Silo Structural Design

Calculations

REV 00
Sep 17, 2024
 Client: ––

Project: Design of Silo

Document Title: ––

Document No:
000-000-ST-000

Rev. Date Description Prepared Checked Approved

by by by

0 17/09/2023 For Approval ST ST ST

September 2023
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Scope of this Report............................................................................................................................................. 1

2 DESIGN BASIS STATEMENT ....................................................................................................................... 2

2.1 Material Strength .................................................................................................................................................. 2

2.2 Concrete Cover ..................................................................................................................................................... 2

3 LOADS ........................................................................................................................................................... 3

3.1 Dead Loads: .......................................................................................................................................................... 3

4 DESIGN OF SILO........................................................................................................................................... 4

4.1 Loads on silo walls ............................................................................................................................................... 4

4.2 Loads on silo Hopper ........................................................................................................................................... 7

4.3 Finite element analysis ........................................................................................................................................ 8

4.4 Design of silo’s Ring beams .............................................................................................................................. 12

September 2023
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

1 Introduction
The project scope is for the construction of steel structure supporting four silos in Riyadh.

1.1 Scope of this Report

This report provides the structural calculations of the silo.

Steel Structure Supporting Silos

September 2024 1
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

2 Design Basis Statement

The sign will be analysed and designed in accordance to AISC and Euro code
Standards.

2.1 Material Strength

2.1.1 Concrete
The classes of concrete are based on 28-day minimum compressive cylindrical
strength. The grade of concrete is specified for use according to the following Table:
Minimum Maximum Minimum
cylindrical water/ Cement
Concrete
strength cement Weight/
Structural Use Density
(F'c) MPA ratio (W/C) concrete
(Kg/cm2)
Volume
(Kg/m3)

Reinforced Concrete 0.4

30 2500 420
Members

Blinding Concrete 20 0.4 2200 250

2.1.2 Steel Reinforcement

- Deformed high grade steel (Fy = 420 MPa ) is used for all bar diameters..

2.1.3 Structure Steelwork

The following grades of steel for design, although alternatives of equivalent or higher
specification may be used.
All steel work shall be A36.
All bolts for structural connection shall be grade 8.8 unless noted otherwise.
All anchor bolts are to be confirm grade 8.8 carbon steel round bar

2.2 Concrete Cover

Clear cover to reinforcement shall be in accordance with the following table: The
concrete cover to reinforcement shall be as follows:
Structure Location Proposed Concrete Cover

Foundation All sides 75 mm

Table 2.4 -1 Concrete Cover to Reinforcement

September 2024 2
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

3 Loads

3.1 Dead Loads:

Dead loads of structural components will include the self-weight of the structure. These
dead loads and superimposed dead loads will be calculated using the following
material densities:

Material Density

Reinforced Concrete 25.0 kN/m3

Structural Steel Work 78.5 kN/m3

Backfilling Soil 18.0 kN/m3

September 2024 3
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

4 Design of Silo

4.1 Loads on silo walls

Loads on Silo Walls

1- Geomteric properties:

dc = 12.5 m , hc = 19 m
r = 6.25 m , A = 122.66 m
U = 39.25 m

2- Storage material properties: References

unit weight (upper) = 16.00 kN/m3 EN1991.4 Table E.1

angle of respose Φr = 36.00 Deg. EN1991.4 Table E.1
angle of internal friction (mean) Φm = 30.00 Deg. EN1991.4 Table E.1
Conversion factor, a Φ = 1.22 EN1991.4 Table E.1
lateral pressure ratio (mean) K m = 0.54 EN1991.4 Table E.1
Conversion factor, a k = 1.20 EN1991.4 Table E.1
Wall friction coefficient, μm = 0.41 EN1991.4 Table E.1
Conversion factor, a μ = 1.07 EN1991.4 Table E.1
Characteristic value for patch laod C op = 0.50 EN1991.4 Table E.1

3- Upper and lower material properties:

Upper lateral pressure ratio, Ku = 0.648

Lower lateral pressure ratio, K1 = 0.450 EN1991.4 Eq 5.71
Upper wall friction coefficient, μu = 0.439 Z P hf P wf
Lower wall friction coefficient, μl = 0.383 (m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Angle of interal friction, Φiu = 36.600 Deg. 0.50 3.00 1.23
Angle of interal friction, Φil = 24.590 Deg. 2.00 12.00 4.92
3.50 21.00 8.61
4- Filling load on walls (max. horizontal): 5.00 29.99 12.30
6.50 38.99 15.99
Zo = 10.99 m EN1991.4 Eq 5.75 8.00 47.99 19.68
ho = 1.51 m EN1991.4 Eq 5.77 9.50 56.99 23.36
n = -1.49 EN1991.4 Eq 5.76 11.00 65.98 27.05
P ho = 113.97 kN/m2 EN1991.4 Eq 5.73 12.00 71.98 29.51
13.00 77.98 31.97
14.00 83.98 34.43
15.00 89.98 36.89
16.00 95.98 39.35
17.00 101.98 41.81
17.50 104.98 43.04
18.00 107.97 44.27
18.50 110.97 45.50
19.00 113.97 46.73

September 2024 4
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

5- Filling load on walls (max. vertical): Z P hf P wf

2
(m) (kN/m ) (kN/m2)
Zo = 12.59 m EN1991.4 Eq 5.75 0.50 3.43 1.41
ho = 1.51 m EN1991.4 Eq 5.77 2.00 13.74 5.63
n = -1.52 EN1991.4 Eq 5.76 3.50 24.04 9.86
P ho = 130.49 kN/m2 EN1991.4 Eq 5.73 5.00 34.34 14.08
6.50 44.64 18.30
8.00 54.94 22.53
9.50 65.24 26.75
11.00 75.55 30.97
12.00 82.41 33.79
13.00 89.28 36.61
14.00 96.15 39.42
15.00 103.02 42.24
16.00 109.88 45.05
17.00 116.75 47.87
17.50 120.19 49.28
18.00 123.62 50.68
18.50 127.05 52.09
19.00 130.49 53.50
6- Filling load on walls (max. vertical on hopper): 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
Zo = 18.12 m EN1991.4 Eq 5.75
ho = 1.51 m EN1991.4 Eq 5.77
n = -1.58 EN1991.4 Eq 5.76
Z = 8.00
Zv = 6.50 EN1991.4 Eq 5.80
2
Pvf = 103.93 kN/m EN1991.4 Eq 5.79 EN1991.4 Eq 5.82
Z P he P we
2
7- Discharge load on walls (max. horizontal): (m) (kN/m ) (kN/m2)
0.50 3.23 1.29
Cs = 0.52 EN1991.4 Eq 5.87 2.00 12.93 5.17
Ch = 1.078 EN1991.4 Eq 5.85 3.50 22.63 9.06
Cw = 1.052 EN1991.4 Eq 5.86 5.00 32.33 12.94
6.50 42.03 16.82
8.00 51.73 20.70
9.50 61.43 24.58
11.00 71.13 28.46
12.00 77.60 31.05
13.00 84.06 33.64
14.00 90.53 36.22
15.00 97.00 38.81
16.00 103.46 41.40
17.00 109.93 43.98
17.50 113.16 45.28
18.00 116.40 46.57
18.50 119.63 47.87
19.00 122.86 49.16
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00

September 2024 5
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

8- Discharge load on walls (max. vertical): EN1991.4 Eq 5.82

Z P he P we
(m) (kN/m2) (kN/m2)
0.50 3.70 1.48
2.00 14.81 5.92
3.50 25.91 10.37
5.00 37.02 14.81
6.50 48.12 19.25
8.00 59.23 23.70
9.50 70.33 28.14
11.00 81.44 32.58
12.00 88.84 35.55
13.00 96.25 38.51
14.00 103.65 41.47
15.00 111.05 44.43
16.00 118.46 47.40
17.00 125.86 50.36
17.50 129.56 51.84
18.00 133.26 53.32
18.50 136.96 54.80
19.00 140.67 56.28
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00

September 2024 6
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

4.2 Loads on silo Hopper

Loads on Silo Hopper

1- Geomteric properties:

hh = 7.70 m , β = 31.00 Deg.

2- Storage material properties: References

unit weight (upper) = 16.00 kN/m3 EN1991.4 Table E.1

angle of respose Φr = 36.00 Deg. EN1991.4 Table E.1
angle of internal friction (mean) Φm = 30.00 Deg. EN1991.4 Table E.1
Conversion factor, a Φ = 1.22 EN1991.4 Table E.1
lateral pressure ratio (mean) K m = 0.54 EN1991.4 Table E.1
Conversion factor, a k = 1.20 EN1991.4 Table E.1
Wall friction coefficient, μm = 0.41 EN1991.4 Table E.1
Conversion factor, a μ = 1.07 EN1991.4 Table E.1
Characteristic value for patch load C op = 0.50 EN1991.4 Table E.1

3- Upper and lower material properties:

Upper lateral pressure ratio, Ku = 0.648

Lower lateral pressure ratio, K1 = 0.450
Upper wall friction coefficient, μu = 0.439
Lower wall friction coefficient, μl = 0.383
Angle of interal friction, Φiu = 36.600 Deg.
Angle of interal friction, Φil = 24.590 Deg.

4- Filling and discharge load on hopper:

P vf = 103.93 kN/m2 EN1991.4 Eq 5.79
Cb = 1.00 EN1991.4 Eq 6.3
2
P vft = 103.93 kN/m EN1991.4 Eq 6.2
μh = 0.27 EN1991.4 Cl 6.3
b = 0.2 EN1991.4 Cl 6.3
F = 0.94 EN1991.4 Eq 6.17
S = 2.00 EN1991.4 Eq 6.9
n = 0.73 EN1991.4 Eq 6.18

X (m) Pv (kN/m2)Pnf(kN/m2) Ptf(kN/m2) Eq. 6.19

0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Eq. 6.20
0.86 11.55 10.83 2.96
1.71 23.11 21.66 5.92
2.57 34.66 32.49 8.88
3.42 46.22 43.33 11.84
4.28 57.77 54.16 14.80
5.14 69.32 64.99 17.76
5.99 80.88 75.82 20.72
6.85 92.43 86.65 23.68
7.70 103.99 97.48 26.64

September 2024 7
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

4.3 Finite element analysis

3D Model

September 2024 8
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

Area Sections

September 2024 9
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

Bulk Material Load

September 2024 10
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

Maximum stress (SVM) = 90 < 235 MPa. Hence, ok)

September 2024 11
 Silo Structural Design Calculations
Structural Design Calculations – Silos
Rev. Originator Date Checked by Date
0 ST September 2024 ST September 2024

4.4 Design of silo’s Ring beams

September 2024 12
Project: IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project no:
Author:

Project data
Project name IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project number
Author
Description
Date 9/18/2024
Design code AISC 360-16

Material
Steel A36

1/8
Project: IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project no:
Author:

Project item 164

Design
Name 164
Description
Analysis Stress, strain/ loads in equilibrium
Design code AISC - LRFD 2016

Beams and columns

β – Direction γ - Pitch α - Rotation Offset ex Offset ey Offset ez
Name Cross-section Forces in
[°] [°] [°] [mm] [mm] [mm]
16 1 - HEB500 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0 0 Position
186 3 - UNP200 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 300 100 Position
187 3 - UNP200 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 300 100 Position
M4 3 - UNP200 -25.0 0.0 90.0 0 -250 -100 Position
M5 3 - UNP200 128.0 0.0 90.0 0 -250 100 Position

Cross-sections
Name Material
1 - HEB500 A36
3 - UNP200 A36

2/8
Project: IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project no:
Author:

Load effects (forces in equilibrium)

N Vy Vz Mx My Mz
Name Member
[kN] [kN] [kN] [kNm] [kNm] [kNm]
U1(3) 16 24.3 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0
186 -1.9 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
187 1.9 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
U2(22) 16 20.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0
186 -1.6 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
187 1.6 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
U2-3(23) 16 20.8 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.0
186 -1.6 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
187 1.6 -0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
U2-4(24) 16 100.0 0.3 -10.6 0.0 -6.6 0.3
186 -100.0 4.3 -10.0 -0.8 -20.0 -1.1
187 100.0 4.4 10.0 -0.8 20.0 1.1
M4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
M5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Check

Summary
Name Value Check status
Analysis 100.0% OK
Plates 0.0 < 5.0% OK
Welds 75.2 < 100% OK
Buckling Not calculated

3/8
Project: IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project no:
Author:

Plates
Fy Thickness σEd εPl σcEd
Name Loads Check status
[MPa] [mm] [MPa] [%] [MPa]
16-bfl 1 248.2 28.0 U2-4(24) 8.4 0.0 0.0 OK
16-tfl 1 248.2 28.0 U2-4(24) 9.9 0.0 0.0 OK
16-w 1 248.2 14.5 U2-4(24) 51.7 0.0 0.0 OK
186-bfl 1 248.2 11.5 U2-4(24) 119.5 0.0 0.0 OK
186-tfl 1 248.2 11.5 U2-4(24) 202.2 0.0 0.0 OK
186-w 1 248.2 8.5 U2-4(24) 214.0 0.0 0.0 OK
187-bfl 1 248.2 11.5 U2-4(24) 101.9 0.0 0.0 OK
187-tfl 1 248.2 11.5 U2-4(24) 190.9 0.0 0.0 OK
187-w 1 248.2 8.5 U2-4(24) 192.5 0.0 0.0 OK
M4-bfl 1 248.2 11.5 U2-4(24) 11.1 0.0 0.0 OK
M4-tfl 1 248.2 11.5 U2-4(24) 26.7 0.0 0.0 OK
M4-w 1 248.2 8.5 U2-4(24) 30.6 0.0 0.0 OK
M5-bfl 1 248.2 11.5 U2-4(24) 30.7 0.0 0.0 OK
M5-tfl 1 248.2 11.5 U2-4(24) 11.5 0.0 0.0 OK
M5-w 1 248.2 8.5 U2-4(24) 19.0 0.0 0.0 OK

Design data

fy εlim
Material
[MPa] [%]
A36 248.2 5.0

Symbol explanation
εPl Plastic strain
σcEd Contact stress
σEd Eq. stress
fy Yield strength
εlim Limit of plastic strain

4/8
 Project: IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project no:
Author:

Overall check, U2-4(24)

Strain check, U2-4(24)

5/8
 Project: IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project no:
Author:

Equivalent stress, U2-4(24)

6/8
 Project: IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project no:
Author:

Welds
Th Ls L Lc Fn ϕRn Ut
Item Edge Xu Loads Status
[mm] [mm] [mm] [mm] [kN] [kN] [%]
16-w 1 187-bfl 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 15.4 43.4 35.6 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 10.7 43.1 24.7 OK
16-w 1 187-tfl 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 22.8 43.3 52.7 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 31.0 43.0 72.1 OK
16-w 1 187-w 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 191 24 U2-4(24) 28.3 44.0 64.3 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 191 24 U2-4(24) 16.8 43.9 38.3 OK
16-w 1 186-bfl 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 12.4 41.7 29.8 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 70 23 U2-4(24) 11.8 36.8 32.0 OK
16-w 1 186-tfl 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 22.6 43.1 52.4 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 31.3 42.4 73.8 OK
16-w 1 186-w 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 195 24 U2-4(24) 33.8 44.9 75.2 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 195 24 U2-4(24) 20.9 44.2 47.2 OK
16-w 1 M4-bfl 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 70 23 U2-4(24) 1.6 31.8 5.1 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 1.8 29.8 6.0 OK
16-w 1 M4-tfl 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 2.9 29.6 9.7 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 70 23 U2-4(24) 4.5 32.7 13.7 OK
16-w 1 M4-w 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 192 24 U2-4(24) 3.5 35.3 9.8 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 192 24 U2-4(24) 4.4 34.8 12.7 OK
16-w 1 M5-bfl 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 70 23 U2-4(24) 4.7 33.7 14.0 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 3.8 29.8 12.8 OK
16-w 1 M5-tfl 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 71 24 U2-4(24) 1.7 30.6 5.6 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 70 23 U2-4(24) 1.6 32.4 5.0 OK
16-w 1 M5-w 1 E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 195 24 U2-4(24) 3.3 31.4 10.6 OK
E70xx ◢5.7◣ ◢8.0◣ 196 24 U2-4(24) 2.7 37.7 7.2 OK

Symbol explanation
Th Throat thickness of weld
Ls Leg size of weld
L Length of weld
Lc Length of weld critical element
Fn Force in weld critical element
ϕRn Weld resistance AISC 360-16 J2.4
Ut Utilization

Buckling
Buckling analysis was not calculated.

Code settings
Item Value Unit Reference
Friction coefficient - concrete 0.40 - ACI 349 – B.6.1.4

7/8
Project: IdeaStatiCa-SILO_V5 - 164
Project no:
Author:

Item Value Unit Reference

Friction coefficient in slip-resistance 0.30 - AISC 360-16 J3.8
Limit plastic strain 0.05 -
Plastic
Weld stress evaluation
redistribution
Detailing No
Distance between bolts [d] 2.66 - AISC 360-16 – J3.3
Distance between bolts and edge [d] 1.25 - AISC 360-16 – J.3.4
Concrete breakout resistance check Both
Base metal capacity check at weld fusion
No AISC 360-16: J2-2
face
Cracked concrete Yes ACI 318-14 – Chapter 17
Local deformation check No
Local deformation limit 0.03 - CIDECT DG 1, 3 - 1.1
Analysis with large deformations for hollow section
Geometrical nonlinearity (GMNA) Yes
joints

8/8