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PRACTICAL RESEARCH

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14 views2 pages

pr2 Week1

PRACTICAL RESEARCH

Uploaded by

Thris Ebio
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Quantitative research can be experimental or nonexperimental. In experimental research, an


independent variable is manipulated to see the effects on the dependent variables while in non-experimental
research, the independent variable is not manipulated and there is no random assignment to groups. With the
given examples categorized as experimental and nonexperimental, it can be said that in descriptive research,
causal-comparative research, and correlation research there is no manipulation of independent variables, thus
they are classified as nonexperimental researches. Quantitative research usually finds answers using
variables. It also demonstrates the relationships among the variables.
A variable is a condition or characteristic that can take on different values or categories. It is an
independent variable (IV) when it is being manipulated by the researcher while the dependent variable (DV) is
the one being observed and measured by the researcher (www.scribbr.com.n.d.).

Types of Quantitative Research


1. Experimental research
In experimental research, an independent variable is manipulated to determine the effects on the dependent
variables (www.scribber.com). An independent variable (IV) is a variable that is presumed to cause a change
to occur in another variable. A dependent variable (DV) is the variable that is presumed to be influenced by
one or more independent variables (Johnson & Christensen, 2014).

a. Pre-experimental research design


In this research design, a single group is usually studied but no comparison between the same non-
treatment group is made (www.esrpc.com,2009).
a.1. Type of Pre- Experimental Design
a.1.1. One-shot case study design
●One group is exposed to treatment and measured subsequently to determine if there were any effects.
●There is no control group for comparison (AlleyDog.com, 2020)
a.1.2. One Group Pretest Posttest Study
●In this design, a single case is observed one (1) before the treatment and one (1) after the treatment.
●Changes in the outcome are supposed to be the result of the intervention or treatment.
●No control or comparison group is employed
a.1.3. Static-group comparison
●In this design, a group that has been exposed to treatment is compared with one that has not.
●Observed differences between the two groups are presumed to be a result of the treatment
(Researchconnections.org, 2020).

b. Quasi-experimental research design


In a quasi-experimental research design, the independent variable is manipulated and the subjects are not
randomly assigned to conditions or orders of conditions (Cook & Campbell, 1979).

c. True experiment
●In this design, the researcher has to manipulate the variable that is hypothesized to affect the dependent
variable that is being studied.
●In this design, research subjects have to be randomly assigned to the sample groups.

2. Non-experimental research
In non-experimental research, the independent variable is not manipulated and there is no random assignment
to groups. Non-experimental research can be descriptive, causal-comparative, or correlational research.

a. Descriptive research
It describes the current status of an identified variable. Descriptive research projects are designed to provide
information about a phenomenon without doing any comparison or findings of the relationship between
variables. It is concerned with conditions of relationships that exist, practices that prevail, beliefs, processes
that are going on, effects that are being felt, or trends that are developing. The most common descriptive
research method is the survey, which includes questionnaires, personal interviews, phone surveys, and
normative surveys (Koh & Owen, 2020).

b. Correlational research
Correlational research tries to determine the extent of a relationship between two or more variables using
statistical data. It also seeks to figure out if two or more variables are connected and in what way (Study.com,
2003).

b.1. Types of Correlational Research


b.1.1. Positive correlational research
A type of correlational research comprising two (2) variables that are statistically parallel where an increase or
decrease in one (1) variable causes a like change in the other (formplus, 2020).
b.1.2. Negative correlational research
A type of correlational research involving two (2) variables that are statistically opposite where an increase in
one of the variables causes another effect or decrease in the other variable.
b.1.3. Negligible or zero correlational research
This correlational research includes two (2) variables that are not statistically related. This means that a
change in one of the variables may not cause a corresponding or alternate change in the other variable. Also,
negligible or zero correlational research caters for variables with unclear statistical relationships.

c. Causal-comparative
It attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables. This type of design is very similar to
true experiments, but with some key differences because an independent variable is identified but not
manipulated by the experimenter.

d. Evaluative research
●The methodical assessment of the worth of time, money, effort, and resources spent to achieve a goal.
●The process of evaluative research consists of data analysis and that involves collecting data about
organizations, processes, projects, services, and/or resources (Baht, 2020).
●Evaluative research enhances knowledge and decision-making and leads to practical applications.

Subjects are the people in the researcher's experiment - usually quantitative research. The subject is a term
used more in science.

Respondents answer (respond/reply) to questionnaires - usually quantitative research. Respondents generally


answer (respond/reply to) the questions asked by the researcher - no more, no less.

Participants participate and answer questions in qualitative studies (eg. Interviews and focus groups).
Because qualitative studies are more in-depth than quantitative, the participant in qualitative studies
contributes more (is more active) than respondents to a survey or subjects in an experiment. The participant
generally gives much more detailed answers than a respondent would in a survey.

Sample and Sampling Technique


The research participants are the individuals who participate in a research study. Sometimes there can be so
many research participants which may not be so practical during the data gathering process. Hence,
researchers use samples of a population.

What are sampling and samples?


Sampling may be defined as measuring a small portion of something and then making a general statement
about the whole thing. It produces samples that are a part or portion of the whole population.

What is Population?
Population refers to the total number of people, objects, or things under study. It is the totality of individuals
that possesses some observable characteristics also known as variables. The population can be finite or
infinite. It is a finite population when the universe from which the numbers of a population are to be taken can
be determined or counted immediately. It is an infinite population when the universe from which the numbers of
a population are to be taken cannot be determined or counted immediately.

General Types of Sampling


There are two (2) general types of sampling: probability sampling and nonprobability sampling.
1. Probability sampling means that a sample is taken as a proportion from the population, every individual in
the population has an equal chance to be included in the sample. The types of probability sampling are pure
random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling (Fleetwood, 2020; de
Belen & Feliciano, 2015).

2. Nonprobability Sampling takes place when the sample is not a proportion of the population. Among the
common nonprobability sampling techniques are accidental, quota, convenience, and purposive (Fleetwood,
2020; de Belen & Feliciano, 2015).

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