as we go higher from the ground level, 4, (i) Total absence of water; ii) Presence of Ozone layer. ‘The troposphere. Carbon dioxide, Methane, Chlorofuorocarbons (CFCs), Ozone and Water vapour. 6. All turbulences and weather phenomena take place in the Troposphere. Most aircrafts fly in the stratosphere thus they avoid turbulence and weather phenomena.CHAPTER 13 2 7. The ozone layer lies within the stratosphere and prevents the harmful ultraviolet rays from entering the carth and helps to keep the temperature constant in this level of the stratosphere. ‘The depletion of the Ozone layer is due to the chlorofiurocarbons (CFCS) emitted by aeroplanes and coolants in refrigerators, nitrogen oxides from fertilisers and various kinds of emissions from industry and agriculture. 8. Refer to ‘Depletion of Ozone Layer’ in the textbook. Volcanic eruptions, solar storms. 9. No. Ozone is highly reactive and toxic in the lower layers. It is effective as a protective layer in the Stratosphere. 10. Global warming refers to the increase in temperature of the earth due to the increased concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere caused by the activities of humans. Carbon dioxide, methane, ozone, water vapour and chloroflurocarbons (CFCs). Il. Structured Questions 1. (a) @ The blanket of air surrounding the earth. NS ‘ & ‘Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesophere and ‘Thermosphere. ()) @ The atmosphere protects the earth from harmful see sun. (i) The atmosphere contains the life sustaining gases like oxyge nitrogen. d rays of the (ii) The atmosphere helps to retain the necessary warmthy@the earth and helps in the circulation of water vapour, thus acting as an import itor for causing rainfall. (iv) The atmosphere is the contact zone between water and is important to sustain life on this planet. The survival of life @gendyon this contact. (Any three) (9. (i) Because as we go up the mountains, the aiiNgcom}} thinner and the amount of oxygen available to breathe also decreases. @ Because of the energy obtained from the Sun and its composition comprising several layers and movement of large mass; up and down and across the surface of the earth. (iii) Because at the troposphere o and this variation is temperat phenomena take piace ii (@) Refer to Figure 12.2 in the 2. (a) Refer to “Structure of At (b) The Ozone layer is be} () Refer to Sec. p (ii) Another fe depletion of the Ozone layer is Solar storms. These Solar Storms gch wr flares caused by explosions on the surface of the sun which destrof ozBye layer. (9 Refer to “Effects Wf Global Warming” in the textbook. (@) Refer tO\gigure 12.4 in the textbook. KO 000 Chapter B regular decrease in temperature with altitude muses many turbulences due to which all weather in the textbook, fed by the following factors: |. Choose the correct option: 10 20 30 4 5 6%) 7a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (e} 11. (b) 12. (c) Il, Short Answer Questions 1. Solar radiation is the heat and light energy that the sun continuously radiates in all directions. It is the primary source of heat and light on the carth,22, TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) 2. Insolation is the amount of solar energy received by the earth. Two of its main characteristics are: @ The insolation received by the earth heats up the earth's surface and the earth becomes @ radiating body that radiates energy to the atmosphere. (i) Maximum insolation is received over the subtropical deserts, where the cloudiness is the least. 3.) Convection currents in the atmosphere cause sea breeze and keep the coastal areas cool during the day. (i) They prevent the extremes of temperature. (i) Latitude; (ji) Altitude; (i) Distance from the sea; (iv) Slope of the land. 5, ‘The mid latitudes lie between 23%4° to 6644? on each hemisphere and are also called temperate zones. The amount of insolation received in this area is quite less because of thg spheljcal shape of the earth, 6, Along the sea shore, the land and sea breezes keep the land cool during the en the sun is overhead. On a mountain, the temperature decreases with height. This ie beca| of the earth is denser than air found at higher altitudes and has a heat than the air found at higher altitudes. 7. Due to the spherical shape of the earth and the tilt of the cont Bip gets the slanting rays of the sun and hence there is less heat in the month of RCO in July when India gets - aif on the surface ‘capacity to absorb a more direct heat of the sun. Il. Distinguish between each of the following: 1. It is the solar energy received by the carth. The |The surface of the carth radiates solar heat ‘sun's energy is dissipated and scattered bef into the atmosphere and this is called it reaches the earth. strial radiation. 2. It is in the form of short wave rays. It is in the form of long waves. 1. Land breeze blows from the sea. |1.Sea breeze blows from the sea to the land. 2.It blows during the night the sea] 2. It blows during the day and keeps the land cool. cool. IV. Structured Questi (b) Latitudes; The higher the latitude, cooler is the place. This is because at higher latitudes the rays of@fbe sun are slanting and have less heating power. Another reason is the spherical je earth and its annual revolution eround the sun. dian subcontinent is divided into two parts by the Tropic of Cancer. Northern lies in the Temperate Zone whereas the Souther India lies in the Tropical Zone. Due to the warm Temperate climate, Northern India has a hot summer season and cold winter season. Therefore, Northern India has a great range of temperature. The Southern India, on the other hand, has a warmer climate than Northern India and no clear-cut winter season. So, the range of temperature is not much compared to Northern India (i) Delhi lies in Northern India whereas Chennai lies in Southern India. For the rest of the answer, refer to Q.No.1 (C) {i) (above). (iii) In hot desert areas there is no cloud cover. So there is high insolation during the day time and rapid loss of heat at night caused by terrestrial radiation. (@) Refer to Figure 13.1 in the textbook. 2. (a) Torrid Zone, the North Temperate and the South Temperate Zones and two Frigid Zones (b) (The rate of decrease of temperature with height is about 6*C per km above the sea level This means that on climbing every 166 metres, there is a fall of 1°C in temperature. It is known as Normal Lapse Rate. It is usually more in summer than in winter. «CHAPTER 14 23 (0. (Refer to ‘Distance from the Sea’ in the textbook (i) Land is heated by conduction while water (ie., the sea) is heated by convection so land gets heated and cooled faster. (i) A warm ocean current called the warm North Atlantic drift prevents the water around the ports of the western coast of Europe from freezing in winter. In other places along the same latitude, like ports in north east Canada, the water remains frozen due to the influence of the cold Labrador Current. (@) Refer to Figure 13.4 in the textbook. 3. (a) Refer to “Distance from the Sea” in the textbook. (b) Water does not get heated as quickly as land during the day. The warm air above the land rises, and causes the cool sea breeze to blow towards the land reducing the témperature in coastal areas. At night the sea remains warmer than land so land bre the sea cooler. As we go further inland this moderating effect of the sea reduces NY 8 heat. area. Hence, (9) () At higher latitudes, the rays of the sun are slanting and have les (i) Slanting rays have to travel a greater distance and also slanting rays have less heating power than the vertical rays! (iii) A forest region absorbs about 90% of the solar energy. Mo: fhis energy is used by plants in the process of transpiration. Hence, forest do not become very hot. Deserts have no vegetation and they become hot duri lay and cold at night and have a high range of temperature. (@) Refer to Figure 13.6 in the textbook. Sy 909 “ |. Choose the correct option: © 10) 2) 3) 5) 6b 7@ &@ 96 10. (a) 11. @) 12.9) 14. (@) 15. (b) 16. (ce) 17. (b) Il, Short Answer Questights 1, () Equatorial Lo sure Belts; (i) Sub-tropical High Pressure Belts; (ii) Circum-polar Low Pressure Belts; (is) Polar High Pkesoure Areas. 2. Refer to “Cireffm-polar Low Pressure Belts’ in the textbook. deflects the air, which is the least at the Equator and greatest at the poles. ‘The Cori 4 @ . Winds; (i) Periodic Winds; Gi Nghe Pe al Winds. winds are those which blow at regular intervals or in regular cycles caused by localised Gifferences in pressure and temperature. 6, Local winds are the winds restricted to a certain place. They may be warm or cold depending upon the area from which they blow. Foehn and Chinook. 7. Cyclones and Anticyctones. Variable winds are so called because they do not blow in any definite Girection and their direction varies with the movement of the pressure system. 8. Cyclones are more frequent in the tropical region in the summer because of the movement of the Doldrum belt away from the Equator towards the tropics. 9, Refer to the Table on Page 129 in the textbook. 10. Cyclones are called Tropical cyclones in the Indian Ocean area; hurricanes in the Caribbean, typhoons in China and willy-willies in Australia.24. TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) 11, Anticyclones have fine atmospheric conditions in which the winds blow gently outwards. There is high pressure in the core or centre and low pressure around it. Il, Define the following terms: 1. [@)_ Pressure gradient is the decrease in pressure per unit distance in the direction in which the pressure decreases most rapidly. (b) Winds are the horizontal movement of air. Winds and air currents manage the system of circulation in the atmosphere. (6) Coriolis Force is the force caused by the rotation of the earth which changes the direction of the air from its original path. (d) Altitude is the height of the land. () Monsoons are periodic seasonal winds which blow in the regions of Sout sia and Northern Australia. ~ IV. Distinguish between the following: 1. There is a low pressure in the centre and the| 1. There is a high presst¥¥e#h the centre and the conditions, with cloudy weather, strong winds winds blow inward winds blow o 2. These are associated with turbulent weather | 2. They rep: atmospheric conditions. nee 5 2. 1. These winds blow throughout the year from on¢ ey blow at regular intervals or at regular’ latitude to the other in response to the latitudi and result from a localized difference in differences in air pressure. ressure and temperature. 2. For example, trade winds. 2. For example, land and sea breeze. 3 1.In summer a low pres: over the 1. In winter, a high pressure develops over a large land and high pressure ‘over the sea.| landmass and the winds thus blow from the ‘This causes the wind: ym the sea to] land to the sea. the land. It is thes jonsoon. 2. ‘They bring . 2, They bring cold and dry weather and no rainfall. V. Structured Qugétions 1 (@) At preseure is the force per unit area exerted against a surface by the weight of he! ove that surface. (\gErer to “Factors Affecting Atmospheric Pressure” in the textbooks. (op The absence of landmass in the Southern hemisphere. (ii) Because the earth is inclined at an angle of 23%", Due to this inclination, there is a difference in the heating of the continents, oceans as well as the condition of pressure during January and July. (iii) At higher altitude air is lighter and less dense and therefore exerts less pressure, (@) Refer to Figure 14.4 in the textbook. 2. (a) The three main types of winds are— Permanent winds, Periodic winds and Local winds, For details, refer to Sec. IV, Q.No. 2 and Sec. I, Q.No. 6. (b) Refer to ‘Local Winds’ in the textbooks. (0) (@ The winds are directed to the right of their flow in the Northern Hemisphere because of the Coriolis Force which is caused by the rotation of the earth,CHAPTER 15 25 (i) As temperature rises, the air gets heated and the air gets lighter or less dense and exerts less pressure. Thus, temperature and pressure are inversely related. (ii) Humid air can retain more heat and becomes lighter than dry air which is able to retain less heat. (@) Refer to ‘Coriollis Effect’ in the textbook. 3. (a) Refer to the Table on Page 123 in the textbook. () Refer to Jet Streams’ and ‘Importance of Jet Streams’ in the textbook. (0) (@ The Doldrums are located around the Equator. This area gets a significant amount of the direct rays of the sun. The air is heated and becomes less dense and exerts less pressure. (i) Due to the vertical rays of the sun here, there is intense heating, ix \bherefore, expands and rises as convection current causing a low pressure to re. (iii) Due to earth’s rotation, the winds surrounding the Polar region the Equator. Centrifugal forces operating in this region create the low It appropriately called Circum-polar Low Presure Belt (@ Refer to Figure 14.11 in the textbook. 900 4 Chaptems |. Choose the correct option: 1.) 2a Se 419 9.() 10. (c}) 11.) 12. & I Short Answer Questions D 1. Heat determines the arcane vapour or humidity of air. When the atmospheric temperature is low, the amount of nur is less. 6 7) 8) ) 14. @) 15. (b) f 2. Relative Humidity hips by taking the ratio between the absolute humidity of a given mass of air and the aM@agum Mount of water vapour that it can hold at the same temperature, fog, 3. Clouds, dew, frost a 4. Rain, snow, Bil and sleet. 5. 1, Less dense. Ee ‘visibility less than one kilometre. [2. Better visibility up to two kilometre. 6. CondeMation nuclei are the minuscule particles like dust and salt around which droplets get formed during condensation. 7. Convection Rainfall, Orographic Rainfall and Cyclonic Rainfall. 8. Orographic rainfall is caused by relief on land so it is called relief rainfall. 9, Cyclonic rainfall is caused by cyclones in the tropical latitudes and depressions in the temperate latitudes. It is very heavy in tropical cyclones and it lasts for only a few hours. In temperate Gepressions, as in Western Europe, this rainfall is lighter and lasts for several days and falls as a continuous drizzle. Il. Explains the following terms: 1. (@) Precipitation is the process by which products of condensation, viz., water droplets, ice crystals, sheet etc., fall to the ground. (b) Evaporation is the process by which water is converted into water vapour on heating,26 TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) 0 () Condensation is the process by which water vapour forms water droplets upon cooling. Huridity refers to the amount of water vapour found in the air. IV, Structured Questions 1. [@) Refer to Sec. Ill (4). For the second part of the question, refer to “Measurement of Humidity” in the textbook. (b) Refer to table on Page No. 128 in the textbook. () (i) Because all the water that evaporates from the carth’s water bodies is eventually returned to it directly by the process of condensation and precipitation and indirectly by stream and overflow from land surfaces. (ii) The high temperature in the Equatorial regions leads to the rapid heatingjof the air. Heated air rises up in convectional currents, leading to the development oi\clouds at about 10 km height (ii) High humidity in the air is very oppressive for human beings becaus; a sweat from drying and subsequently cooling the human body. (@)_ Refer to Figure 15.6 in the textbook. 2. (a) Refer to Sec. III(c) For the “Process of Condensation”, refer to the textbook. (b) Refer to “Condensation” in the textbook. (3) (i) Evaporation is the process by which water is cony fo water vapour. And the process by which water vapour forms droplets ef is"called condensation. Hence, condensation is the reverse process of evaporat (i) Because water vapour rises from the oceansXg forn})clouds, the sea coasts receive more rainfall than the interior of the contine (i The presence of the mountains eauseg amid mr 10 ine. The sudéen ascent causes cooling of air, leading to condensati precipitation in the form of rain on the windward sides of mountains. As rf’ reach the leeward side they lose their water content and do not cause rainfglL Oh the leeward side (4) Refer to Figure 15.7 in the atop 3. (a) Refer to ‘Dew’ and ‘Fog’ in (b) Refer to “Types of Rainfall”in Nye Rxtbook. (6) (@ Because a rain shadow ardh Ys on the leeward side of a mountain. For details refer to Sec. IV, (i) Because of thedevdopment of frontal depressions in mid-latitudes which form when warm sul HE cold polar air masses collide. Due to this the warmer (lighter) air tis. colder (heavier air) and the rising air is cooled and this causes precipil (iii) Becayse 's in the Equatorial regions in the afternoon at about 4 o¥focks. pee 09090 |. Choose the correct option: 1L@) 24) 3) 4) SH) 7) 8) 10. (4) Il, Short Answer Questions 1. Environmental pollution refers to any unfavourable alteration of our surroundings as a byproduct of man’s activities. A pollutant is the product which is released into the biosphere in largeCHAPTER 17 2 quantities and which aifects the normal functioning of ecosystems and have an adverse effect on plants, animals and humen beings. 1. Pollutants which are an outcome of events in]1. Pollutants that are the result of the actions nature, beyond the control of human beings.| and activities of human beings. 2, For example, Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide, |2. For example, Carbon dioxide, Carbon monoxide, Hydrogen sulphide released by volcanic| Sulphur dioxide in exhaust from vehicles. eruptions. 3. Air pollution is the excessive concentration of foreign matter in the air which has a harmful effect on human beings, animals, plants and their environment. Source of Air Pollution : Automobiles. 4. Water pollution is the alteration in the physical, chemical or biological “a f water that makes it unfit for designated use in its natural state. 5. Soil pollution is the change in the physical, chemical and biological co man’s intervention resulting in the degradation of the quality and pi Pollution is more permanent and hard to remedy. It differs from water the pollutants remain in the soil for a relatively longer period. 6. Radioactive pollution is the increase in natural background radio pressing from the activities of man using naturally occurring ot artificially produced cthieAnaterials 7. Noise pollution refers to the unwanted sound that is an Wand a source of stress. OQ soil through "of the soil. Soil pollution because Ill, Structured Questions 1. (@) Refer to Sec, I, Q.No. 3 and Q.No. 4. (b) Refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 6. (9 Refer to “Radioctive Pollution” in the (@) Refer to Sec, I, Q.No. 7. (For more age fer to the textbook.) Sons |. Choose the corregt option: I Short Ga) stions 1. Re ® on Page No. 142 in the textbook. 2. Volcaliic eruptions, deflation of sand and dust and forest fires. Iron and Steel. 3. The combination of smoke and fog is called smog. During the winter it forms an envelope over the cities, which causes heelth hazards and traffic problems Carbon dioxide, Sulphur dioxide and Nitrogen oxide. Houschold detergents and Oil spills. Cadmium and Lead. (i) Industrial waste; (i) urban, commercial and domestic waste; (i) chemical fertilizers; (iv] biomedical waste. 8. (i) They are not easy to dispose of; (ii) They remain in the environment for a longer period of time and (iii] Any leakage has disastrous effects on the environment. Nowe 9. To reduce the (i) noise and (ii) dust and air pollutants to the areas around the flyovers. 10. Burning of erackers cause {i) air pollution due to the smoke and particulate matter (ii) Noise pollution.28 TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) Il, Structured Questions 1. (a) When sound interferes with normal human activities like sleeping, conversation or disrupts quality of life, it becomes a source of noise pollution. (b) Increased number of vehicles on the road, traffic jams and repeated hooting of horns cause noise pollution (©) Because noise emission levels are quite high and huge machines used are inherently noisy. (@ Airplanes, especially jet planes create more noise due to the violent mixing of the jet of gases from the engine with the surrounding air. During landing, high frequency sound is produced by the air compressor and turbine blades. Further, since during the landing the aircraft is close to the ground for quite distance, there is more noise than take-off which is of shorter duration 2. (a) Refer to ‘Air Pollution’ in the textbook. {b) Automobiles are responsible for more than 80 per cent of totel air ie pollutants released from automobiles include carbon monoxide (CO), ual and nitrogen monoxide. “ (0) The smoke coming out of the factories has small particles of dus| Ca tals and other harmful elements. The burning of sulphur in coal or heavy oil power plants release sulphur dioxide which has additional harmful effect by (q) Refer to the ‘Table on Page 130 in the textbook. g S major 3. (a) Refer to ‘Sources of Water Pollution’ in the textbook. (b) When detergents are disposed of in water bodies, t in the detergents promote rapid growth of algse. This enrichment process i ‘eutrophication. Aquatic weeds multiply rapidly in the water and interfere witRfishing navigation and irrigation (©) Refer to ‘Industrial Polhution’ under ‘Sourceg of lution’ in the textbook, (d) Refer to ‘Sources of Radicactive Pollution’ inthe textbook. 9 gs pter 13 @ |. Choose the correct, 10) 2) 4) 5 6%) 7) 8.(a) Il, Short Answer Questions 1. Refer to ‘Bllgg®\on Animals’ under ‘Effects of Noise Pollution’ in the textbook 2. Refeyhto ‘on Human Health’ under ‘Effects of Air Pollution’ in the textbook 3. Re ‘PHECts on Animals’ under ‘Effects of Air Pollution’ in the textbook, 4. (i) Ql coats sea organisms and kills them, (i) Oil forms a coat on the surface of the water and reduces oxygen availability to the marine animals, {iil) Animals who depend on scent for their survival perish because the smell of oil masks all scents 5. Most of the waste waters, especially sewage, contain pathogens which cause diseases. These pathogens enter the human body through contaminated water and are responsible for several waterborne diseases like cholera, dysentery and jaundice. 6. Refer to ‘Effects on Human Health’ under ‘Effects of Soil Pollution’ in the textbook. 7.* Toxins from the landfill might enter the food chain from the grains or crops or fruits. + Read the question no. 7 as: A landfill was reclaimed and sturdy plants were grown on it instead of crops or fruit trees, Why?CHAPTER 19 29 8. (i) Radiations can cause diseases like breast cancer, thyroid cancer, lung cancer and brain cancer, sterlity and defective eyesight. (i) Radiations can effect even the next generations by causing various genetic diseases. 9, Refer to Chapter 17, Sec. Il, Q.No. 6. 10. # Oil coats the feathers of the birds — they are unable to fly # Oil kills the aquatic organisms as it reduces dissolved oxygen toxic by-products of oil enter the food chain through aquatic organisms. Il. Structured Questions. 1. (a) Refer to ‘Effects of Noise Pollution’ in the textbook. (b) The extent of the harm done to human beings depends on the duration of the exposure. So there are both short term and long term effects. Refer to ‘Effects on S jealth’ in the textbook. (0) Refer to ‘Effects on the Environment’ under ‘Effects of Water Pe 00k. (q) Refer to Figure 18.3 in the textbook. 2. (a) For the effects on human beings refer to Sec. II, Q.No. 6. For the effects of scil pollution on the environment refer to Eff invironment’ in the textbook. (0) Refer to Table on Page No. 146 in the textbook. Q (9) Pathogens are disease eausing organisms tke bact and protozoa. Pathogens enter human body from contaminated drinking Cholera, Typhoid, Diarrhoea. (@) Refer to “Effects of Radioactive Pollution” ig the er 19 |. Choose the correct option 1. (b) 2. fa) Gp {co} 5.(a) 6 () 7. (b+) 8 (a) 9%) 10. (b) IL Short Answer QueStiot 1. i) Vehicularemissiofs pollute the air and cause a number of diseases like asthma, bronchitis, hang ma problem and damage to the nerves, brain, liver and kidneys (i) Yenig issions produce Greenhouse Gases which raise the temperature on the earth A Global Warming. 2. C dioxide (CO,) and Carbon monoxide (CO). 3. Carpodling refers to the sharing of car journeys by people travelling on the same route, at the same time. 4, Buses, Suburban trains, Metro rail. 5. ‘No Smoking Zone’ refers to public places like cinemas, hospitals, public transportand educational institutes, where smoking is banned. 6. Fossil fuels are buried, combustible deposits of organic materials, formed from decayed plants and animals that have been converted to crude oil, coal and natural gas by exposure to heat and pressure in the earth’s crust over hundreds of millions of years. E.g, Coal and Petroleum. 7. Fossil fuels are non-renewable source of energy, which are depleting at a rate faster than they are being formed 8. (i) By opting for public transport or carpooling, (i) By switching off lights and other appliances when not in use.30. TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) (di) By replacing light fixtures with energy conserving LED lights. 9. Organic Farming refers to the holistic system of farming in which land is cultivated and crops are raised by using organic waste like crop residues and animal manure to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly, pollution free environment. Il, Structured Questions 1. (a) (i) Vehicles emit carbon dioxide (CO,) which is a greenhouse gas that raises the temperature on the earth and leads to Global warming. (ii) Vehicles emit carbon monoxide (CO) and a large number of hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NO,) and particulates which pollute the air and cause a number of diseases like asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer, heart problem and damage nerves, brain liver and kidneys. (b) Refer to ‘Carpools’ in the textbook. NS (0) Refer to ‘Promotion of Public Transport’ in the textbook. jokers at public (4) Passive smokers are the people who breathe in the smoke exhale, places, ‘They have health problems like hing cancer, asthma and brondBitiand sudden infant death syndrome in children. 2. (a) Prohibition of smoking in Public Places Rules 2008 and Statutory Health Warning on cigarette packs. (b) Refer to the Subtopic ‘Advantages of No Smoking Zée’ éw/the textbook. (co) (i) Fossil fuels are non-renewable sources of ¢1 d take millions of years to form. (i) They are responsible for environmental Probleme fice air polhation, global warming and acid rain, ()__ Refer to “Saving Energy” in the textb a 3. (@) Onganic Farming ia 20 called boca < (it involves cultivating the lan pres the crops by using organic wastes and other biological materials; (ii) it uses biofertilisers to SOS to crops for increased sustainable production ior in an eco-friendly poll ’ee environment, (b) Refer to the Subtopi Oy Finciples of Organic Farming’ in the textbook. racteristics of Organic Farming’ in the textbook. (0) Refer to the Subj (a) Refer to ” importance of Organic Farming’ in the textbook. S Chapter 20 Serr |. Choose the correct option: 1@ 2 3@ 4 5 6% 70 8 9. (@) 10.) 11.) 12.) 13. (@) 14.) 15. (a) Il, Short Answer Questions 1. A natural region refers to a part of the earth’s surface which has a comparatively high degree of uniformity in terms of structure, surface form and climate within it. Equatorial region, Tropical grasslands, Tropical deserts, Mediterranean region. 3. Human response is related to climatic conditions in the following ways ( Since a particular climatic region has particular type of land, people follow related economicCHAPTER 20 3 activities. For example, an area where rainfall is sufficient and land is fertile, most of the people have agriculture as their main occupation. [ii) In the areas, where sugar is grown in plenty, sugar mills exist and many people work in these mills, 4. The Equatorial region extends between 0° to 10” north and south of the Equator in parts of Asia, South America and Africa. 5. Monsoon climate is found in the zone extending between 5° and 3° latitudes on either side of the Equator. 6. (i) Evergreen Trees that yield hardwood, like Mahogony, Ebony, and Cabinet woods; i) Natural rubber and Cocoa. 7. Tropical Desert Climate type is found between 15° to 30° in the North and South Jatitudes in parts of Asia, Africa, North and South America and Australia. 8. Xerophytic plants are the plants that are adapted to survive in arid or dry contigo) almost leafless and store water in their stems to survive in hot conditions. WS 9.) The indented coastline. (i) The Westeriies and the temperate cyclones which travel from wes @ in decreasing order. (ii) The cold Polar winds in winter are sometimes drawn into the ai€ffation of depressions like Bora in the northern Adriatic Sea. 10, ‘The rainfall in the Mediterranean region is experienced m 2. rainfall varies between 35 cm to 75 cm. ey are id bring rainfall iter. The annual average 11. The vegetation in the Mediterranean region is of decidua that is adapted to withstand a long period of summer drought. 12. Refer to the Table on Page No. 173. a 13. There are basically no trees in Steppe type climagearegion because of scanty rainfall, long droughts and severe winters. 14. Refer to ‘Location’ under Mediterranean Reign’ fif/the textbook. Ill, Structured Questions 1. (a) Refer to Short Answer Ques (b) @ The temperature, pres: (i) Vegetation type and, 6.1, inds and humidity conditions; (9) The Equatorial re eS in the Torrid belt and receives the direct rays of the Sun because the symi fave a high angle of incidence which varies between 664° and 90° duri nts e days and nights are almost of equal duration throughout the re is a uniformly high temperature here. year. Tyo: (i) Because of tke high altitude of Mount Kilimanjaro its peake remain covered with snow, despite being’close to the Equator. (ii) sees the presence of dense Tropical Rainforests which absorb a large amount of joxide and emit oxygen. (afr jubtopic “Natural Vegetation” under the heading “Equatorial Region” in the textbook. 2. (eRyg&fer to ‘Location’ and ‘Area’ under Tropical Grasslands’ in the textbook. (b) WyLanos of the Orinoco Basin; (ii) Campos of the Brazilian Highlands. (9) () Deciduous trees are found in the areas where rainfall is not experienced throughout the year and have a marked dry season. Therefore, the trees shed their leaves during the dry season to preserve moisture. (i) Because a large number of native people are herdsmen or pastoralists, who rear large numbers of cattle which are fed on the tall grasses available in the Savanna landscape. (iii) This is because the climate of of Tropical grasslands is characterised by hot, wet summers and cool dry winters. Summer is hot with long hours of sunshine and low humidity. Such conditions are conducive for the cultivation of crops like cotton and colfee. (@) Refer to “Equatorial Region” in the textbook, 3. (a) Refer to “Tropical Deserts” in the textbook. Primitive Tribes of Tropical Deserts: The Bushmen and the Bindibu. (b) Refer to “Tropical Monsoon Type Climate” in the textbook.32, TEACHERS! HANDBOOK (TOTAL GEOGRAPHY-IX) (6. (Since these deserts are located on the western margins of continents, Trade Winds that blow in the region shed their moisture in the eastern margins of continents, They become dry by the time these winds reach the western side. (ii) There are three distinct seasons, namely the hot dry season, the rainy season and the cool dry season because of the differential rate of heating of land and sea. (iii) Because of fertile alluvial plains, a number of perennial rivers and large labour force. (d) _ Refer to “Mediterranean Region” in the textbook. 1. These grasslands occupy the interior of the| 1. These grasslands are located in semi-humid Continents in the mid-latitude zone of 40° to] climate regions of subtropical 55° North and South. latitude between 7° to 20° the Equator. 2, Hot summers and cold winters and precipitation | 2. Hot, wet summers and ‘between 20'cm and 60° cm a year in the late] have more rainfall spring and carly summer. 8. The grass is short, soft, juicy and nutritive. |. Tall, coarse and juicy nor nutritive: 4. They are treeless plains, with only date palms | 4. The trees and deciduous, near the courses of water. (b) Refer to the “Taiga Region and the Tundra Region’ book. (9. (@ In the Mediterranean region, the consideragle Ea¥,-West extent of the sea allows the westerly influence of winds to penetrate,deep je land mass causing winds to blow deep inside the land. (i) The Taiga Region is marked by lon; vere winters. Cold polar anticyclones blow vast masses of snow and spread thgm ags®ss large areas. As the land remains covered with snow for long periods of not possible to cultivate the land. (iii) The Tundra Region is mark ref long and cold winters and six months of complete darkness. Due to these RafsiNglimatic conditions it is difficult for trees to grow. a (@) The Wester and north-w 's of Europe have a mild and generally humid climate influenced by the North @tlagti9 Drift. troical south of| Grassiands. which is neither| ‘Throughout north-wes surope, farmers practise mixed farming, They rear cattle, sheep and pigs, ke iainly for eggs and bees for honey. Sheep rearing is also an important gefivi me parts like in Britain and New Zealand. 990 oo