SSC MTS Exam

S t u d y M a t e r i a l f o r Genral Awareness
 MAJOR RIVERS, LAKES & PORTS – INDIA & WORLD
Important Rivers of the World – Facts
● The Congo River (former name – Zaire River) crosses the Equator twice.
● The river Limpopo crosses the Tropic of Capricorn twice.
● The river Hwang He or the Yellow River is known as China’s sorrow.
● The river Nile begins south of the Equator, crosses the Tropic of Cancer and then empties
into the sea.
● The river Amazon throughout its entire length does not have any bridges across it.
● Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Yemen, Bahrain, Qatar are the countries which do not have any rivers
flowing through them.
● River Danube flows through 4 capital cities, Belgrade (Serbia), Budapest (Hungary), Bratislava
(Slovakia) and Vienna (Austria). Also, it flows through ten countries namely Austria, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia and Ukraine.

Longest Rivers of The World

Length
River Names Outflow Countries Sharing Drainage Basin
(km)
Ethiopia, Eritrea, Sudan, Uganda,
Nile– White-Nile –Kagera
Tanzania, Kenya, Rwanda, Burundi,
–Nyabarongo –Mwogo 7,088 Mediterranean
Egypt, the Democratic Republic of the
–Rukarara
Congo, South Sudan
Amazon–Ucayali–Tambo–En Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,
6,992 Atlantic Ocean
e–Mantaro Venezuela, Guyana
Yangtze
6,418 East China Sea China
(Chang Jiang; Long River)
Mississippi–Missouri–Jeffers
on–Beaverhead–Red 6,275 Gulf of Mexico United States (98.5%), Canada (1.5%)
Rock–Hell Roaring
Yenisei–Angara–Selenge–Ide
5,539 Kara Sea Russia (97%), Mongolia (2.9%)
r
Yellow River
5,464 Bohai Sea China
(Huang He)
Ob–Irtysh 5,410 Gulf of Ob Russia, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia
Brazil (46.7%), Argentina (27.7%),
Río de la Plata–Paraná–Rio
4,880 Río de la Plata Paraguay (13.5%), Bolivia (8.3%),
Grande
Uruguay (3.8%)
Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Congo–Chambeshi Central African Republic, Angola,
4,700 Atlantic Ocean
(Zaïre) Republic of the Congo, Tanzania,
Cameroon, Zambia, Burundi, Rwanda
Amur–Argun–Kherlen
4,444 Sea of Okhotsk Russia, China, Mongolia
(Heilong Jiang)
Lena 4,400 Laptev Sea Russia
Mekong China, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand,
4,350 South China Sea
(Lancang Jiang) Cambodia, Vietnam
Mackenzie–Slave–Peace–Fin
4,241 Beaufort Sea Canada
lay
Nigeria (26.6%), Mali (25.6%), Niger
(23.6%), Algeria (7.6%), Guinea (4.5%),
Niger 4,200 Gulf of Guinea
Cameroon (4.2%), Burkina Faso (3.9%),
Côte d’Ivoire, Benin, Chad
India (58.0%), China (19.7%), Nepal
Brahmaputra–Tsangpo 3,848 Ganges (9.0%), Bangladesh (6.6%), Disputed
India/China (4.2%), Bhutan (2.4%)
Murray–Darling–Culgoa–Bal
3,672 Southern Ocean Australia
onne–Condamine
Atlantic Ocean,
Tocantins–Araguaia 3,650 Brazil
Amazon
Volga 3,645 Caspian Sea Russia

Indus–Sênggê Zangbo 3,610 Arabian Sea Pakistan (93%), India and China
Shatt Iraq (60.5%), Turkey (24.8%), Syria
3,596 Persian Gulf
al-Arab–Euphrates–Murat (14.7%)
Madeira–Mamoré–Grande–
3,380 Amazon Brazil, Bolivia, Peru
Caine–Rocha
Purús 3,211 Amazon Brazil, Peru

Yukon 3,185 Bering Sea United States (59.8%), Canada (40.2%)

São Francisco 3,180 Atlantic Ocean Brazil

Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan,
Syr Darya–Naryn 3,078 Aral Sea
Tajikistan
Salween China (52.4%), Myanmar (43.9%),
3,060 Andaman Sea
(Nu Jiang) Thailand (3.7%)
Saint
Lawrence–Niagara–Detroit–
Gulf of Saint
Saint Clair–Saint 3,058 Canada (52.1%), United States (47.9%)
Lawrence
Marys–Saint Louis–North
(Great Lakes)
Rio Grande 3,057 Gulf of Mexico United States (52.1%), Mexico (47.9%)

Lower Tunguska 2,989 Yenisei Russia

Danube–Breg (Donau, Romania (28.9%), Hungary (11.7%),
Dunăre, Duna, Dunav, 2,888 Black Sea Austria (10.3%), Serbia (10.3%),
Dunaj) Germany (7.5%), Slovakia (5.8%),
 Bulgaria (5.2%), Croatia (4.5%), Ukraine
(3.8%)
Irrawaddy River–N’Mai
River–Dulong 2,727 Andaman Sea China, Myanmar
River–Kelaoluo–Gada Qu
Zambia (41.6%), Angola (18.4%),
Zambezi Mozambique Zimbabwe (15.6%), Mozambique
2,693
(Zambesi) Channel (11.8%), Malawi (8.0%), Tanzania
(2.0%), Namibia, Botswana
Vilyuy 2,650 Lena Russia

Araguaia 2,627 Tocantins Brazil

Ganges–Hooghly–Padma
2,620 Bay of Bengal India, Bangladesh, Nepal
(Ganga)
Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan,
Amu Darya–Panj 2,620 Aral Sea
Afghanistan
Japurá (Rio Yapurá) 2,615 Amazon Brazil, Colombia

Nelson–Saskatchewan 2,570 Hudson Bay Canada, United States

Paraguay (Río-Paraguay) 2,549 Paraná Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Argentina

East Siberian
Kolyma 2,513 Russia
Sea
Pilcomayo 2,500 Paraguay Paraguay, Argentina, Bolivia

Upper Ob–Katun 2,490 Ob Russia

Ishim 2,450 Irtysh Kazakhstan, Russia

Juruá 2,410 Amazon Peru, Brazil

Ural 2,428 Caspian Sea Russia, Kazakhstan

Arkansas 2,348 Mississippi United States

Gulf of
Colorado (western U.S.) 2,333 United States, Mexico
California
Olenyok 2,292 Laptev Sea Russia

Dnieper 2,287 Black Sea Russia, Belarus, Ukraine

Aldan 2,273 Lena Russia

Major Indian River Systems
Most of the rivers discharge their waters into the Bay of Bengal. Some of the rivers flow through the
western part of the country and merges into the Arabian Sea. The northern parts of the Aravalli
range, some parts of Ladakh, and arid regions of the Thar Desert have inland drainage. All major
rivers of India originate from one of the three main watersheds:
● The Himalaya and the Karakoram range
● The Chota Nagpur plateau and Vindhya and Satpura range
● The Western Ghats

Indian River Systems

River System Total length Length in India
Indus River System 3180 km 1114 km
Brahmaputra River System 2900 km 916 km
Ganga River System 2510 km 2510 km
Yamuna river System 1376 km 1376 km
Narmada River System 1312 km 1312 km
Tapi River System 724 km 724 km
Godavari River System 1465 km 1465 km
Krishna River System 1400 km 1400 km
Cauvery River System 805 km 805 km
Mahanadi River System 851 km 851 km

Major River System – The Indus River System

The Indus arises from the northern slopes of the Kailash range in Tibet near Lake Mansarovar.
● It has a large number of tributaries in both India and Pakistan and has a total length of about
2897 km from the source to the point near Karachi where it falls into the Arabian Sea out of
which approx 700km lies in India.
● It enters the Indian Territory in Jammu and Kashmir by forming a picturesque gorge.
● In the Kashmir region, it joins with many tributaries – the Zaskar, the Shyok, the Nubra and
the Hunza.
● It flows between the Ladakh Range and the Zaskar Range at Leh.
● It crosses the Himalayas through a 5181 m deep gorge near Attock, which is lying north of
Nanga Parbat.
● The major tributaries of the Indus River in India are Jhelum, Ravi, Chenab, Beas, and
Sutlej.

Major River System – The Brahmaputra River System

The Brahmaputra originates from Mansarovar Lake, which is also a source of the Indus and Sutlej.
● It is 3848kms long, a little longer than the Indus River.
● Most of its course lies outside India.
 ● It flows parallel to the Himalayas in the eastward direction. When it reaches Namcha Barwa,
it takes a U-turn around it and enters India in the state of Arunachal Pradesh.
● Here it is known as the Dihang River. In India, it flows through the states of Arunachal
Pradesh and Assam and is connected by several tributaries.
● The Brahmaputra has a braided channel throughout most of its length in Assam.
● The river is known as the Tsangpo in Tibet. It receives less volume of water and has less silt
in the Tibet region.
● But in India, the river passes through a region of heavy precipitation, and as such, the river
carries large amounts of water during rainfall and a significant amount of silt.
● It is considered one of the largest rivers in India in terms of Volume. It is known for creating
the calamity in Assam and Bangladesh.

Major River System – Ganga River System

● The Ganga originates as the Bhagirathi from the Gangotri glacier.
● Before it reaches Devprayag in the Garhwal Division, the Mandakini, Pindar, the Dhauliganga
and the Bishenganga rivers merge into the Alaknanda and the Bheling drain into the
Bhagirathi.
● The Pindar River rises from East Trishul and Nanda Devi unite with the Alaknanda at Karan
Prayag. The Mandakini meets at Rudraprayag.
● The water from both Bhagirathi and the Alaknanda flows in the name of the Ganga at
Devprayag.

The concept of Panch Prayag

1. Vishnuprayag: where the river Alaknanda meets river Dhauli Ganga

2. Nandprayag: where river Alaknanda meets river Nandakini
3. Karnaprayag: where river Alaknanda meets river Pinder
4. Rudraprayag: where river Alaknanda meets river Mandakini
5. Devprayag: where river Alaknanda meets river Bhagirathi -GANGA

The principal tributaries of the Ganga are Yamuna, Damodar, Sapta Kosi, Ram Ganga, Gomati,
Ghaghara, and Son. The river after travelling a distance of 2525 km from its source meets the Bay
of Bengal.

Yamuna River System

● The Yamuna River is the largest tributary of the Ganga River.
● It originates from the Yamunotri glacier, at the Bandarpoonch peak in Uttarakhand.
● The main tributaries joining the river include the Sin, Hindon, Betwa Ken, and Chambal.
● The Tons is the largest tributary of the Yamuna.
● The catchment of the river extends to the states of Delhi, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh,
Haryana, Rajasthan, and Madhya Pradesh.

The Narmada River System

● The Narmada is a river located in central India.

 ● It rises to the summit of the Amarkantak Hill in Madhya Pradesh state.
● It outlines the traditional frontier between North India and South India.
● It is one of the major rivers of peninsular India. Only the Narmada, the Tapti, and the Mahi
rivers run from east to west.
● The river flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, and Maharashtra.
● It drains into the Arabian Sea in the Bharuch district of Gujarat.

The Tapi River System

● It is a central Indian river. It is one of the most important rivers of peninsular India with the
run from east to west.
● It originates in the Eastern Satpura Range of southern Madhya Pradesh state.
● It flows in a westward direction, draining some important historic places like Madhya
Pradesh’s Nimar region, East Vidarbha region and Maharashtra’s Khandesh in the northwest
corner of the Deccan Plateau and South Gujarat before draining into the Gulf of Cambay of
the Arabian Sea.
● The River Basin of Tapi River lies mostly in eastern and northern districts Maharashtra state.
● The river also covers some districts of Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat as well.
● The principal tributaries of Tapi River are Waghur River, Aner River, Girna River, Purna
River, Panzara River and Bori River.

The Godavari River System

● The Godavari River is the second-longest course in India with brownish water.
● The river is often referred to as the Dakshin (South) Ganga or Vriddh (Old) Ganga.
● It is a seasonal river, dried during the summers, and widens during the monsoons.
● This river originates from Trimbakeshwar, near Nasik in Maharashtra.
● It flows southeast across south-central India through the states of Madhya Pradesh,
Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Orissa, and drains into the Bay of Bengal.
● The river forms a fertile delta at Rajahmundry.
● The banks of this river have many pilgrimage sites, Nasik (MH), Bhadrachalam (TS), and
Trimbak. Some of its tributaries include Pranahita (Combination of Penuganga and Warda),
Indravati River, Bindusara, Sabari, and Manjira.
● Asia’s largest rail-cum-road bridge which links Kovvur and Rajahmundry is located on the
river Godavari.

The Krishna River System

● Krishna is one of the longest rivers of India, which originates from Mahabaleshwar in
Maharashtra.
● It flows through Sangli and drains the sea in the Bay of Bengal.
● The river flows through the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana and Andhra
Pradesh.
● Tungabhadra River is the main tributary which itself is formed by the Tunga and Bhadra
rivers that originate in the Western Ghats.
● Dudhganga Rivers, Koyna, Bhima, Mallaprabha, Dindi, Ghataprabha, Warna, Yerla, and Musi
are some of the other tributaries.
The Cauvery River System

● The Cauvery is also known as Dakshin Ganga.

● It originates from Talakaveri located in the Western Ghats.
● It is a famous pilgrimage and tourist place in the Kodagu district of Karnataka.
● The headwaters of the river are in the Western Ghats range of Karnataka state, and from
Karnataka through Tamil Nadu.
● The river drains into the Bay of Bengal. The river supports irrigation for agriculture and is
considered as a means of support of the ancient kingdoms and modern cities of South India.
● The river has many tributaries called Arkavathy, Shimsha, Hemavati, Kapila, Shimsha,
Honnuhole, Amaravati, Lakshmana Kabini, Lokapavani, Bhavani, Noyyal, and Tirtha.

The Mahanadi River System

● The Mahanadi originates from the Satpura Range of central India and it is a river in eastern
India.
● It flows east to the Bay of Bengal. The river drains of the state of Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, and Orissa.
● The largest dam, the Hirakud Dam is built on the river.

Major Lakes in India

Important Facts about Lakes
● Wular lake is one of the biggest freshwater lakes in Asia and it was formed as a result of
tectonic activity.
● Chilika Lake in Odisha is the largest saline water lake in India.
● Vembanad Lake in Kerala is the longest lake in India.
● Cholamu Lake in Sikkim is the highest lake in India.
● Lonar Lake is a notified National Geo-heritage Monument, saline, soda lake, located at Lonar
in Buldhana district, Maharashtra.

Top 10 largest Lakes in India

List of largest Lakes (Decreasing order of area covered) State/UT
Vembanad Lake Kerala
Chilika Lake Odisha
Shivaji Sagar Lake Maharashtra
Indira Sagar lake Madhya Pradesh
Pangong Lake Ladakh
Pulicat Lake Andhra Pradesh
Sardar Sarovar Lake Gujarat
Nagarjuna Sagar Lake Telangana
Loktak Lake Manipur
Wular lake Jammu and Kashmir
List of Important Lakes in India
Lakes in India State/UT
Pulicat lake Andhra Pradesh
Kolleru Lake Andhra Pradesh
Haflong Lake Assam
Deepor Beel Assam
Chandubi Lake Assam
Kanwar lake Bihar
Hamirsar Lake Gujarat
Kankaria Lake Gujarat
Badkhal Lake Haryana
Brahma Sarovar Haryana
Chandra Taal Himachal Pradesh
MaharanaPratap Sagar Himachal Pradesh
Dal Lake Jammu Kashmir
Wular Lake Jammu Kashmir
Agara Lake Karnataka
Ulsoor Lake Karnataka
Kuttanad Lake Kerala
Sasthamkotta Kerala
Bhojtal Madhya Pradesh
Shivsagar Maharashtra
Loktak lake Manipur
Umiam Lake Meghalaya
Tam Dil Mizoram
Chilika Lake Odisha
Harike Punjab
Kanjli Punjab
Sambhar Lake Rajasthan
Tsomgo Lake Sikkim
Chembarambakkam Tamil Nadu
Hussain Sagar Telangana
Govind Bhallabh Pant Sagar Uttar Pradesh
Belasagar Uttar Pradesh
Bhimtal Uttarakhand
Kaliveli Tamil Nadu

Major Ports in India

All ports in India are situated in the 9 coastal states of India namely Kerala, Karnataka, Maharashtra,
Goa, Gujarat, West Bengal, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. India’s extended coastline
forms one of the major portions of land that juts out into a water body. Thirteen major ports in the
country handle a lot of volume of container and cargo traffic.
On the west coast, there are the ports of Mumbai, Kandla, Mangalore, JNPT, Mormugao, and
Cochin. The ones on the east coast are the ports at Chennai, Tuticorin, Visakhapatnam, Paradip,
Kolkata, and Ennore. The last one, Ennore is a registered public company with the government
owning a 68% stake. In Andaman and Nicobar Islands, there is Port Blair. Mumbai is the largest
natural port in India.

Zone State Port Features

Artificial Port
Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Chennai
Second busiest port
Sited in the Vembanad lake
Western Coast Kerala Kochi
Exports of spices and salts
Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Ennore India’s First corporatized port
India’s only major Riverine port
Eastern Coast West Bengal Kolkata Situated on Hugli river
Known as Diamond Harbour
Known as Tidal Port
Acknowledged as Trade Free Zone
Western Coast Gujarat Kandla
Largest port by volume of cargo
handled.
Western Coast Karnataka Mangalore Deals with the iron ore exports
Situated on the estuary of the river
Western Coast Goa Mormugao
Zuari
Largest Natural Port and harbour
Western Coast Maharashtra Mumbai Port Trust In India
The busiest port in India
Jawaharlal Nehru
Port Trust (JNPT) Largest Artificial Port
Western Coast Maharashtra also known as It is the Largest Container Port in
Nhava Sheva, Navi India.
Mumbai
Natural Harbor
Eastern Coast Odisha Paradip deals with the export of iron and
aluminium
A major port in south India
Eastern Coast Tamil Nadu Tuticorin deals with the fertilizers and
petrochemical products
Deepest port of India
Eastern Coast Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam
deals with the export of iron ore to
Japan. Amenities for building and
fixing of ships are available