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Ncert Notes Class 12 Ip CH 1 Querying 2024 - 25

Class 12 ip sql query

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4K views2 pages

Ncert Notes Class 12 Ip CH 1 Querying 2024 - 25

Class 12 ip sql query

Uploaded by

rishabhbagoria8c.17
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NCERT NOTES

CLASS 12
SUBJECT - INFORMATICS PRACTICES
CHAPTER 1: QUERYING AND SQL FUNCTIONS

Introduction
 Structured Query Language (SQL) is used to manage and manipulate databases.
 SQL allows users to query the database to retrieve specific data, update records, and
perform various functions.
SQL Basics
 SQL commands are divided into several categories: Data Definition Language (DDL),
Data Manipulation Language (DML), Data Control Language (DCL), and Transaction
Control Language (TCL).
Data Definition Language (DDL)
 CREATE: Used to create a new table or database.
 ALTER: Modifies the structure of an existing table.
 DROP: Deletes tables or databases.
Data Manipulation Language (DML)
 SELECT: Retrieves data from one or more tables.
 INSERT: Adds new rows to a table.
 UPDATE: Modifies existing data within a table.
 DELETE: Removes rows from a table.
Data Control Language (DCL)
 GRANT: Gives user access privileges to the database.
 REVOKE: Removes user access privileges.
Transaction Control Language (TCL)
 COMMIT: Saves the transaction changes to the database.
 ROLLBACK: Undoes the transaction changes.
 SAVEPOINT: Sets a point within a transaction to which you can later rollback.
SQL Querying
 A typical SQL query follows the structure: SELECT columns FROM table WHERE
conditions.
Example Queries
 Simple Select Query: SELECT name, age FROM students;
 Conditional Select Query: SELECT name FROM students WHERE age > 18;
 Select with Multiple Conditions: SELECT name FROM students WHERE age > 18 AND
grade = 'A';
SQL Functions
 SQL functions allow performing calculations on data, manipulating strings, and working
with dates.
Aggregate Functions
 COUNT(): Returns the number of rows.
 SUM(): Returns the sum of a numeric column.
 AVG(): Returns the average value.
 MAX(): Returns the maximum value.
 MIN(): Returns the minimum value.
String Functions
 UPPER(): Converts a string to uppercase.
 LOWER(): Converts a string to lowercase.
 LENGTH(): Returns the length of a string.
 SUBSTRING(): Extracts a portion of a string.
Date Functions
 CURDATE(): Returns the current date.
 DATEADD(): Adds a specified number of days to a date.
 DATEDIFF(): Returns the difference between two dates.
Combining Data
 JOIN: Combines rows from two or more tables based on a related column between
them.
 INNER JOIN: Returns records that have matching values in both tables.
 LEFT JOIN: Returns all records from the left table, and the matched records from the
right table.
 RIGHT JOIN: Returns all records from the right table, and the matched records from the
left table.
 FULL JOIN: Returns all records when there is a match in either left or right table.
Example of Join
 Inner Join: SELECT students.name, courses.course_name FROM students INNER JOIN
courses ON students.course_id = courses.id;
SQL Constraints
 NOT NULL: Ensures that a column cannot have a NULL value.
 UNIQUE: Ensures that all values in a column are unique.
 PRIMARY KEY: A combination of a NOT NULL and UNIQUE. Uniquely identifies each row
in a table.
 FOREIGN KEY: Uniquely identifies a row/record in another table.
 CHECK: Ensures that the values in a column satisfy a specific condition.
 DEFAULT: Sets a default value for a column when no value is specified.
Indexes
 Used to speed up the retrieval of rows by creating a quick lookup for the database.
 CREATE INDEX: Creates an index on a table.
 DROP INDEX: Deletes an index from a table.

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