Group 12

Go Kart

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 Submission date: 4th September 2024

S.No Student Signature

1. Dutt Parmar(24110115)

2. Eshaan Ashish Jaiswal(24110116)

3. Gaikwad Onkar Chandrakant (24110117)

4. Gantedi Swami Aryanathan (24110118)

5. Garv Singhal (24110119)

6. Gaurav Sharma(24110120)

7. Gautam Krishna(24110121)

8. Gella Naga Sai Krishna(24110122)

9. Guguloth Lokesh (24110123)

10. Gugulothu Sai Siddhu(24110124)

ENGINEERING GRAPHICS PROJECT: G0-KART

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 -from vegasroadtours.com

Introduction:

A go-kart is a diesel/petrol powered automobile used for recreational purposes. Its speed and
suspension are best utilized in rugged terrain. Mainly used as a recreational vehicle, the go-kart’s
adrenaline inducing rides are enjoyed by kids and adults alike across the world. The build is
minimalistic and of a cheap quality, as expected of a vehicle that is for public use. It consists of a
diesel engine, suspension powered axles, durable rubber tyres, uncomfortable seats and a disk brake
(which is one of the more reliable forms of power braking). The chassis is usually made of a sturdy
metal alloy, and helps protect the user in case of an unlikely accident or crash. Some models also
come with a rear spoiler for extra style points.

Motivation for selecting this project:

One of our team members, Gautam Krishna, is an avid go-karter and is addicted to the sport. He used
to go kart at least twice every week. His enthusiasm for the sport and the videos he showed us got us
hooked onto it. In fact, our group may visit a go karting arena during our spare time. Since some
members of our team were also interested in automobile design and racing, this model was
unanimously adopted.

Besides the emotional reasons for selection, we also chose this project because of the insight it gave
us into the parts of an automobile. Making a car would mean we wouldn’t have to model some of
the inner working mechanisms like the locking systems or window opening systems. But with a go
kart, there are not many hidden mechanisms. Hence we can have the satisfaction of modelling each
and every part of the vehicle, which is very fulfilling.

I am involved with working on the components of the rear axle during the Go-Kart project.
i) Disk brake system. (Caliper Assembly-blue in fig)
ii)Pillow block ball bearing unit. (Green ones in fig below)(x2)

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 REAR AXLE ASSEMBLY

The above assembly consists of -an axle, axle holders(Pillow block ball bearing unit(green).), gears,
and disk brake assembly.

1. DISK BRAKE ASSEMBLY

STRUCTURE The disk brake consists of three main parts:

i) Disk holder-it is a small circular piece with a hole to hold the axle and it also connects the disk.

ii) Disk brake- it is just a disk connected to the brake to stop the motion of the axle.

iii) The caliper assembly has some pads when pressed on brakes they are rubbed and hold the disk
which stops the rotation of the axle.

A disc brake is one of the most used braking systems in modern vehicles, be it bikes, cycles, or even
cars. The advantages of using this system over conventional ones are better heat dissipation,
consistent performance, less maintenance, and they perform decently even on wet roads.

FUNCTIONING:
The brake disc is attached to the wheel and rotates with it. The caliper is a clamping device that
straddles the brake disc. It is also a housing to the brake pads and pistons. The brake pads are just
flat pieces of friction material inside the caliper. These pads are being pressed against the brake disc
upon pushing the pedal to develop the friction needed in slowing down or bringing the vehicle to a
complete stop. Most braking systems have been built upon hydraulic systems so they can maintain

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 good efficiency. This process is initiated by hydraulic pressure developed in the brake system when
the driver presses the brake pedal. As the pistons move, they force the brake pads to press against
both sides of the rotating brake disc.

POSSIBLE CHALLENGES:
i) Although small in appearance, it contains highly complex parts.

ii) Difficult geometries of composite parts of the assembly.

iii) It appears difficult to perceive in 3D and the components inside it.

iv) The various subparts can be a hassle to put together.

2. PILLOW BLOCK BALL BEARING UNIT

STRUCTURE
The pillow block ball bearing unit has 3 main parts

i)The outer body- To connect the rear axle assembly to the car.
ii)Bearings-they catch the shaft/axle firmly without restricting its motion or
creating any resistance.
iii)Mounting holes- These holes are used to secure the pillow block to a
mounting surface, such as a machine frame or a base plate.

FUNCTIONING
A Pillow Block Ball Bearing Unit is a type of bearing assembly that combines a ball bearing with a
housing, designed to provide support for a rotating shaft. The main parts of this assembly are the
housing(pillow block), bearing insert, and shaft locking mechanism. This is used in various
applications, such as conveyor systems, agricultural machinery, and more. It is used to support
rotating shafts also it is capable of handling both radial and axial loads. It can accommodate some
degree of misalignment between the shaft and the housing. It holds the rotating axle tightly and
does not give any resistance to the motion.

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 POSSIBLE CHALLENGES:
i)It has various radii of curvature, it may be difficult to represent to draw.

ii)It has various bearings of different dimensions so, should be careful while assigning
dimensions.

iii)It might be challenging to fit these parts in the main assembly.

iv)Dimensions should be correctly mapped for free moment of axles and follow all
constraints.

iii. THE AXLE:

STRUCTURE:

i) Consists of a long cylinder across the width of the kart.

ii) Has grooves on it to accommodate the wheels and the braking systems.

FUNCTIONING:

i) Acts as a support for the wheels to roll on.

ii) Acts as a pillar for the disc brakes

iv.THE GEAR SYSTEMS:

The engine runs a motor which is attached to a cycle chain. The gear systems help
efficiently distribute the power given by the motor to the wheels. When the chain turns,
it turns the gear system along with it due to a thing called contact force.

References

https://grabcad.com/library/electric-go-kart-3

https://www.emarketplace.in.skf.com/y-bearing/y-ucp-207

https://www.skf.com/au/products/mounted-bearings/ball-bearing-units/pillow-block-
ball-bearing-units/productid-UCP%20207

Parts 1 and 3 are being modelled by Gella Naga Sai Krishna (24110122)

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 Parts 2 and 4 are being modelled by Gautam Krishna (24110121)

CHASSIS

Definition and Purpose:

The chassis of an automobile is the main frame that supports and connects the vehicle’s
components. Chassis distributes the vehicles weight, absorbs road shocks and ensures structural
integrity of the vehicle. Thus, it is important for vehicles handling, stability and safety.

Types of Chassis:

1) Body on Frame

2) Unibody

3) Modular Chassis

 BODY ON FRAME: This design has separate frame and body. The frame supports the
engine, transmission and suspension while the body is mounted on top. This type of
Chassis is commonly used in SUVs and Trucks due to high strength and durability
hence making in suitable for heavy duty applications. However, being heavy it affects
the fuel efficiency.

 UNIBODY: In this type of design, the frame and body are integrated into a single
piece and thus being more compact. It is used in modern day cars as to provide
better fuel efficiency compared to “body on frame” structure. Unibody structures
are typically lighter and can be more crash-resistant due to their ability to absorb
and dissipate impact energy more effectively.

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  MODULAR CHASSIS: This approach involves a standardized chassis platform that can
be adapted for various vehicle types. Automakers use modular platforms to reduce
production costs and simplify manufacturing while offering flexibility to produce
different models based on the same base chassis.(CHATGPT)

MATERIALS USED IN CHASSIS CONSTRUCTION:

 STEEL : Automotive chassis is usually made up of steel due to its strength and cost
effectiveness. Steel frames are durable and can sustain stress, weight making them
ideal to use. Due to its heavy weight steel affects the fuel efficiency.

 ALUMINIUM : Due to weight issue in steel, aluminium is used instead of steel. It is

light and also offers good corrosion resistance. However, Aluminium is expensive
compared to steel and requires special technique for maintenance and repair.

 CARBON FIBER : High performance and luxury vehicles use carbon fiber instead of
aluminium and steel due to its excellent strength to weight ratio. Hence making the
automobile fuel efficient and durable. It is expensive.

 COMPOSITES : Advanced composite materials, such as fiberglass-reinforced plastics,

are used in certain applications. These materials offer a balance of strength, weight,
and cost, though they are generally not as prevalent as steel or aluminum in
mainstream automotive chassis.(CHATGPT)

CHASSIS DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS:

 STRENGTH AND DURABILITY : The chassis must be strong enough to sustain vehicles weight
and endure various type of stress including road impacts and collisions. CAD and FEA are
softwares which are used to ensure that the chassis can withstand these forces while
maintaining safety and performance.

 WEIGHT : Reducing the chassis weight is an important part and challenge for engineers
considering the fact that vehicles safety should not be compromised. Weight is reduced as to
have a greater fuel efficiency, and helps in acceleration, braking and handling the
automobile.

 COST : The choice of materials should be cost efficient and may vary depending on the type
of automobile.

 CRASH SAFETY : Chassis plays an important role in absorbing and dissipating impact energy
as to avoid damage to internal gadgets. Modern chassis design include crumple zones and
reinforced structures to enhance passenger safety.

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POSSIBLE ISSUES :

(1) Due to increase in demand of EV model car, the chassis department are facing issues as to
make space for battery packs, which shifts the centre of gravity and hence is a challenge for
chassis designers.

(2) Self driven cars usually require a lot of sensors and computing systems, so as to include these
with considering vehicles safety and performance is a concern for chassis designers.

Name : Dutt Parmar and Gaurav Sharma

Roll No. : 24110115/24110120

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 CHAIN

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chain.gif

A chain is a system that uses chains to transfer power from one place to another. The conventional
chain consists of two or more sprockets and the chain itself. The holes in the chain fit over the
sprocket teeth. When the primer attached to the chain rotates, the chain wrapped on the shaft's
sprocket also rotates. Chains help maintain a constant speed ratio as they do not slip, and due to this,
they have a high mechanical efficiency. Their energy loss is only due to friction between the chain
links and sprockets. Many vehicles, machines, etc, use chains. For example, bicycles are a short-
distance application. In contrast, they are present in long-distance applications, such as high-story
engines, and a single chain can power multiple shafts simultaneously.

The chain present in a kart is a roller chain. These chains help transmit power to vehicles. The
materials used in making them are plain carbon steel or steel alloys. A roller chain comprises an inner
plate, outer plate, bushes, pins, and rollers.

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ELECTRIC MOTOR

https://thors.com/manufacturing-courses/manufactured-products/electrical-and-electronics/
electric-motor-fundamentals/

An electric motor is a device that converts energy from electrical to mechanical. Primarily, the motor
rotates due to torque between the motor's magnetic field and the current in the wire windings. DC
or AC sources, such as batteries or power grids, can power electric motors.

Industrial fans, power tools, disk drives, vehicles, etc., use electric motors. Electric motors produce
torque intended to propel some external mechanism.

COMPONENTS

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 https://
uk.rs-online.com/web/generalDisplay.html?id=solutions/electric-motors-how

STATOR

The stator surrounds the rotor and usually holds field magnets. The stator core comprises many thin
metal sheets insulated from each other, called laminations. Laminations are made using electrical
steel. Laminations help to reduce the losses due to the induced eddy currents.

SHAFT

The shaft in a motor is a cylindrical component that extrudes from the motor. The shaft converts the
energy from the engine to the end-use application.

BEARINGS

Bearings are the parts that assist the object in rotating. They support the shaft that rotates inside the
machinery. They reduce friction and make the rotation more smooth.

ARMATURE

Armature is the component that carries AC in the electric motor. It provides support and housing to
the armature windings. The magnet generates magnetic fields, and the armature windings combine
with the magnetic field formed in the air gap.

COMMUTATOR

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A commutator is a rotary electrical switch that periodically reverses the direction of the current
between the rotor and the external circuit. The commutator is generally made using copper.

GAP

The air gap between the rotor and stator allows it to turn, and it is tried to make it as small as
possible as if it is large, then the performance of the motor would not be good, and if it is too small,
then it may create friction and can also result in noise.

ROTOR

The rotor is the motor part that gives out the mechanical energy. The rotor holds the conductor
carrying the current on which the stator's magnetic field exerts torque.

So in the go-kart, the electric motor takes its power supply from the battery in the car, and after that,
its shaft starts rotating, and as the shaft is connected to the wheels, the wheels start to rotate with it,
and as a result, the go-cart moves.

Garv Singal

24110119

PARTS:-BALL JOINT ASSEMBLY

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INTRODUCTION

I am so excited to be a part of our team project GO-KART.where I have assigned a part ball joint
assembly on A vehicle's suspension system which cannot function properly without a ball joint
assembly. It supports the weight of the vehicle and serves as a pivot point, enabling the wheels to
move smoothly and flexibly. A summary of its main elements and purposes is provided below.the ball
joint assembly is an essential part of a vehicle's suspension and steering system, providing crucial
movement and support. Regular maintenance and timely replacement of worn ball joints help
ensure the safety and reliability of the vehicle.

BALL JOINT

The ball joint assembly, whether for a go-kart or a vehicle, consists of several key sub-parts, each
with a specific role in its operation

Components of a Ball Joint Assembly in a Go-Kart:

1)Ball Stud: Usually composed of hardened steel, this is a spherical metal component. It is fixed to
the go-kart's suspension or steering system and acts as the movement's pivot point.

2)Ball Socket: Typically found on the control arm or steering knuckle, the ball stud slides into a
spherical socket. The ball stud can pivot and revolve in the socket, providing the movement required
for suspension and steering.

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3)Housing: A metal housing that offers alignment and structural support encloses the ball stud and
socket. Usually constructed from sturdy materials like steel or aluminium, this enclosure is meant to
endure the rigours of go-karting.

4)Dust boot:A rubber or similar flexible cover known as a "dust boot" or "rubber boot" is used to
seal the ball joint assembly. It keeps moisture, filth, and debris out of the joint, which is essential to
preserving its functionality and lifespan.

5)Grease Fitting : To facilitate routine lubrication, certain go-kart ball joints have a grease fitting
installed. The smooth functioning of the ball joint is ensured by proper lubrication, which lowers
wear and friction.

Maintenance and Issues:

*Regular Inspection: Ball joints should be inspected regularly for signs of wear, such as excessive
play, noise, or visible damage. In a go-kart, where high speeds and rough conditions can accelerate
wear, frequent checks are essential.

*Lubrication: If equipped with a grease fitting, the ball joint should be lubricated regularly to ensure
it operates smoothly. Proper lubrication helps prevent premature wear and failure.

*Replacement: Worn or damaged ball joints should be replaced promptly to avoid issues like poor
handling, uneven tire wear, or loss of control. Given the demanding nature of go-karting, timely
replacement is crucial for safety and performance.

TIE ROD

The tie rod is a critical component in the steering system of a go-kart, playing a key role in translating
steering inputs into movement of the front wheels. Here's a detailed description of the tie rod and
its functions

*Control of steering: With the tie rod, the steering mechanism (steering wheel, rack, etc.) is
connected to the steering knuckles or spindles, enabling exact control over the front wheels. The
wheels turn in response to the driver's steering wheel movement, which is sent to them by the tie
rod.

*Wheel Alignment Adjustment: The tie rod's length can be changed to fine-tune the wheels'
alignment. The right angles between the wheels and the car are maintained by proper alignment,
and this has an impact on handling, stability, and tyre wear.

*Force Transmission: By precisely transmitting steering forces from the steering wheel to the
wheels, the tie rod makes sure that the driver's input is

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CHALLENGES FACED DURING THIS PROJECT

While doing this activity, I faced many challenges, some of which are listed below:

1. Learning to use Autodesk software, and mastering the tools necessary for 3D modeling itself is a
challenging task.

2. It looks small after assembling but has many minute parts, which may take long hours but may not
be visible after assembling

3.This part is relatively easy to design in Autodesk among the other parts of the project.

Figuring out the dimension might be challenging

SOURCES:

https://images.app.goo.gl/ct37wu83cKXBBej68

https://images.app.goo.gl/KNeHgiFE6hrcBLMR6

Sai siddhu Gugulothu

24110124

PARTS:-STEERING SYSTEM,BALL BEARING AND STEERING ROD

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INTRODUCTION

I AM SO THANKFULL TO BE A PART OF OUR TEAM PROJECT GO-KART .WHERE I HAVE ASSIGNED A

PART OF STREEING SYSTEM ON A VEHICLES CANNOT HANDLE WITHOUT THE THE STREEING
SYSTEM ,STREEING ROD AND BALL BEARING CONNECTED TO THE STREEING ROD WHICH CONNECT
TO THE STREEING HANDLE IT IS USEFULL FOR CONTROL THE VEHICLES TO MOVE IN OTHER
DIRCETIONS .

STREEING SYSTEM :

Driving a go-kart is a very different experience than driving a regular car; it's thrilling and
captivating. Go-kart steering systems are made to be extremely precise and sensitive, giving the
driver a direct and exhilarating connection to the course.

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1. Steering Wheel Design: Compared to cars, go-karts have a smaller, more compact steering
wheel. Because of its rapid and nimble maneuverability, this design makes the kart extremely
responsive to driver inputs. The wheel may feel stiff and has little cushioning, which improves the
direct feeling from the track.

2. Direct and Sensitive Control: The directness and sensitivity of go-kart steering is what makes it
unique. Quick direction shifts are produced by little steering wheel movements. This calls for
precision handling and a steady hand because the kart handles quite well.

3. Feedback and Feel: A lot of feedback from the road surface is transmitted by the steering
system. Every jolt, ripple, and shift in traction is felt by the driver through the wheel. During a race,
this feedback is essential for keeping control and making fast adjustments.

4. Handling and Agility: Go-karts have exceptional handling and agility because of their lightweight
construction and low center of gravity. The kart is incredibly maneuverable because steering inputs
are directly translated into swift twists and rapid directional shifts.

5. Turning Radius: Go-karts may turn with extremely small radii. This is because of its special
steering geometry and design, which makes for tight, maneuverable turns that improve the thrill
of racing.

STREEING ROD :

In many cars, including go-karts, the steering rod is an essential part of the steering system. It is
essential for transferring control and maneuverability from the steering wheel to the wheels via
communicating the driver's input. An overview of the steering rod's role in a go-kart is provided
here.

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1. Definition and Function: A crucial component of the steering mechanism, the steering rod is also
referred to as a steering link or tie rod. Its main purpose is to transfer the movement of the
steering wheel to the wheels so that the driver may control the go-kart. It converts the steering
wheel's rotational action into the linear motion needed to turn the wheels.

2. Components and Design: The steering rod in a go-kart is normally attached to the steering wheel
by means of a steering column, and it is mechanically coupled to the front wheels by means of a
number of linkages. The steering rod's construction guarantees that it is both precise and strong
enough to withstand the rigors of fast driving and precise enough to provide precise steering
reactions.

3. Functionality: The steering column rotates in response to the driver's steering wheel
movements, and the steering rod transmits this action. The go-kart is directed in the desired
direction by adjusting the angle of the front wheels by the movement of the rod. For responsive
handling and control, the steering rod's effectiveness and accuracy are essential.

4. Material and Durability: To maintain longevity and resistance to wear and tear, steering rods in
go-karts are usually composed of high-strength materials like steel or aluminum alloys. In order to

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preserve performance and safety, these parts must be sturdy but lightweight due to the enormous
forces involved in racing.

5. Maintenance and Adjustment: To ensure safe functioning, the steering rod needs to be
inspected and maintained on a regular basis. Look for any indications of damage, wear, or
looseness. To guarantee the smooth and precise functioning of the steering system, alignment and
adjustment must be done correctly.

BALL BEARING OF STREEING ROD :

1. Function and Goal: The steering rod assembly's ball bearing serves to both support and lessen
friction between moving parts. It makes it possible for the steering rod and related parts to spin
smoothly and with little resistance. This guarantees an accurate and seamless translation of the
driver's inputs to the wheels.

2. Design and Components:

Inner and Outer Races: The inner and outer races are the two concentric rings that make up a ball
bearing. The outer race is put in place, while the inner race is fastened to the spinning portion of
the steering rod.

Balls or Rollers: In between the inner and outer races is a set of spherical balls (or rollers,
depending on the situation). As the steering rod rotates, these balls slide smoothly, minimizing
wear and friction.

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Cage: By keeping the balls apart and preventing collisions, a cage or separator helps to preserve
smooth functioning and increases the lifespan of the bearing.

3. Advantages:

Reduced Friction: By reducing friction between moving elements, ball bearings improve the
responsiveness and fluidity of steering.

Enhanced Precision: Ball bearings aid in achieving precise control over the steering mechanism by
reducing friction and facilitating smoother operation.

longevity: They improve overall performance and longevity by assisting in the equal distribution of
loads and lowering wear and tear on the steering rod and associated components.

**4. Maintenance:

Inspection: Look for wear, damage, or contamination on a regular basis in the ball bearings. When
maneuvering, listen for any strange noises or roughness.

Lubrication: To preserve smooth functioning and stop corrosion, make sure the bearings are
adequately greased. According to the manufacturer's guidelines, relubricate as necessary.

Replacement: To prevent steering problems and preserve safety, the ball bearings should be
changed as soon as they start to show signs of wear or corrosion.

**5. Use in Go-Kart Racing:

Because go-karts require frequent steering inputs and tremendous forces while racing, the ball
bearings in the steering rod play a crucial role. For the best handling and control, their function in
supplying steady, smooth steering is essential.

RESOURCES FROM GOOGLE :

https://images.app.goo.gl/hvjDtGgTkM3SdoBg6

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https://images.app.goo.gl/Q41pVDLvaKRkasb49

https://images.app.goo.gl/WYp1VGBDMvruc17NA

ROLL NUMBER : 24110118

NAME : GANTEDI SWAMI ARYANATHAN

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 Part 1- Wheel

R.37a3527ddff605ec10802826f81c4474 (900×900) (bing.com)

# Definition and purpose :-

A circular object that revolves around the axle and is fixed beneath the vehicle or other object to
allow it to move easily over the ground. wheels provide grip and stability, which helps the vehicle to
remain stable and controlled. wheels transfer power from the axle and hub to the tyres, which then
move the vehicle forward. wheels transfer power from the axle and hub to the tyres, which then
move the vehicle forward.

# Types of wheel:-

• Alloy Wheels: They are the most popular wheels in the market.

• Steel Wheels:They are the cheapest wheels of all.

• Split Rim Wheels.

#Materials used in the construction of wheels :-

•Aluminum alloy: Lightweight and attractive, aluminum alloy is a common material for wheels.
Compared to cast aluminum wheels, forged aluminum alloy wheels are lighter and more durable.

• Carbon fiber: Wheels made of carbon fiber are strong, resilient, and lightweight. They also look
elegant and have a good level of UV resistance.

• Rubber: Solid rubber tires are mounted on metal or nylon cores to create rubber wheels. A lengthy
service life is made possible by the mechanical connection that forms between the rubber and core.

# Considerations in wheel design :-

•Size and weight: Determine if the wheel fits your car properly in terms of both size and weight.

• Tire size: Whether the wheel will fit the size of your tires .

• Aesthetics: Whether the wheel's style enhances the appearance of your car. •Renown of a brand: If
the brand is well-known for its dependability and quality .

• Structural stiffness: Whether the wheel satisfies requirements for structural stiffness in design.

•Security: Whether the wheel satisfies safety-related design requirements.

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#Possible issues by wheel:-

•A shaking steering wheel is a common sign of misaligned wheels, and it may be very taxing for the
driver.

•This may be an indication of a failing wheel bearing, but it may also be a sign of another problem.

•Your automobile will have to work more and utilize less gasoline if the wheels are misaligned.

Part 2- Battery

https://img.directindustry.com/images_di/photo-g/15018-2640949.jpg

# Definition and purpose :-

It's the primary power source of a vehicle, and lithium ion cells or other advanced batteries are
usually used for this.

To power the engine and wheels of a vehicle by storing and delivering electricity.

# Types of ev battery :-

•Cylindrical:- An EV battery cell type that can comprise a vehicle's battery pack in the hundreds or
thousands.

•Prismatic:- A kind of rectangular, stiff EV battery cell.

• Nickel metal hydride:- An electric vehicle battery type. •Solid-state.

# Materials used in construction of ev battery:-

•Active materials:- The substances utilized in the electrodes of electric vehicle batteries, such as
lithium, cobalt, nickel, manganese, or graphite, are the most expensive components.

•Electrolytes:- Liquid or gel-like organic solutions of metal salts are utilized as electrolytes.

•Casing:- The battery pack and individual cells are made of steel, although the battery pack as a
whole may also be made of aluminum.

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# Design considerations for ev battery:-

• Impact on the environment:- The production and mining of lithium-ion batteries, which power the
majority of electric vehicles, are linked to environmental deterioration. But purchasing a secondhand
EV rather than a new one can be more environmentally friendly.

• Cost:- Almost half of the total cost of an electric vehicle is incurred by the battery, making it the
most costly component.

• Cell balance:- Cell balance is critical to the longevity and safety of batteries. Cells can fall out of
balance due to changes in temperature and current.

• Features of cells:- Heat runaway, a self-propagating reaction, must be prevented as cells contain
flammable electrolytes.

# Possible issues by Battery :-

• Decreased driving range:- One of the most typical indicators that an EV battery is beginning to die is
this.

• Inconsistent charging: Batteries might die early on due to differences in charging times, and slow
charging is one of the symptoms.

• Unusual battery heating:- While a certain amount of heat is expected during charging, too much
heat may indicate a problem.

• Power fluctuations:- On steeper grades, the EV may find it difficult to accelerate or sustain speed.

• infotainment system:- Occasionally, odd behavior in the infotainment system may indicate a battery
issue.

Name :- Gaikwad Onkar Chandrakant

Roll no :- 24110117

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 Rear Spoiler 1

https://cdn.jdpower.com/What%20Does%20A%20Spoiler%20Do%20On%20A%20Car.jpg

Introduction

A spoiler is an Aerodynamic device used in the back of a Car/Vehicle to spoil the unfavourable air
movement across the body of moving vehicle, usually manifested as life, turbulence, or drag.

Spoilers which are present on the front of a Vehicle are called Air Dams.

They are generally attacked to the back of a vehicle and used to reduce drag and also increase
downforce. It is typically made up of light-weight and very strong material such as fiber glass or
carbon fiber. Its shape is generally defined in such a way that it disrupts the flow of air around the car
which causes an increase in stability and traction control at higher speeds.

Function of a Rear Spoiler:

The primary function of a rear spoiler is to manage air flow that goes above the go kart or vehicle
that we are working on (go kart). It has several benefits :

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1.Downforce: While watching F1, you might have heard a lot about Downforce and stuff… Its simple
and a very easy concept. Basically the spoiler cuts air in such a way that a downward force is applied
on the vehicle which in turn pushes tyres to the ground thereby increasing the normal force which
causes an increase in the friction force. This increase in friction force helps in cornering the vehicle
without losing the grip.

2.Stability: By directing the airflow through the spoiler, it reduces lift and increases overall stability
which is particularly important to go-kart.

3.Drag: It increases drag and thereby doing reducing speed but increasing in downforce. This also
causes some energy loss in it.

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Consideration of Parts for the “Rear Spoiler 1”:

Given below is the list of essential small parts the spoiler is divided into :

1. A Big flatboard which is made up of Carbon fiber, Which is the main part of the Spoiler.

2. The side sheets which are coloured yellow and which are connected to main flat board sheet
on the top. ( Fun fact: We could also write something on it and use to market something like
how Formula does its marketing and advertising for its sponsors.

3. The purple flat board which has a lot of holes for connecting different configurations of Rods
to support the spoiler or air dam. Different configurations of rods can be used in many ways
and also from the perspective of designs and viewing aesthetics

4. The brown rods which are connected through those holes in purple flat board. We will make
them of multiple sizes so as to satisfy our requirements.

5. A Plate which connects the spoiler to the vehicle using nuts and bolts, this part needs to be
strong or the spoiler will end up getting removed due to excess air force while driving or may
get bent from the plate and purple flat board.

6. The classical tools used since 100s of years, the legendary nut and bolts.

Eshaan Jaiswal

24110116

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 Seat-go karting

Introduction:

After many meetings, our team decided to make a 3D go karting.In the exciting motorsport
sport of go karting, competitors race tiny, open-wheel karts on a circuit. Because it's cheap compared
to professional motorsports and easily accessible, it's a well-liked entrance point into racing. Because
they are lightweight and have tiny engines, go-karts let drivers experience fast speeds and tight turns
in a safe setting. The sport places a strong emphasis on dexterity and skill because drivers have to
handle fast turns and pass other cars. It offers thrills and a sense of racing without the intricacy of
full-sized race vehicles, and is frequently enjoyed recreationally or as a part of competition.The sport
offers an exciting racing experience by emphasising deft manoeuvring over fast straightaways and
tight bends. Go-karts often have little to no suspension; instead, the chassis and tyre quality are what
manage different track conditions. Safety is the top priority, and many versions of karts come with
roll bars or protective cages in addition to tight seat belts and supportive high-backed chairs

A common entrance point into motorsports, go-karting offers a cost-effective method to

experience the excitement of racing without the complexities of professional automobiles. It's played
for fun or for competition; a lot of tracks host races and leagues. The sport is favoured by both
serious racers and casual fans because it fosters driver talent, control, and precision.

Design and structure:

The seat is essential for the comfort and safety of the driver when go-karting. Go-kart seats are
usually composed of high-strength plastic or fibreglass, and they are moulded to give support and
keep the vehicle's centre of gravity low for improved handling. Their high sides provide lateral
support during rapid bends, and their snug design is part of their appeal. In order to accommodate
drivers of varying sizes, the seat is frequently equipped with adjustable mounting options that are
firmly fixed to the chassis. A harness or seatbelt is one type of safety element that keeps the driver
firmly in place, reducing movement and improving control. Custom or padded seats are a common

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feature of high-end go-karts, particularly in competitive circumstances where driver endurance and
accuracy are crucial.

Using movable brackets, the seat is fixed directly onto the chassis, enabling customisation according
to the size and preferences of the driver. In order to accommodate different driver heights and
provide a good driving stance, this adaptability is essential. The seat also has high sides or bolsters
that reduce lateral movement and improve control by helping to keep the driver firmly in place. Go-
kart seats are made to work with a harness or seatbelt system, which keeps the driver safely fastened
during the race. Safety is a top priority. For increased comfort, certain sophisticated versions could
have padding or specially designed cushioning, especially in competitive environments where driver
endurance is crucial.

Challenges:
In my opinion this is not an essay task, it is a complicated task.Using Autodesk Inventor to design a
go-kart presents a number of difficulties. First, accuracy is required when developing the intricate
geometry of parts like the engine mounts and chassis. Organising assemblies is challenging since
components, such as the suspension and steering systems, must precisely fit one another. Realism in
simulations and durability testing depend on the precise definition of material properties. Careful
setup and interpretation are necessary for stress analysis to ensure that components can withstand
operational loads. It can be difficult to ensure proper fits and tolerances, particularly for moving
parts like wheels, and it might take several revisions. Driver comfort and safety regulations must be
taken into consideration while designing ergonomic and safe seating. Furthermore, precise modelling
and expert use of Inventor's tools are required for accurate rendering and display of the final design.

Source: ●

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-kart ● https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F
%2Fm.indiamart.com%2F proddetail%2Fgo-kart-bucket-seat-
22290753497.html&psig=AOvVaw0xT6veU
nY1dpxKY8Ujjtlv&ust=1725511764989000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=899
78449&ved=0CBQQjRxqFwoTCJj8iL2-qIgDFQAAAAAdAAAAABA

Name: Lokesh

Roll: 24110123

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