2 Practice A – The causes of the industrial revolution

a Quite good, but lack of precision (at that time) and unsuitable register (bosses).

b The best paraphrase, with all main points included and a significantly different structure.

c A poor paraphrase, with only a few words changed and extra and inaccurate information added

(Britain was the only country …).

4 Practice B
(A number of possibilities are acceptable here. These are suggestions)

(a)

(ii) It started in France and Germany, but accelerated in the United

States.

(iii) There Henry Ford modified the moving assembly line from the
Chicago meat industry to car manufacturing, thereby inventing mass
production.

(b)

(ii) After the second world war the focus of car makers was on the
style of their products, to encourage more frequent model changes.

(iii) From the 1970s the industry was criticised for its inefficient
vehicles which wasted petrol.

(c)

(ii) Some of the most famous brands in the world are today owned by
the industry.

(iii) Currently, saturated markets and increased competition threaten

many car makers.

(d) (Example paraphrase)

The expansion of contemporary capitalism matches the rise of the automobile
industry. After starting in Germany and France, it accelerated in the United
States. There the moving assembly line was modified by Henry Ford from the
Chicago meat industry to manufacturing cars; thereby inventing mass
production. General Motors dominated the world’s car companies in the 1920s,
with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan. After the second world
war the focus of car makers was on the style of their products, to encourage
more frequent model changes. From the 1970s the industry was criticised for its
inefficient vehicles which wasted petrol. At this time increasingly militant
trades unions defended their members’ jobs. Some of the most famous brands
in the world are today owned by the industry, although currently saturated
markets and increased competition threaten many car makers.

5 Practice C – The past below the waves

(Example answer)

Archaeologists can learn about multiple aspects of historic societies by studying

shipwrecks, but most of the millions lying on the ocean floor are too deep for
divers to examine. They can only work above 50 metres; restricting them to
coastal wrecks which are more likely to have been disturbed. Research in mid-
ocean has required expensive submarines with their support vessels, limiting
the number of wrecks that can be explored. But this may change due to the
latest craft, called an automatic underwater vehicle or AUV. Not requiring a
support ship and operating independently, this will be used by an American
team to examine part of the seabed off the Egyptian Mediterranean coast close
to the site of a Bronze Age harbour.

1.7 Summarising

1 What makes a good summary?

A good summary requires:

selection of most important aspects/ clear description/ accuracy

2 Stages of summarising
(c)

(d)

(b)

(a)

(e)

3. Practice A – Mechanical pickers

1 = a (contains all key points)

2 = c (includes unnecessary examples)

3 = b (includes information not in original, e.g. increase profits and fails to

describe the machines)

4 Practice B – Wealth and fertility

(Example answers)

(a) Falling levels of fertility have generally been found as countries become
richer.

(b) In some, number of children born fell below replacement rate.

(c) Two results: smaller populations and larger numbers of elderly needing
assistance.

(d) Recent research claims that a new situation may be developing.

(e) Comparison of HDI (human development index: life expectancy, income
and education) with fertility found that in most highly rated (+0.9) countries,
fertility is rising.

Example summary 1

The growing family?

Falling levels of fertility have generally been found as countries become richer.
In some, the number of children born has fallen below the replacement rate.
There are two likely results: smaller populations and larger numbers of elderly
needing assistance. But recent research claims that this pattern may be
changing. A comparison of HDI (human development index: life expectancy,
income and education) with fertility found that in most highly rated (HDI +0.9)
countries, fertility is rising.

(Example summary 2)

Research suggests that the long-term decline in human fertility may be

reversing in some of the most advanced societies.

5 Practice C – The last word in lavatories?

(Example summary)

The Washlet is an expensive lavatory which is popular in Japan, with a range of

special features. Its maker, the Toto company, is hoping to expand sales in the
West, but different regulations about toilet design and electrical fittings make
this a challenging goal.

1.8 References and quotations

1Why use references?

(a) N
(b) Y

(c) Y

(d) N

(e) Y

(f) N

2 Citations and references

Smith (2009) argues that the popularity of the Sports Utility Vehicle (SUV) is
irrational, as despite their high cost most are never driven off-road. In his view
`they are bad for road safety, the environment and road congestion’ (Smith,
2009: 37).

The first is a summary, the second a quotation.

A summary allows the writer to condense ideas, while a quotation uses the
words of the original author, which have authenticity and may be difficult to
improve.

6 Practice
(Example answers)

(a) According to Hoffman (2009) mobile phones have had a powerful impact in
the developing world as they offer previously unavailable services, and have
led to the growth of new, focused local operators.

(b) Hoffman points out that the special conditions in the developing world have
produced new phone operators: `that are larger and more flexible than Western

companies, and which have grown by catering for poorer customers …’

(Hoffman 2009: 87).

(c) Hoffman (2009) argues that the impact of mobile telephony on developing
countries is significant as they offer services previously unavailable, and has led
to the growth of new local operators which: `are larger and more flexible than
Western companies, and which have grown by catering for poorer

customers…’ (Hoffman 2009: 87).

8 Organising the list of references

(a)

(i) Dörnyei

(ii) Bialystock/ Larson-Hall

(iii) Flege

(iv) Myles

(v) The International Commission on Second Language Acquisition

(vi) Gass and Selinker

(b)

(i) Author/ Date/ Title/ Place of publication/ Publisher

(ii) Author(s)/ Date/ Article title/ Journal title/ Volume number/

Page numbers

(iii) Author/ Date/ Chapter title/ Editor(s)/ Book title/ Place of

publication/ Publisher

(iv) Author/ Title/ Name of website/ URL/ Date of access

(v) Name of website/ Article title/ URL/ Access date

(vi) Authors/ Date/ Title/ Place of publication/ Publisher

(c) For book and journal titles

(d) For titles of books and journals (not articles)

(e) Under the name of the organisation or title of the publication

(f)

(i) Bialystock, 1997

(ii) Dörnyei, 2009

(iii) Flege, 1999

(iv) Gass and Selinker, 2001

(v) Larson-Hall, 2008

(vi) Myles, nd

(vii) The International Commission on Second Language Acquisition,

nd

1.9 Combining sources

1 Mentioning sources
(a) 6

(b) The level of technology anxiety

(c) Venkatesh

(d) Mick and Fournier

(e) 2

2 Taking a critical approach

(a) (Example answers)
Summary Original

… steps should be taken … such as carbon … it can be expected that … burning of fossil
dioxide. fuels.
she mentions evidence of … levels of CO2 Some critics claim … unrelated to CO2 levels.

(b) puts forward/ maintains/ presents/mentions/ discusses/ considers

(c) However

(d) But/ on the other hand

3 Combining three sources

(Example answer)

Additionally, Lahav (2010) raises the issue of the computer models which are
used to predict future climate, and argues that these may be unreliable
instruments for making critical decisions. He points out that climate-change
critics suggest that, given the uncertainty involved, it might be better to allocate
resources to social improvements rather than green technology.

1.10 Organising paragraphs

1 Paragraph structure
The answers are found below the table in (2).

3 Practice A
(a)
Topic sentence

Example

Reason

Supporting point 1

Supporting point 2
Supporting point 3

(b) for example/ It is widely believed/ In addition/ But above all

(c) Despite this

4 Development of ideas
(a)
Topic sentence iii

Definition i

Result 1 vi

Result 2 v

Result 3 iv

Conclusion ii

(b) All these claims

(c) These/ but/ When this/ Others/ in other words/ Even

6 Practice B
(Example answer)

(a)
1 Topic It has been argued that rises in the rate of home ownership can increase the rate of
unemployment.

2 Reason This is because home ownership appears to make people more reluctant to move
in order to find work.

3 Example Spain is an example of a country where high rates of home ownership coincide
with high unemployment, while Switzerland demonstrates the opposite.

4 Argument This theory, however, remains controversial.

5 Conclusion It is clear that other factors, such as the liquidity of the housing market, must play
a role in the relationship.
(b)
1 This theory was lent support by the performance of the housing market in US states such as California

and Florida during the recession of 2007 9.–

2 These states had all experienced a major housing boom during the 1990s.

3 But after the start of the recession the rate of house moving declined steeply.

4It appears that one factor in this slowdown was the number of households in negative equity.

5 Having negative equity means that a house would be sold at a loss.

6 Therefore a recession may be deepened if labour becomes more static, as a result of high home
ownership rates.

1.11 Introductions and Conclusions

1 Introduction contents
(a)
Y/N

(i) A definition of any unfamiliar terms in the title Y

(ii) Your opinions on the subject of the essay N

(iii) Mention of some sources you have read on the topic Y

(iv) A provocative idea or question to interest the reader N

(v) Your aim or purpose in writing Y

(vi) The method you adopt to answer the question (or an outline) Y

(vii) Some brief background to the topic Y

(viii) Any limitations you set yourself Y

(b)

(i) Background
(ii) Outline

(iii) Purpose

(iv) Mention of sources

(v) Definition

(vi) Limitation

2 Introduction structure
Essential: Your purpose/ Your method/ Background/ Outline

Optional: Definitions/ A mention of some sources/ Limitations

3 Opening sentences
(Example answers)

(a) In recent years there has been a steady criticism of the lack of women in
senior management.

(b) In the past decade global warming or climate change has become one of the
most pressing issues on the international agenda.

(c) There has been some decline in rates of infant mortality in the developing
world over the last 20 years, but in many countries progress has been slow.

(d) Rapid internal migration from the countryside to the cities is a feature of
many developing societies.

4 Practice A
(Example introduction)

Steadily increasing demand for higher education (i.e. education to degree level)
worldwide has resulted in growing pressure on state budgets for financial
support. In response many countries have attempted to transfer the costs to
students, usually in the form of higher fees. This raises the issue of who benefits
from a university education, which is generally seen as the key to a better
joband whether access to it should be restricted.

The aim of this essay is to answer these questions, taking into account the
expense of tertiary education and the fact that rising student numbers often
result in a poorer quality of education. The question of fairness will be
examined, given that HE benefits a minority, and finally the need to encourage
students from poorer families to attend university will be considered. Given the
limitations of space, China will be used as an example to illustrate the main
points involved.

5 Conclusions
(a) Y

(b) Y

(c) N

(d) Y

(e) Y

(f) Y

(g) Y

(h) N

(i) f

(ii) b

(iii) e

(iv) d

(v) g
(vi) a

6 Practice B
(Example conclusion)

It has been shown that, although in some situations a strong economy is linked
to low rates of home ownership, this is not always the case. There have been
claims that owning a house may make people reluctant to move in order to find
work, and this theory seems to be supported by the examples in some US states

during the recession of 2008–9. However, it appears that the main factor here

was negative equity, rather than just ownership. As negative equity is the
product of a house price bubble, it seems that the principal threat to a national
economy is rapid inflation of house prices to unsustainable levels.

Consequently, it can be suggested that governments should take steps to

control the expansion of credit to prevent housing bubbles by discouraging
risky lending. Clearly, this short essay has only outlined the main points of this
topic and many aspects would benefit from more study. One possible field for
further research would be to investigate the reasons why some home owners
default on their mortgage payments.

1.12 Re-writing and proof-reading

3 Practice B
(Example re-write)

Organisations inevitably face risks by permitting researchers to interview

employees, so these must be understood and minimised by the design of the
research project. If employees criticise other workers in the organisation they
may be punished, or alternatively they may feel unable to express their true
feelings and so invalidate the interviews. Consequently, researchers must
protect the reputation of the organisation and the value of their own work by
carefully explaining the purpose of the study and insisting on strict anonymity
through the use of false names. By doing this both parties should benefit from
the research.

4 Proof-reading
(b)

(i) Africa is not a country: such as Nigeria

(ii) innocence is a noun: Young and innocent

(iii) comma needed: However, some strains …

(iv present perfect needed with `since’: Since 2005 there have been …

(v) ‘successfulness’ is not a word: success

(vi) `pervious’ is incorrect: previous

(vii) `one of the …’ needs plural noun: one of the largest companies …

(viii) repetition: the essay will conclude with an analysis of …

(ix) time periods need definite article: the 19th century

(x) when consumers go out shopping …

(c)

(i) style – use children

(ii) singular/plural – their lines

(iii) vocabulary – torment is too strong, use inconvenience

(iv) word ending – different effects

(v) factual – 1973

(vi) word order – overcome

(vii) punctuation – no comma needed

(viii) spelling – Hungary

(ix) missing word – the world

(x) tense: have entered

d) (Example answer)

Many non-European businesses are aiming to enter the single European market
as they see an unexploited potential there. There are three reasons for this
interest. Firstly, the non-European organisations are keen to do business in the
European market because it is one of the leading investment destinations and
the easiest place to set up and run a business in the world. Secondly, the single
European market provides foreign investors with an internationally
competitive tax environment. Finally, there are many wealthy individuals
living in Europe.

5 Confusing pairs
(a) principles

(b) lose

(c) affect

(d) compliments

(e) its

(f) economic

(g) accepted