Experiment No.

Aim: To plot a graph between the distance of the knife edge from the center of
gravity and time period of a compound pendulum (Bar pendulum). From
the graph, Find:
1. acceleration due to gravity g
2. Radius of gyration k of the bar.

Apparatus: Bar pendulum, stop watch, knife edges, meter scale.

pendulum
Description of Apparatus: A bar pendulum is a type of compound
long with holes drilled
consisting of a uniform rectangular bar about 1 meter
other. The center lies on the
along its length at equal distances from each
of the pendulum. A sharp knife
straight line passing through the center of gravity
provided with levelingscrews to make the
edge is attached to some heavy frame
suspended from any hole with the help of
knife edge horizontal. The bar can be
knife edge.
" Bar pendulum
A uniform
rectangular netallic
bar (-ln long). with
holes drilled along
its leogth (-S cn
aprt)
CG in the middle of
the bar
2 knife edges
symmetrically placed
on either side of CG
to suspend it at
vanous distances
from CG

,PhotegrYph ofatypital bar pendulum

based on interchangeability of the ceniers of

Formula used: The principal is
another point on
oscillation. For a point of suspension, there is
suspension and oscillation about which the
gravity called as center of
other side of the center of other such points. The
cistance
same; there are also two
time period is almost suspension is known as the length
of
and center of
between center of oscillation

GTBIT
7
Physics Lab
 equivalent length of simple pendulum (L= kn + ). Knowing this distance time
period of compound pendulum is
T=2r ( Ug )
Hencegcan be calculated as g= 4rLIT m/sec? and
Radius of gyration k as k=(1414)112
Procedure:
side B on the
1. On the Compound penduium side A is marked on one side and
other side.
parallel to each other
2. The knife edges are placed in the first hole on either side
pointing towards the center
and make them tight. Ensure that the sharp edge is
of gravity.
knife
the knife edge on the side A so that the
3. The pendulum is suspended from
is perpendicular to the edge of the slot and the pendulum is hanging
edge
into vibration with small amplitude of
parallel to the wall. The pendulum is set regular.
vibrations so that these become
about 5 and is allowed to make free
position in the
pendulum is passing through the same
4. One is courted when the is noted. Time for
time taken for 20 vibrations
same direction and so on. The
and knife
distance between center of gravity
one oscillation is calculated. The
edge is measured.
B and
pendulum is suspended on the knife edge on side
5. Now the bar
observations are repeated.
either side
with the knife edges in the 2nd 3 4h, etc. holes on
6. The observations
repeated.
of center of gravity is of gravity (with
plotted between the distance of knife edge from center
7. Agraph is corresponding tìme period T taken
along the x-axis and
C.G at x=0cm) taken
along the y-axis.

GTBIT
8
PtysicsLab
 Tine
pericd D
D

CG.
Distnce tom CG.

dstance of the polnt of suspensilo

igure l: Expected varladen of time perled ith
Îron C.G

and D, E
If a horizontal line ABCDE is drawn, it cuts the graph in points A, B
8. E lie on
the time period is same. The points A and D or B and
about which
that the time
sides of the center of gravity at unequal distances such
opposite corresponds to the
about these points is the same. Hence, one of these
period these
unequal distances such that the time period about
center of gravity at corresponds to the 'Center of
one of these
points is the same. Hence
and the other corresponds to the 'Center of Oscillation'.
Suspension' pendulum L. If T
distances AD or BE gives the length of equivalent simple
9. The
then
corresponds to the time period,
T= 2TT ( Lg )2

100 cm
Observations: Length of Bar pendulum:
Least Count of Stop watch:

Side B
Side A Time for 20 Time period
Time period bistance for one
Time for from C.G Oscillation
S.No. Distance for one Oscillation
from C.G 20
(cm) t (sec)
Oscillation Oscillation T=t/20 (sec)
(cm) t (sec) T=tU20 (sec)
5
1 5 10
2. 10 15
3. 15 20
4. 20 25
25 30
5
30 35
6
7. 35

GTBIT
9
Physics Lab
Calculations: (A) Length of equivalent simple pendulum

Length of equivalent simple pondulum L

(cm) Time Period UT
S.No.
(i) (ii) Mean L (cm) T(s0c) (cm/sec')

1 AD= I BE=

2 AD' = B'E'=
Mean LT':

Acceleration due to gravity g can be found out by the formula

g= 4°L/T m/sec?
% Error= (Actual value - Calculated Value) X100
Actual value

(B) Radius of Gyration of the Bar

S.No. I, (cm) I; (cm) k= V112 (cm)

1. AC= CD =

2. CE = BC =

3 A'C'= C'D'=

4 C'E'= B'C'=
Mean k:
as
Radius of Gyration k' of the can also be calculated graphically
k= PQI2 X

from the graph is found to be

Result: The value of Acceleration due to gravity g

% error:.
graph is found to be
The value of radius of gyration k from the
formula is found to be
The value of radius of gyration k from the

Precautions:
pendulum parallel to the
1. The knife edge should be horizontal and the bar
wall.
2. Amplitude should be smal.

GTBIT
Physics Lab 10
 3. The two krife edges should always lie symmetrically w.r.t. the center of
gravity.
4. The bar penduum should vibrate only in vertical plane.
5. Cures on the graph should be drawn smoothly.

GTSIT
11
PhsicsLat
 Experiment No. 4

using a Plane Diffraction

Aim: To determine the wavelength of Sodim light
Grating. K epede
Lamp, Diffraction grating,
Apparatus: Spectrometer, spirit level, Sodium
Reading Lamp.
is incident normally on a
Theory: When a parallel beam of monochromatic light
primary maxima in certain directions
grating, the transmitted light gives rise to
given by the relation,
(a + b) Sin 9 = n A
Where, a: width of transparency
b: width of opacity
(a+ b): Grating element
A: wavelength of light
Angle of diffraction for nth order maximum
n: order of spectrum

GRATING

NCIDENT
COLLMATES EAM

DIFFRACTED BEAM AT
ANGL FOR ORDER m

Diffraction for order m at angle 0 at normai incidence

Procedure: a) Adjustment of Spectrometer

adjustnents are made:
Before using the spectrometer, the following

16 GTBIT
Physics Lab
 The axis of telescope and that of the
collimator mnust intersect the principal
vertical axis of rotation of telescope.
ii) Prism table should be leveled with the help of
spirit level.
ii) Telescope and collimator are adjusted for parallel light: The
position of eye-piece is adjusted so that the cross wires are
clearly visible. The telescope is then focused on a distant
object and it is set for receiving parallel rays.
iv) The spectrometer is leveled by leveling screws and
then
the prism table with the help of a spirit level.
) The grating mount is fixed on the circular prism table with
two screws in holes drilled on one of the lines
parallel to lines joining two
of the screws meant for the purpose, say P and Q. The
face of stand to
which clamps are attached should be at the center of table.
Determination ofDiffraction angle 0
vi) The grating is taken out carefully from the box, holding it
from edge
without touching its surface. It is carefully fixed to the frame with its ruled
surface towards the telescope.
vii) The telescope is rotated to the left side of direct image (say 'a') and
adjust
the spectral lines on the vertical cross wire for 1s order.
vii) Rotate the telescope to the right side of the direct image (say 'b') and
repeat the procedure for first order & second order.
ix) Take the difference (a-b) for the spectral line. This gives twice of angle of
diffraction i.e.
0= (a-b) / 2

Observations: Least Count of Spectrometer:

No. of rulings on the grating N:
Grating Element (a+b = 2.54/N):

Physics Lab
17. GTBIT

12
 Table: To find Angle of Difraction
Position of Direct Imago Position of Left 1 Position of Right1 @ b-a or
SNo. Order a' Order 'b' Order c' Ccaorb
MSR VSR FR MSR VSR FR MSR VSR FR cI2

Table: Io find Vernier Scale Reading (VSR)

VSR
S.No. Vz Mean

Calculations: Calculate Afrom the working formula for the observaions made.
FResult: The calculated value for the wavelength of spectral ine is

heoretical value for the wavelength of spectral line is

% Error.

Precautions:
1. Set and baance the specsOmeter using spirit level.
2. Te reading of specrometer should be taken carefully.
3. The grating shoud be held from the edges and ruled surface should not
be touched.

4. Tre grating shouid be set nomal to incident light.

5. The uled suSface should fall away from the collimato.
6. The light should fall on the whole surface of grating.

Rhysics Lab 18
 Laser screen. acceptance of
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Lab
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 /2
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Experiment
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