UNIT IV

PART A

1 Create a structure ‘Book’ and declare members for the structure with structure variable. AP
Ans:
struct Book {
char title[100];
char author[50];
int pages;
float price;
};
struct Book myBook;
2 Declare a structure and a union for ‘student’ and show their difference in memory allocation AP
and accessing members.
struct StudentStruct {
char name[50];
int age;
float gpa;
};

// Declare the union for student

union StudentUnion {
char name[50];
int age;
float gpa;
};
struct StudentStruct student1;
name: 50 bytes
age: 4 bytes (assuming an int is 4 bytes)
gpa: 4 bytes (assuming a float is 4 bytes)
Total: 58 bytes
union StudentUnion student2;
name: 50 bytes (largest member)
age: 4 bytes
gpa: 4 bytes
Total: 50 bytes (the size of the largest member)
Memory Allocation:
Structure: Allocates separate memory for each member.
Union: Allocates a single shared memory block, large enough for the largest member.
Accessing Members:
Structure: All members can be accessed and hold valid values independently.
Union: Only the most recently assigned member holds a valid value; previous values are
overwritten.

3 Write a program that utilizes the sqrt function from the <math.h> library to calculate the AP
square root of a user-inputted number.
Ans:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>

int main() {
double number;
printf("Enter a number: ");
scanf("%lf", &number);

double squareRoot = sqrt(number);

printf("Square root of %.2lf = %.2lf\n", number, squareRoot);
return 0;
}
4 Illustrate a code to access structure member variables through array of structure variables. AP
Ans:
struct Student {
char name[50];
int age;
float gpa;
}students[3];
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
 printf("Student %d Details:\n", i + 1);
printf("Name: %s\n", students[i].name);
printf("Age: %d\n", students[i].age);
printf("GPA: %.2f\n\n", students[i].gpa);
}
5 Show the difference between array and a structure by declaring and defining a structure and AP
array variable.
Ans:
Array Declaration and Definition:
An array scores of integers with 3 elements is declared and initialized with values {85, 90, 78}.
The elements of the array are accessed using indices (scores[0], scores[1], scores[2]).
Structure Declaration and Definition:
A structure Student is defined with three members: name (a character array), age (an integer),
and gpa (a float).
A structure variable student1 of type Student is declared.
The members of student1 are initialized using strcpy for the name and direct assignment for
age and gpa.
Accessing Array Elements:
The array elements are accessed and printed using a loop, demonstrating that all elements are
of the same type and are accessed by their indices.
Accessing Structure Members:
The structure members are accessed and printed using the dot operator (.), demonstrating that
a structure can hold different types of data grouped together.
6 With point(x,y),show copying and comparing operation on structure.
Ans:
struct Point {
int x;
int y;
};
struct Point point1 = {10, 20};
struct Point point2;
point2=point1;
if (p1.x == p2.x && p1.y == p2.y) {
printf("The points are equal.\n");
} else {
printf("The points are not equal.\n");
}
7 If we have structure B nested inside structure A, when do we declare structure B? AP
Ans:
struct B {
int member1;
float member2;
};
// Declare structure A with structure B nested inside
struct A {
char name[50];
int id;
struct B nested;
};
struct A instanceA;
8 Create a structure ‘Book’ with members title, author, and price. Use a pointer to a Book AP
structure to assign values and print the details.(8)
Ans:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h> // For dynamic memory allocation
// Define the Book structure
struct Book {
char title[100];
char author[100];
float price;
};
int main() {
// Declare a pointer to a Book structure
struct Book *ptrBook;
// Allocate memory for a Book structure
 ptrBook = (struct Book *)malloc(sizeof(struct Book));
// Check if memory allocation is successful
if (ptrBook == NULL) {
printf("Memory allocation failed!\n");
return 1; // Exit program with error
}
// Assign values to the members using the pointer
printf("Enter title: ");
scanf("%s", ptrBook->title);
printf("Enter author: ");
scanf("%s", ptrBook->author);
printf("Enter price: ");
scanf("%f", &ptrBook->price);
// Print the details using the pointer
printf("\nBook details:\n");
printf("Title: %s\n", ptrBook->title);
printf("Author: %s\n", ptrBook->author);
printf("Price: %.2f\n", ptrBook->price);
// Free the allocated memory
free(ptrBook);
return 0;
}
9 Write a C program that defines a structure called Employee with members name, id, and salary. AP
Input details for two employees and display them.(7)
Ans:
#include <stdio.h>

// Define the Employee structure

struct Employee {
char name[100];
int id;
float salary;
};

int main() {
// Declare variables to store details of two employees
struct Employee emp1, emp2;

// Input details for the first employee

printf("Enter details for the first employee:\n");
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s", emp1.name);
printf("ID: ");
scanf("%d", &emp1.id);
printf("Salary: ");
scanf("%f", &emp1.salary);

// Input details for the second employee

printf("\nEnter details for the second employee:\n");
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s", emp2.name);
printf("ID: ");
scanf("%d", &emp2.id);
printf("Salary: ");
scanf("%f", &emp2.salary);

// Display details of both employees

printf("\nDetails of the first employee:\n");
printf("Name: %s\n", emp1.name);
printf("ID: %d\n", emp1.id);
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", emp1.salary);

printf("\nDetails of the second employee:\n");

printf("Name: %s\n", emp2.name);
printf("ID: %d\n", emp2.id);
printf("Salary: %.2f\n", emp2.salary);

return 0;
 }
1 Illustrate a code to access structure member variables through array of structure variables. AP
0 Ans:
struct Student {
char name[50];
int age;
float gpa;
}students[3];
for(int i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
printf("Student %d Details:\n", i + 1);
printf("Name: %s\n", students[i].name);
printf("Age: %d\n", students[i].age);
printf("GPA: %.2f\n\n", students[i].gpa);
}
1 Show the difference between array and a structure by declaring and defining a structure and AP
1 array variable.
Ans:
Array Declaration and Definition:
An array scores of integers with 3 elements is declared and initialized with values {85, 90, 78}.
The elements of the array are accessed using indices (scores[0], scores[1], scores[2]).
Structure Declaration and Definition:
A structure Student is defined with three members: name (a character array), age (an integer),
and gpa (a float).
A structure variable student1 of type Student is declared.
The members of student1 are initialized using strcpy for the name and direct assignment for
age and gpa.
Accessing Array Elements:
The array elements are accessed and printed using a loop, demonstrating that all elements are
of the same type and are accessed by their indices.
Accessing Structure Members:
The structure members are accessed and printed using the dot operator (.), demonstrating that
a structure can hold different types of data grouped together
1 With point(x,y),demonstrate copying and comparing operation on structure. AP
2 Ans:
struct Point {
int x;
int y;
};
struct Point point1 = {10, 20};
struct Point point2;
point2=point1;
if (p1.x == p2.x && p1.y == p2.y) {
printf("The points are equal.\n");
} else {
printf("The points are not equal.\n");
}
1 Define a structure ‘Book’ and write a C code to access the structure members to perform AP
3 operations in main function.
Ans:
struct Book {
char title[50];
char author[50];
float price;
int publicationYear;
};
struct Book myBook;
For accessing member variables with structure variable we use dot(.) operator.
strcpy(myBook.title, "The Great Gatsby");
strcpy(myBook.author, "F. Scott Fitzgerald");
myBook.price = 10.99;
myBook.publicationYear = 1925;

1 Use ‘typedef’ to define a new type ‘Person’ for a structure containing ‘name’ and ‘age’. Write a AP
4 code to initialize and print.
Ans:
typedef struct {
 char name[50];
int age;
} Person;
Main(){
Person person1;
strcpy(person1.name, "John Doe");
person1.age = 30;
printf("Person Details:\n");
printf("Name: %s\n", person1.name);
printf("Age: %d\n", person1.age);
}
1 Define a self-referential structure Node for a singly linked list and write a code to create and link AP
5 two nodes.
Ans:
struct Node {
int data;
struct Node* next;
};
struct Node* firstNode = (struct Node*)malloc(sizeof(struct Node));
firstNode->data = 10;
firstNode->next = NULL;
secondNode->data = 20;
secondNode->next = NULL;
// Link the first node to the second node
firstNode->next = secondNode;
1 Write a program to dynamically allocate memory for a structure Employee, initialize its AP
6 members, and print the details.
Ans:
typedef struct {
char name[50];
int id;
double salary;
} Employee;
int main() {
int numEmployees;
printf("Enter the number of employees: ");
scanf("%d", &numEmployees);

// Allocate memory for the employees

Employee* employees = (Employee*)malloc(numEmployees * sizeof(Employee));

// Input details for each employee

for (int i = 0; i < numEmployees; ++i) {
printf("Enter details for Employee %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("Name: ");
scanf("%s", employees[i].name);
printf("ID: ");
scanf("%d", &employees[i].id);
printf("Salary: ");
scanf("%lf", &employees[i].salary);
}

// Display employee information

printf("\nEmployee Details:\n");
for (int i = 0; i < numEmployees; ++i) {
printf("Employee %d:\n", i + 1);
printf("Name: %s\n", employees[i].name);
printf("ID: %d\n", employees[i].id);
printf("Salary: %.2lf\n", employees[i].salary);
}

// Free allocated memory

free(employees);
 return 0;
}

PART B

1 Write a C program that defines a structure called Employee with members name, id, and AP
salary. Input details for two employees and display them.
2 Write a nested structure where Employee contains an Address structure with members street, AP
city, and zip. Write a program to input and print an employee's details.
3 Define a union within a structure to store different types of books in a library using C program AP
and to access the member variables and print it.
4 Demonstrate the use of different storage classes and visibility within a C program to store AP
variables and perform operations.
5 Define a structure for employee records and use pointers to access and modify the members AP
of the structures. Write a code to print the same.
6 Define and implement functions to add, delete, and display student records using a singly AP
linked list using C program.
7 Create an array to store multiple students and perform operations on this array. AP
8 Define a typedef for a structure representing a television (make, model, year). Write a AP
program to create an array of television using this typedef. Implement functions to:
i)Add a new television to the array
ii)Display all televisions
iii)Find the newest television in the array
Use pointers to pass the array to these functions.
9 Create an array of Person structures with members name and age. Write a program to print the AP
details of all persons in the array.
10 Create a structure ‘Book’ with members title, author, and price. Use a pointer to a Book AP
structure to assign values and print the details.
11 Write a C program to demonstrate pass by value and reference parameter passing. Define a AP
function increment. Input an integer in main, call increment function, and print the incremented
value.
12 Define a typedef for a structure representing a vehicle (make, model, year). Write a program to AP
create an array of vehicles using this typedef. Implement functions to:
i)Add a new vehicle to the array
ii)Display all vehicles
iii)Find the newest vehicle in the array
Use pointers to pass the array to these functions.