MATHEMATICS by: Darlene:p

 tan θ = o/a
Fourth Quarter: Triangle
Trigonometry  csc θ = h/o
 sec θ = h/a
Lesson 1: The Six Trigonometric Ratios:  cot θ = a/o
Sine, Cosine, Tangent, Secant, Cosecant,
and Cotangent Notice that the last three ratios are the
Lesson 2: Trigonometric Ratios of Special reciprocals of the first three ratios.
Angles Applying algebra shows the connection
between these functions.
The Six Trigonometric Ratios: Sine,
Cosine, Tangent, Secant, Cosecant,  csc θ = � =
ℎ 1 1
= ��� θ
�
and Cotangent ℎ
Consider the right triangle ABC below. In ℎ 1 1
this triangle, we let θ represent ∠B.  sec θ = � = � = ��� �
ℎ
Then the leg denoted by a is the side � 1 1
adjacent to θ, and the leg denoted by b  cot θ = � = � = ��� �
�
is the side opposite to θ.
Showing a formula for the Missing
A Parts of a Right Triangle
Example 1. S P
T
53°
c p
b
t = 12

θ
S
C
c B
a a. Solve for s in the figure above.
Solution: ∠P is an acute angle, t is the
SOH - CAH - TOA is a mnemonic used for hypotenuse, s is the adjacent to ∠P. Use
remembering the equations. CAH, that is
where: o = opposite cos θ = a/h
a = adjacent cos P = s/t
h = hypotenuse cos 53° = s/t
s = 12 cos 53°
 sin θ = o/h b. Solve for p in the figure above.
 cos θ = a/h
Solution: ∠P is an acute angle, t is the The calculator gives 54°27’36”, or 54°28’.
hypotenuse, and p is the opposite side of (nearest minute)
∠P. Use SOH, that is
sin θ = o/h Solving a Right Triangle
sin P = p/t Example:
Triangle BCA is right-angled at C. If c=
sin 53° = p/12 23 and b = 17, find ∠A, ∠B, and a.
p = 12 sin 53° Express your answers up to two decimal
places.
Solution: Sketch a figure.
Using the Calculator to Find
Trigonometric Ratios a. Side b is the adjacent side of ∠A; c is
a. Finding a ratio given the angle the hypotenuse of right triangle BCA. Use
CAH, that is
Example: To find the value of sin 38°,
ensure that your calculator is operating cos θ = a/h
in degrees.
Solution: cos A = b/c
cos A= 17/23
Press sin 38 = 0.615661475 cos A = 0.7391
The calculator should give sin 38° = 0.616, Use a calculator to find an angle whose
correct to three decimal places. cosine value is 0.7391. USing a scientific
calculator, A = 42.340°
b. Finding an angle given the ratio
Example: sin θ = 0.725, find θ to the b. Since in part (a), it was already found
nearest minute
Solution: ∠A = 42.34° then
Press 2ndF sin 0.725 ∠B = 90° - 42.34°

46.46884783 c. Using a Pythagorean Theorem:

= a2 + b2 = c2
To convert this to a2 + (17)2 = (23)2
degree/minutes/seconds mode, a2 + 289 = 529
Press 2ndF D°M’S a2 = 529 - 289
a2 = 240
The calculator gives you 46° 28’ (nearest a = 240
minute) a = 15.49
c. Degrees and Minutes Try This Out!
Example: Write 54. 46° in degree and Use the given figure to solve the
minutes, giving an answer correct to the remaining parts of right triangle ACB.
nearest minute. B
Solution:
c
a
Press 54.46° 2ndF D°M’S
A
C
b
 1. b = 17 cm and c = 23 cm Example: Find the length of the indicated
2. c = 16 and a = 7 side.
3. b = 10 and c = 20 8
4. b = 6 and c = 13
5. c = 13 and a =12
45° 45°
Trigonometric Ratios of Special m
Angles
m= 2·8=8 2
45° hypotenuse
(leg times 2) b.
leg
45°
45°
3 3
leg r
45°
45° - 45° - 90° Right Angle Theorem
In a 45° - 45° - 90° triangle, r= 2·3 2=6
 the legs are congruent;
 The length of the hypotenuse is 2 c.
times the length of a leg

hypotenuse = 2 leg
Shorter
leg hypotenuse
(opposit (2 times the shorter leg) 9 = t 3 (the longer leg = 3 shorter
e the
leg)
30°
9 3 9 3
angle) t= 3
· 3
= 3
=3 3
longer leg (opposite the 60° angle and its
length is shorter leg times 3) s = 2t (hypotenuse = 2 shorter leg)
s = 2 · 3 3 = 6 3 (substitute 3 3 to t)
30° - 60° - 90° Right Angle Theorem
In a 30° - 60° - 90° triangle,
 the length of the hypotenuse is twice
the length of the shorter leg
 the length of the longer leg is 3
times the length of the shorter leg

hypotenuse = 2 shorter leg

longer leg = 3 shorter leg