STITCHED IN SHADOWS:

Examining the outcome of Artificial Environment on workers health in

dyeing industries: A case of the textile industry in India

by

Dev Maheshwari

(2020-2025)

Guide

Prof. Vishal Shah

BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE

(B.Arch.V. SEM IX)

December 2024

A.A.E.R.T. & The S.S.B.

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE

Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology

Dr. R. K. Desai Marg, Opp. Mission Hospital, Athwalines, Athwa, Surat, Gujarat 395001
TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION............................................................................................ 4
1.1 BACKGROUND................................................................................................4
1.2 CURRENT SCENARIO.................................................................................... 5
1.3 CHALLENGES AND IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRIES................6
1.4 NEED OF STUDY.............................................................................................7
1.5 AIM.................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 OBJECTIVE.......................................................................................................8
1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATION.............................................................................. 8
1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................... 9
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW...............................................................................10
2.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES............................ 10
2.1.1 Introduction............................................................................................. 10
2.1.2 Respiratory Problems.............................................................................. 10
2.1.3 Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)........................................................ 11
2.1.4 Psychological Stressors........................................................................... 11
2.1.5 Inadequate Safety Measures....................................................................12
2.2 OVERVIEW OF LABOUR LAWS AND HEALTH REGULATIONS IN
INDIA ABOUT TEXTILE INDUSTRIES............................................................ 12
2.3 “SOCIAL BACKGROUND AND OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS OF
WORKERS” - WORK INVOLVE AMONG INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN
AURANGABAD BY SUDHA KALDATE...........................................................13
2.3.1 Working And Living Conditions............................................................. 13
2.3.2 Human- Work Relation........................................................................... 14
2.4 “TRADE UNIONS” BARODA TEXTILE WORKERS AND THEIR
STRUGGLE BY S. P. PUNALEKAR................................................................... 15
2.4.1 Working Conditions (Technical Aspects)................................................16
2.4.2 Working Conditions (Social Aspects)..................................................... 17
2.4.3 Service Conditions.................................................................................. 17
2.5 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRANT LABOUR IN
UNORGANISED LABOUR IN SURAT BY B.C. BARIK.................................. 18
2.5.1 Key Findings on Labours and Infrastructure:......................................... 18
2.5.2 Broader Implications for Industrial Architecture:................................... 19
2.6 PROGRAMMING FOR HEALTH AND WELLBEING IN
ARCHITECTURE EDITED BY A. WOODWORTH...........................................19
CHAPTER 3 SITE................................................................................................................. 22
3.1 OVERVIEW OF SURAT'S TEXTILE INDUSTRY........................................22
3.1.1 Key Features............................................................................................22
3.1.2 Factors Contributing to Surat's Success.................................................. 22
3.1.3 Key Areas in Surat's Dyeing Sector........................................................ 23

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 3.1.3.1 Sachin GIDC.................................................................................. 23
3.1.3.2 Pandesara GIDC............................................................................. 23
3.1.3.3 Palsana............................................................................................23
3.2 SURVEY METHOD........................................................................................ 24
3.2.1 Sample Size............................................................................................. 25
3.3 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE.................................................................................25
3.3.1 Palsana.....................................................................................................25
3.3.1.1 Field Observation........................................................................... 27
3.3.1.2 Interview Finding........................................................................... 28
3.3.1 Pandesara GIDC...................................................................................... 35
REFERENCES.........................................................................................................................36

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

“Artificial environments can provide comfort and convenience, but they can also isolate us
from the very essence of life.”

-E.O. Wilson, American biologist and naturalist

“Millions of workers, particularly in developing countries, face unsafe and unhealthy

working conditions in the textile industry, resulting in serious health issues and a reduced
quality of life.”

-Guy Ryder, Director, General of the International Labour Organisation

“The fashion industry is the second most harmful industry to the environment. We are
working towards a more sustainable way of making clothes.”

-Stella McCartney, Fashion Designer and Environmental Advocate

figure 1: Workers at a clothing factory in Gurugram

Source:https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/industry/story/heres-what-the-indian-textile-i
ndustry-wants-316704-2022-01-03

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India's textile industry is a cornerstone of the country's economy and known for contributing
significantly to employment and export earnings. But beneath the surface of its economic
success lie complex issues that impact the environment and pose challenges to worker
productivity, particularly in the built environment. A significant proportion of textile
factories operate in so-called "black boxes." These industrial spaces are characterised by
being enclosed, artificially lit, and mechanically ventilated. These environments are designed
to maximise space utilisation and production efficiency, but often ignore key aspects:
natural light and ventilation.

1.2 CURRENT SCENARIO

India is one of the largest manufacturers of textiles around the world, directly employing 51
million people and indirectly supporting 68 million. The textile industry has greatly
contributed to employment and income exports. However, the COVID-19 pandemic was a
serious problem, which led to a significant decrease in factories, failure of supply chains, and
demand.

The industry is in a recovery stage, but efforts are focussing on the recovery of production
and supplies. India's major textile hubs, such as Bangalore, Mumbai, Tirupur, and New Delhi,
are known for their ability to produce a wide range of woven and knitted products at
competitive prices while maintaining reasonably good quality. Despite its strengths, the
Indian textile industry faces several limitations. These are limited to the latest technology
access and problems in accordance with global standards in the fierce export market of
competition. Countries such as China, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka represent serious
competition with inexpensive clothing.

figure 2: Distribution of major industries: location factors

source: Textile Sector In India - ClearIAS

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1.3 CHALLENGES AND IMPACT OF THE TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

India's textile exports are projected to reach the ambitious $100 billion target by the end of
this decade, driven by leading spinning mills and manufacturers upgrading operations and
optimising productivity. However, several challenges could impede this growth:

1. High Volume of Waste Material:

The textile industry accounts for over 5% of landfill waste and ranks as the
second-largest polluter after the oil industry. The rise of fast fashion exacerbates
water wastage, making it essential to implement strategies to minimise resource
waste.
2. Infrastructure Problems:
With over 90% of the weaving sector unorganised, Indian textile mills lag behind
many Asian counterparts in infrastructure and production standards. The slow pace of
technology adoption continues to pose challenges.
3. Energy Concerns:
Energy consumption is a significant concern within the textile industry, contributing
to its overall environmental impact. The sector is highly energy-intensive, with large
amounts of energy required for processes such as spinning, weaving, dyeing, and
finishing. This high energy demand often leads to increased greenhouse gas
emissions, particularly when fossil fuels are used as the primary energy source.
4. Overdependence on Manual Effort:
The textile industry heavily relies on manual labour, leading to significant worker
exploitation. Many labourers endure poor working conditions and long hours, which
jeopardise their health. They often receive low wages that do not meet basic living
costs and lack job security, as many are employed on temporary contracts without
benefits, especially after COVID-19. The pressure to produce more in less time
exacerbates safety risks, while workers’ rights to organise and report unsafe
conditions are frequently suppressed.

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 figure 3: Environmental and social impact of textile manufacturing processes
source: Environmental Analysis of Textile Value Chain: An Overview- Scientific Figure on
ResearchGate

1.4 NEED OF STUDY

In the book Environmental Sustainability and Industries (2022), Technologies for Solid
Waste, Wastewater, and Air Treatment, environmentally conscious industrial development of
products and services is a critical area that may support more sustainable and equitable
societies.

The current state of textile industrial infrastructure that seeks more production often
emphasises maximising built mass with limited regard for natural elements, leading to
suboptimal working conditions. Occupational health in these textile factories is imperative
due to the prevalent health issues faced by workers in this industry. Common ailments, such
as respiratory problems, musculoskeletal disorders, mental health challenges, and vision
problems, can be directly linked to factors like poor ventilation, long working hours,
ergonomic challenges, significant stress, and the built environment. Understanding these
health issues is crucial for developing targeted interventions that improve worker safety and
well-being.

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1.5 AIM

The research aims to examine how the architectural design of dyeing textile industries in
Surat, which prioritises built mass over natural elements, often creates an artificial
environment that negatively impacts worker health and productivity.

1.6 OBJECTIVE
The research will focus on studying various aspects related to the textile industries in India
and their artificial environments and their relation with workers’ efficiency and health, which
are as listed below:
1. Review existing literature on occupational health and sustainability in industrial
architecture and the current condition of workers working in the dyeing sector of the
textile industry or in general.

2. Review existing literature on built environment and its connection to its occupants.

3. Investigate the prevalence and types of occupational health issues experienced by

workers in textile factories that operate in "black box" environments.

4. Examine the current condition of dyeing textile industries through direct observation
and analysis of their built environments.

5. Develop and identify a theoretical framework for integrating sustainable

infrastructure into the architectural design of textile industries, along with best
practices and policy recommendations to enhance worker health and improve
productivity.

1.7 SCOPE
1. Focusses on the architectural design of the dyeing sector of textile industries in India,
particularly those in urban centres like Surat.
2. Investigates the impact of artificial environments on worker health and productivity in
dyeing textile factories.
3. Proposes design improvements and policy recommendations for enhancing both
health and efficiency.
4. Utilises case studies, literature review, and field observations to develop a theoretical
framework for sustainable industrial architecture.

1.8 LIMITATION
1. Limited to the dyeing sector of textile industries in India, with a focus on urban
power looms in Surat.
2. Does not cover rural textile operations or other manufacturing sectors.
3. Research relies on available literature and field observations, which may be
constrained by access to factories and mills.

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 4. The practical application of sustainable design solutions that benefit both productivity
and occupational health may be restricted by regional regulations, industry
acceptance, and budgetary constraints.

1.8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

figure: research methodology

source: primary data

Objective Method Source of Information

Govt. Poilics, built Secondary Strudy Books, articles, research

environmental psychology, papers
Reason for conflict among
workers and their industries

Developing a study Secondary Study Liturature Review

framework of dyeing workers
and built environment

Analysing worker condition Primary Study Site visit, interviewing

Analysing the overall Primary Study Site visit, photographic

neighbourhood documentation
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Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

2.1.1 Introduction

A study of 180 textile workers in Delhi [1] found high rates of respiratory problems (85%),
muscular issues (70%), eye problems (48%), and musculoskeletal disorders (73%), due to
poor working conditions. From the global research analysis, volume 2, issue 3, Occupational
health in textile industries highlights significant health risks associated with closed
environments characterised by artificial lighting, inadequate ventilation, and excessive
heat. These conditions contribute to a range of health issues among workers, as evidenced by
various studies. The condition includes problems related to respiration, ergonomics,
psychological stressors, and inadequate safety measures.

2.1.2 Respiratory Problems

Long-term exposure to cotton dust is a major occupational health hazard in textile

industries, leading to respiratory symptoms and reduced lung function. A systematic review
found that 56% of textile workers reported at least one respiratory symptom, with 43%
experiencing shortness of breath. The prevalence of byssinosis (brown lung disease) was
lower than in previous studies, ranging from 4-8% across different surveys.

Factors associated with respiratory problems include duration of employment, with a clear
gradient of increasing risk across quartiles. Exposure to cotton dust was identified as a key
causal factor in the development of chronic respiratory symptoms and airflow obstruction.
Another study found that 47% of textile workers experienced postnasal drip, 35% suffered
from byssinosis, and 20% reported asthma.

figure 4: women working in cotton soartex

source: https://ask-ehs.com/blog/occupational-health-safety-in-textile/
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2.1.3 Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs)

Musculoskeletal disorders are common among textile workers due to the repetitive nature of
tasks and poor ergonomic conditions. A cross-sectional study of 215 textile workers found
that 48.5% suffered from MSDs, with the most commonly affected sites being the lower
back and shoulders. Factors associated with MSDs included age, sex, and educational
status.

Poor ergonomic practices, such as misaligned workstations and inadequate seating,

contribute to the development of MSDs. Proper ergonomic design of workspaces is crucial to
reducing musculoskeletal strain on workers.

figure 5: Side Trim operator adopting an awkward trunk posture- angles

source: a study on musculoskeletal disorders in the garment industry -
https://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0040-2389/2022/0040-23892202061D.pdf

2.1.4 Psychological Stressors

The demanding nature of work in textile factories, including tight deadlines and high
workloads, can lead to increased stress and mental health issues among workers. A case
study found that garment workers experienced high levels of depression and anxiety due to
intense pressure at their workplace.

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figure 6: Sources of Managerial Stress
source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328725404_THE_IMPACT_OF_OCCUPAT
IONAL_STRESS_ON_EMPLOYEES_IN_TEXTILE_INDUSTRY_A_REVIEW

2.1.5 Inadequate Safety Measures

Many textile factories lack adequate safety measures and worker training. A study in
Gujarat, India, found that workers frequently suffered from respiratory issues and had poor
awareness of occupational health and safety (OHS) measures. Management often lacked the
necessary knowledge and commitment to implement effective OHS practices.

Source: Batra R., Yadav A., Ali I. (2020), Workers Health and Safety in the Textile Industries
in Delhi, ISSN 2323-5233, Vol. 10, Issue 1.

2.2 OVERVIEW OF LABOUR LAWS AND HEALTH REGULATIONS IN INDIA

ABOUT TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020, establishes duties for
employers to maintain health, safety, and working conditions for employees. Key provisions
include:

● Employers must provide a safe work environment, protective equipment, and training
on hazardous materials.
● Employees must follow safety procedures and not interfere with safety measures.
● The central and state governments must establish Occupational Safety and Health
Advisory Boards
● Occupational safety and health standards will be developed and enforced.
● The Factories Act of 1948 also contains provisions to ensure the safety, health, and
welfare of factory workers. Requirements include:
● Maintaining cleanliness, ventilation, safe temperatures, and control of dust and fumes
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 ● Providing adequate lighting, drinking water, latrines, urinals, and spittoons
● Welfare facilities like washing, sitting arrangements, first aid, and canteens

The government has implemented various social security schemes for textile workers:

● The Employees' State Insurance Act, 1948, provides medical care and cash benefits in
case of sickness and employment injury.
● The Employees' Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952, provides
pension, provident fund, and insurance benefits.
● The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972, provides lump sum payment upon retirement or
termination.
Source: Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code, 2020

2.3 “SOCIAL BACKGROUND AND OCCUPATIONAL CONDITIONS OF

WORKERS"—WORK I INVOLVE AMONG INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN
AURANGABAD BY SUDHA KALDATE [3]

Sudha Kaldate's paper explores the work involvement of industrial workers in Aurangabad,
Maharashtra, with a focus on socio-economic and environmental conditions impacting their
productivity and well-being. Kaldate begins by providing an overview of Aurangabad’s
socio-economic background, particularly emphasising the post-1960s industrial growth. She
highlights the role of the City and Industrial Development Corporation of Maharashtra
(CIDCO) in fostering industrialisation in the backward region of Marathwada and outlines
factors influencing this growth, such as the state’s industrial location policy and financial
assistance schemes.

2.3.1 Working and Living Condition

The study is based on a case analysis of 200 workers from various technical departments with
diverse skill sets. Kaldate identifies several socio-economic challenges faced by the workers,
including large family sizes providing strong social support but also leading to widespread
poverty, malnutrition, and susceptibility to illness. Furthermore, she notes that many workers
live in slum areas with inadequate access to basic amenities.

In examining the working conditions, Kaldate highlights several deficiencies, such as:

● Inadequate working environments, including:

○ Fluctuating temperature and lighting conditions.
○ Substandard safety, high noise levels, and poor sanitation.

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figure: Response of the workers on working condition
source: Kaldate S., Work Involvement Among Industrial Workers In Aurangabad (2012),
presented in Centre of Social Studies, Surat

● Frequent disruptions in work due to:

○ Machine breakdowns.
○ Absenteeism or emergencies.
○ Lack of proper planning and systematic work distribution.
○ irregular availability of raw materials.

figure: Reason for inability to keep the same rate of work

Source: Kaldate S., Work Involvement Among Industrial Workers in Aurangabad (2012),
presented in Centre of Social Studies, Surat

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2.3.2 Human-Work Relation

The study provides insights into the perceptions and work attitudes of industrial workers
regarding their working conditions, management relations, and overall job satisfaction. Key
findings include:

● Work Attitude and Motivation:

○ 93% of workers stated that it would not be possible for them to work more or
faster than their current pace.
○ 85% believed that showing progress at work would not result in benefits like
increased pay or promotions, leading 41% to express a lack of motivation to
work harder.
● Perception of Factory Prosperity:
○ 90% agreed that the prosperity of the factory is a result of joint efforts
between workers and management.
○ 66% reported that factory prosperity would depend on increasing production.
● Job Security and Hopes for the Future:
○ Despite dissatisfaction, 74% said they would not change jobs shortly, hoping
for improvements in bonuses and other facilities.
○ 66% were optimistic about potential gains from factory success, while 30%
believed that only the factory owners would benefit from its prosperity.
● Worker-Management Relations:
○ 12% of workers emphasised the need for improved employer-employee
relations.
○ 20% prioritised salary increases as a critical area for improvement.
● Assistance During Difficulties:
○ 36% of workers reported receiving no assistance during times of personal
difficulties or calamities, while 14% received monetary aid.
● Strikes and worker solidarity:
○ 97% of the workers had participated in strikes against management, reflecting
widespread dissatisfaction.
○ Despite this, 85% still wished for the overall prosperity of the factory.

These findings highlight significant gaps in motivation, worker-management relations, and

the perceived benefits of increased productivity, suggesting that non-monetary incentives and
better communication between workers and management could improve job satisfaction.

In conclusion, Kaldate argues that non-economic rewards, such as improved

worker-supervisor relationships and better working conditions, play a critical role in
motivating and satisfying workers. She emphasises the importance of action-orientated
research to bridge the gap between industrial development and the welfare of workers and
their families.

Source: Kaldate S. (2012) , “Social Background And Occupational Conditions Of

Workers"—Work I Involve Among Industrial Workers in Aurangabad, Proceeding at CSS

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2.4 “TRADE UNIONS” BARODA TEXTILE WORKERS AND THEIR STRUGGLE
BY S. P. PUNALEKAR

Punalekar's presentation on Baroda Textile Workers and Their Struggles provides a historical
overview of the workers' movements in Baroda, tracing their development from the
pre-independence period to the struggles of 1974-79. The workers faced severe challenges,
including low wages, poor living conditions, lack of security and social insurance, long
working hours, and overall inhumane conditions. These hardships fuelled the workers’
protest movements.

In the 1920s, some Baroda textile workers sought guidance from Mahatma Gandhi in
Ahmedabad. Moved by their plight, Gandhi sent two senior colleagues to Baroda to assist in
organising the workers, leading to the emergence of the Major Mahajan movement in the late
1920s. This movement played a critical role in improving workers' conditions by reducing
working hours, introducing labour legislation, and addressing some immediate concerns of
the working class.

figure: Timeline of the Movement

source: Primary

The working conditions of textile workers in Baroda during the 1970s, particularly in major
units such as Yamuna Mills (YM), Priyalaxmi Mills (PM), and New India Industries (NII),
deteriorated significantly. This deterioration encompassed both technical and social aspects,
as well as broader service conditions. The key elements contributing to the worsening
occupational environment are summarised as follows:

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2.4.1 Working Conditions (Technical Aspects)

1. Extreme heat and poor ventilation: Workers experienced suffocation due to high
temperatures and humidity with inadequate airflow.
2. Increased workload: Rationalisation schemes were implemented, speeding up
production and putting additional pressure on workers.
3. Arbitrary shift rotations: irregular and arbitrary shift changes disrupted workers'
domestic lives.
4. Outdated machinery: In departments like spinning, old machinery led to frequent
thread breakages and production damage.
5. Poor quality of raw materials: inferior yarn and materials strained workers' patience
and energy.
6. Extended working hours: Working hours were prolonged without appropriate
compensation, and rest periods were reduced to boost output.

2.4.2 Working Conditions (Social Aspects)

1. Job-related pressures: Workers faced intense pressure from jobbers and supervisory
staff, creating tension in interpersonal relationships.
2. Harassment: There were cases of harassment, including physical abuse by
supervisory staff.
3. Abusive language: Supervisors and jobbers frequently used abusive language toward
workers.
4. Exploitation of "Badli" workers: temporary workers were used as tools to discipline
permanent staff, exacerbating tensions.
5. Denial of leave: Workers who fell sick on the job were denied leave, and leaving
without permission led to punitive actions like warnings or show-cause notices.
6. Nepotism and favouritism: Supervisors used caste, village, or language connections
for favouritism, leading to increased nepotism and corruption.

2.4.3 Service Conditions

1. Fines for minor infractions: Workers were fined for trivial offences such as late
arrival or minor workplace mistakes.
2. Irregular wage payments: Wages were often paid late, with payment dates
arbitrarily postponed.
3. "Badli" workers' insecurity: Temporary workers were not made permanent even
after 8-10 years and were often forced to share wages on tasks they could handle
alone.
4. Dearness Allowance (DA) discrepancies: Workers received 90% cost of living
adjustments in contrast to Ahmedabad workers, who received 100%.
5. Suspension notices: Frequent use of suspension or show-cause notices created mental
stress among conscientious workers.
6. Discontinuation of shift rotations: This practice denied night and third-shift workers
the advantages of day-shift work.
7. No bonus or wage increases: Mills frequently cited financial losses in their balance
sheets to deny workers bonuses or wage hikes.
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 8. Poor facilities: Workers endured poor drinking water, unclean toilets, and
substandard canteen services.
9. Lack of healthcare: Medical services, including those provided by the Employee
State Insurance (ESI) hospital, were unsatisfactory.
10. Refusal of early retirement: Mills resisted granting early retirement to avoid paying
out dues, citing financial incapacity as the reason.

These deteriorating conditions reflect the strained labour-management relations in Baroda’s

textile industry, compounded by ineffective union interventions and worsening worker
welfare. The workers' committees, which operated primarily within the textile industry,
focused on strained labour-capital relations. These committees combined social, economic,
and political demands in their activism. According to Punalekar, they were most successful in
addressing social issues and achieved partial success in economic demands but saw negligible
progress in political and infrastructural demands.

2.5 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT AND MIGRANT LABOUR IN UNORGANISED

LABOUR IN SURAT BY B.C. BARIK

Barik's study focusses on the conditions of unorganised migrant labourers in the textile
industrial units of Surat, with particular attention to both the physical working environment
and socio-economic exploitation. The paper highlights how the architecture and infrastructure
of these industrial spaces contribute to the harsh working and living conditions of the
labourers.

2.5.1 Key Findings on Labour and Infrastructure:

1. Violation of Labour Laws and Spatial Layout: The physical layout of the textile
units is designed to ensure a transient workforce, with no provision for permanent
employment or personal identification. The infrastructure allows for the frequent
rotation of workers under pseudonyms every three months, with no official records.
This deliberate anonymity of workers ties into an architectural strategy that facilitates
labour exploitation without accountability. There is no space within these units
designated for workers' welfare, reflecting the lack of permanence and dignity
afforded to the labourers.
2. Lack of Proper Working Facilities: The textile units of Surat are characterised by
poor working conditions exacerbated by inadequate infrastructure. Workers are forced
to work extended hours (12-hour shifts) without breaks in congested, poorly
ventilated spaces, which further contributes to their physical exhaustion. The absence
of basic amenities like medical facilities and emergency response systems, as well as
poor lighting and ventilation, underlines the neglect of human-centred architectural
design in these industrial setups.
3. Substandard Living Conditions: Most of the migrant workers live in overcrowded
slum settlements that lack basic amenities. The slum dwellings, located near the
industrial units, are rented at a low cost, but they often house more than ten labourers
per unit, indicating a severe lack of affordable housing. These settlements do not meet
even minimal standards of hygiene, sanitation, or access to clean water, reflecting
how industrial development fails to extend to residential infrastructure. The proximity
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 of these slums to industrial zones suggests a planning model that prioritises industrial
output over worker welfare, with no consideration for sustainable urban infrastructure.
4. Impact of Architecture on Health and Safety: The design of the factories makes
little to no provision for the health and safety of workers. There are no designated
break areas, healthcare centres, or safety mechanisms within the buildings. Even in
the event of accidents, the employer provides minimal compensation, and injured
workers are often retrenched. This lack of health infrastructure ties into a broader
problem of the architectural design of industrial spaces that fail to protect and support
the labour force.
5. Insecure Employment and Temporary Spaces: The infrastructure of these textile
units reflects the temporary and insecure nature of employment. With no dedicated
spaces for workers' welfare, leisure, or personal development, industrial architecture
prioritises production efficiency over human needs. The absence of permanent spaces
for workers suggests an architectural strategy designed to maintain their vulnerability
and discourage organisation or resistance.
6. Substandard Infrastructure for Wages and Employment Rights: The layout of
these industrial units also hinders the workers' rights. With irregular payment of
wages and no proper facilities for wage disbursement or employee record
management, the infrastructure supports a system of exploitation. The denial of basic
employee rights—like bonuses, holidays, and social insurance—is mirrored in the
physical layout of the industrial spaces, which provide no room for worker advocacy
or management-worker engagement.

2.5.2 Broader Implications for Industrial Architecture:

The findings challenge the prevailing narrative that small and medium-scale industries in
towns and rural areas will alleviate poverty and unemployment. Instead, the architectural and
infrastructural setup of these industries in Surat is designed to systematically exploit migrants
and contract labourers. The lack of permanent structures for worker welfare, safety, or legal
recourse reflects an industry that prioritises capital gains over human well-being.

Barik’s study underscores the role that architecture and infrastructure play in perpetuating
worker exploitation in the textile industries of Surat. Industrial spaces are designed to be
impermanent, uncomfortable, and unsafe for labourers, creating a cycle of vulnerability. This
architectural neglect extends to residential spaces, where workers live in overcrowded,
unsanitary conditions. The paper advocates for a rethinking of how industrial architecture can
be restructured to provide a more humane, safe, and just environment for workers.

2.6 PROGRAMMING FOR HEALTH AND WELLBEING IN ARCHITECTURE

EDITED BY A. WOODWORTH

According to the section “human factor” of the book Programming for Health and Wellbeing
in Architecture, evidence-based design (EBD) is a deliberate process that falters high-quality
scientific research to guide and create the best possible design solutions and outcomes for
physical environments.

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figure: environment psychology factors
source: programming for health and wellbeing in architecture
Our state of mind and overall well-being are influenced by both internal and external factors.
For example, you may decide to approach the day with optimism, but external factors, such
as a cluttered or disorganised environment, can negatively impact that mindset. This
illustrates how our mental and emotional states are shaped by both internal attitudes and
external surroundings. Our biology and environment constantly interact, and we are shaped
by layers of conditioning, identity, culture, and expectations. The mind and body use sensory
processing to interpret the world around us, helping us navigate between states of alertness
and relaxation as needed.

figure: environment psychology as a bridge between design and human psychology

source: programming for health and wellbeing in architecture

figure: human behaviour and environment

source: primary source

Environmental psychology examines how this interaction between people and their
environments affects well-being. By understanding and applying environmental psychology
principles, as well as evidence-based design (EBD), it’s possible to create spaces that are not
only functional and aesthetically pleasing but also improve the quality of life for those who
use them. Biophilic design focusses on incorporating elements that elicit positive
physiological and cognitive responses by connecting people with nature. It intentionally

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introduces stimuli, such as views of nature, natural materials, and daylight, to foster
well-being.
The sustainability firm Terrapin Bright Green identifies four key areas of biophilic input:
● visual connections with nature,
● dynamic lighting,
● biomorphic forms, and
● material links to nature.
Additionally, they propose 14 design patterns, including visual and non-visual nature
connections, thermal variability, water presence, and spatial concepts like prospect and
refuge.

figure: biophilia design for health

source: programming for health and wellbeing in architecture
The concept of environmental stress originates in psychology and refers to how external
factors create irritations, disturbances, and imbalances in both individuals and communities.
Environmental stress is closely linked to environmental risk factors, which the World Health
Organisation identifies as a significant cause of death, disability, and reduced well-being
globally. Examples of such risk factors include traffic noise, air pollution, mental stress,
social isolation, and lifestyle-related risks, such as inadequate access to quality food.

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figure: environmental stimulation
source: programming for health and wellbeing in architecture

CHAPTER 3 SITE

Surat, located in the state of Gujarat, India, is often referred to as the dyeing capital or
synthetic capital of India due to its extensive and vibrant textile industry. This city plays a
pivotal role in the production and processing of synthetic textiles, particularly sarees and
dress materials, making it a significant hub in the global textile market.

figure: Number of mills in country/UT-- wise

Source: https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1814211

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3.1 OVERVIEW OF SURAT'S TEXTILE INDUSTRY
Surat's textile industry is characterised by a robust network of small and medium enterprises
(SMEs) that dominate the landscape. The city is renowned for its high-quality synthetic
fabrics, with approximately 40% of India's man-made fabric production originating from
Surat. It is also responsible for 18% of the total man-made fibre exports from the country.

3.1.1 Key Features

● Production Capacity: Surat produces around 30 million meters of raw fabric and 25
million meters of processed fabric daily.
● Market Structure: The textile market in Surat is well-developed, with several
prominent areas such as Zampa Bazaar and Bombay Market serving as major trading
hubs. The city is home to over 600,000 power plants, employing approximately 1.2
million people in various capacities.
● Dyeing and Processing Units: There are around 400 textile processing units in Surat,
specialising in dyeing and printing, particularly for synthetic sarees and dress
materials. Most of these units utilise advanced dyeing technologies, such as jet dyeing
machines, to ensure high-quality colour application on fabrics.

3.1.2 Factors Contributing to Surat's Success

Several factors contribute to Surat's status as the dyeing capital of India:
● Skilled Workforce: The city boasts a large pool of skilled textile workers who have
honed their craft over generations, ensuring high-quality production standards.
● Infrastructure: Surat has developed robust infrastructure that supports the textile
industry, including well-established supply chains for raw materials and distribution
networks.
● Cultural Affinity: The local population has a strong cultural connection to textiles,
which fosters a supportive environment for textile businesses and encourages
consumer loyalty to local products.
● Economic viability: The relatively low cost of labour in Gujarat compared to other
Indian states attracts many textile manufacturers to set up operations in Surat, further
bolstering its position in the market.

3.1.3 Key Areas in Surat's Dyeing Sector

figure: Surat dyeing industrial distribution

source: Primary source

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3.1.3.1 Sachin GIDC
● According to the Indian Textile Industry: Spotlight on Surat article, Sachin GIDC
(Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation) is home to numerous textile units,
including dyeing mills. This area has attracted many small and medium enterprises
(SMEs) engaged in various textile processes, including dyeing and finishing.
● Dyeing Facilities: The GIDC in Sachin hosts several dyeing mills that specialise in
various types of fabric dyeing, including synthetic materials, which are predominant
in Surat's textile market.
● According to Situation Analysis for SME Sector by AC Nielsen Org-Marg, there are
around 200 units of textile processing in Sachin
3.1.3.2 Pandesara GIDC
● Diverse Textile Production: Pandesara GIDC is also a notable industrial area in Surat,
with many dyeing and processing units. The region supports a variety of textile
operations, from yarn production to fabric dyeing and finishing.
● Export Potential: The products from Pandesara are often aimed at international
markets, particularly in the Middle East, which is a significant destination for Surat's
textile exports.
● According to Situation Analysis for SME Sector by AC Nielsen Org-Marg, there are
around 200 units of textile processing in Pandesara.
3.1.3.3 Palsana
● The textile processing units in Palsana primarily focus on synthetic materials, and
many of them are micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) that cater to both
domestic and international markets.
● These units are involved in the dyeing and printing of various fabrics, contributing
significantly to the overall textile output of the Surat region, which is known as the
synthetic capital of India.
● According to Situation Analysis for SME Sector by AC Nielsen Org-Marg, there are
approximately 100 textile processing units in Palsana.

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figure: Surat map highlighting Sachin, Palsana, and Pandesara
source: Primary source

3.2 SURVEY METHOD

The research will employ a multi-stage survey method, beginning with the random selection
of industries from key industrial regions, including Pandesara, Palsana, Sachin, and Udhana.
These regions represent a diverse cross-section of the textile and industrial sectors. In the first
stage, industries will be chosen using a random sampling technique to ensure a representative
and unbiased selection of different types of textile manufacturing units. Once these industries
are identified, the second stage will involve in-depth interviews with the workers employed at
each of the selected facilities. The interviews will focus on collecting data regarding their
working conditions, health and safety practices, job satisfaction, and overall well-being.

In addition to interviewing the workers, a comprehensive analysis of the selected industries

will be conducted to assess factors such as building infrastructure, operational processes,
safety regulations, environmental sustainability practices, and overall compliance with labour
laws. The combination of worker feedback and industry analysis will provide a holistic view
of the current state of occupational health and working conditions in these regions,
contributing valuable insights to the broader research objectives.

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figure: survey method framework
source: Primary source

3.2.1 Sample Size

The survey will involve selecting one industry per zone, with a focus on industries that
employ more than 200 workers. From each selected industry, a random sample of 50
workers will be chosen to participate in the survey.
This will allow for a generalisation of the data for the respective zone, ensuring that the
findings are representative of the broader worker population within that region.

3.3 INDUSTRIAL PROFILE

3.3.1 Palsana

Palsana is an important industrial area located in the Surat district of Gujarat, known for its
thriving textile and manufacturing sectors. The region is home to numerous textile processing
units, including dyeing, printing, and fabric manufacturing industries, which contribute
significantly to Gujarat's textile output. In addition to textiles, Palsana has industries involved
in chemicals, plastics, and engineering, supported by well-developed infrastructure such as
reliable power supply, water resources, and transportation links. Its proximity to Surat and
other major industrial hubs makes Palsana a strategic location for industrial activities,
offering employment to a large workforce and playing a key role in the local economy.

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figure: Palsana
source: google earth

figure: J.P. Kachiwala Textile PVT. Ltd. ground floor plan

source: J. P. Kachiwala Textile PVT. Ltd.
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Industry name: J. P. Kachiwala Textile Pvt. Ltd.
Size: 8,238.58 m2 plot area with 4,143.7 m2 footprint (remaining is under expansion)
Workers Employed: 400, including 2 swifts (7:00 am to 7:00 pm, 7:00 pm to 7:00 am).
J.P. Kachiwala has been in operation since 2006, specialising in dyeing synthetic and silk
fabrics.
3.3.1.1 Field Observation

figure: built vs. open and circulation area

source: primary source
Ventilation and building envelope:

● The building is enveloped with concrete jalis that allow air ventilation in and out of
the structure.
● Ceiling-mounted exhaust fans are installed to keep the building relatively cooler.

Permanent and temporary structures:

● Permanent Structure: constructed with brick and concrete.

● Temporary Areas: Built using cement and polycarbonate sheets, providing scattered
light via translucent sheets on the roof.
● Flooring: High-performance VDF flooring is used throughout the facility.

Temperature and humidity:

● The average temperature inside the building is 32.8°C with high humidity, making
the environment uncomfortable.
● No provision for green spaces within the premises.

Worker Conditions:

● The mill houses approximately 200 workers in one swift.

● No provision for PPE kits, although grooves are provided for safety.
● No recreation area is provided, but provision for rest areas is ensured.

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Structural Issues:

● The outer temporary structure is often damp and unsanitary.

● Trolleys carrying cloth have protruding metal strips and block circulation passages,
obstructing escape routes.

Interior Conditions:

● The building's enclosed structure creates dark and hot spaces on the lower floors.
● The upper floor is better ventilated and cooler due to the open environment but
suffers from:
○ Lack of storage space.
○ Slippery stairs.
○ Disorganised cloth arrangement for stitching tasks.

figure: Site Photos

source: Primary source
3.3.1.2 Interview Finding
60 interviews were conducted at J.P. Kachiwala Textile PVT Ltd. The interview includes
management as well as the manpower of J.P. Kachiwala Textile PVT Ltd.

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Section A: Demographic Information:

figure: Age group figure: Literate

Source: Primary Source: Primary

figure: workforce Gender

Source: Primary

figure: working experience

Source: Primary
The majority of the workforce in the dyeing industry falls within the 26-36 age group,
indicating a predominantly young labour force with good experience in textile workplaces.
However, a significant portion of this manpower has limited educational qualifications,
resulting in lower levels of awareness regarding safety protocols and operational
responsibilities.
Section B: Occupational Health

figure: Workplace health issue

Source: Primary

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figure: if yes, then issue type
Source: Primary

figure: awareness among workers of long-term health risk

Source: Primary

Based on the above figures from workers in the dyeing sector of the textile industry, it was
found that 90% of the workforce is experiencing some form of health issue. These health
concerns predominantly include respiratory problems (especially suffocation),
musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), as well as skin and eye irritation. Furthermore,
approximately 47% of the workers surveyed are unaware of the long-term health risks
associated with working carelessly in this environment. This lack of awareness highlights a
critical gap in health and safety education, underscoring the need for more robust training and
preventative measures to mitigate these occupational health risks.

Section C: Working Environment

figure: Lighting condition of the workplace according to workers

Source: Primary

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figure: Are there measures for figure: rate of ventilation according to workers?
Dust and fumes Source: Primary
Source: Primary

The above figures reveal that workers in the dyeing industry generally report sufficient and
manageable artificial lighting at their workplace. However, the ventilation system is rated
as only fair, with significant room for improvement. Although there are provisions to
manage dust and fumes, workers expressed concerns that these measures are insufficient to
fully prevent suffocation in the workspace. A notable issue raised was the accumulation of
steam inside the structure, particularly when working with jet units and boilers.

figure: how often the workplace is clean figure: quality of material used
Source: Primary Source: Primary

figure: Does the material that you use contribute to your health?
Source: Primary

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While management makes efforts to maintain cleanliness and hygiene in the primary work
areas, workers believe there is potential for further improvements. On a positive note,
according to workers of J.P. Kachiwala Textile Pvt Ltd, the chemicals and dyes used in the
facility are of good quality, minimising their adverse impact on health.

figure: Are your workplaces ergonomic?

Source: Primary
The data indicates that the majority of workers in the dyeing industry experience a
comfortable and ergonomically designed workplace, except in certain zones, such as the
stitching area. However, despite these generally favourable conditions, workers attribute their
arm and back pain to the repetitive and continuous nature of their tasks.
Section D: Safety Measures

figure: Are there any safety protocols in place at the workplace?

Source: Primary

figure: Are PPE kits provided while working?

Source: Primary

figure: Do you have received training in occupational health and safety?

Source: Primary

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figure: Do you have witnessed work-related injuries recently?
Source: Primary

The data reveals that while certain safety protocols—such as the use of protective footwear
and gloves—are followed by workers in the dyeing industry, these measures are perceived as
ineffective. Workers report that heat management is a more pressing concern, and until the
issue of excessive heat in the workplace is addressed, providing PPE kits alone will not
sufficiently improve safety conditions.

Additionally, nearly 50% of the surveyed workers have experienced work-related injuries,
with several instances involving tripping over irregularities in the VDF flooring, such as
potholes. These incidents emphasise the importance of addressing facility maintenance
issues, particularly the condition of the flooring, which poses a significant risk to worker
safety and health.

figure: Do you feel the current industrial condition (design, ventilation, lighting, open space)
can be improved?
Source: Primary

The data indicates that workers express a clear aspiration for a better industrial
workplace. They seek improvements in overall working conditions, including enhanced
safety measures, improved ventilation, and more ergonomic environments, reflecting their
desire for a healthier and more efficient work setting.

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 Giri is a jet operated in J.P. Kachiwala textile mill for over 20
years.
Q. Have you experienced any health issues related to your
work in the dyeing industry? /क्या आपने रं गाई उद्योग में अपने
काम से संबंधित किसी भी स्वास्थ्य समस्या का अनभ ु व किया है ?
-कई बार, ड्रम मशीन के साथ काम करते समय घट ु न और सिरदर्द की
समस्या होती है (Often times, especially suffocation and
headache while working with drum machine)

Q. Are you aware of any long-term health risks associated with

working in the dyeing industry?/ क्या आप रं गाई उद्योग में काम
करने से जड़ु े किसी दीर्घकालिक स्वास्थ्य जोखिम से अवगत हैं?
-हाँ (Yes)

Q. How would you rate the light and ventilation of the place?/
आप इस जगह की रोशनी और वें टिलेशन को क्या रे टिग ं दें गे?
-ठीक है , लेकिन कुछ क्षेत्रों की रोशनी में सध
ु ार किया जा सकता
है (fair, but the lighting in some areas can be improved)

Q. What changes do you think are necessary to improve the health and safety of workers in
the yarn dyeing industry? आपके अनसु ार सतू रं गाई उद्योग में श्रमिकों के स्वास्थ्य और सरु क्षा में
सधु ार के लिए कौन से बदलाव आवश्यक हैं ?
- ताप कम करना चाहिए(Heating should be reduce)

Meera Bai has been working as a stitchman in J.P. Kachiwala

Textile Mill for over 18 years.
Q. Have you experienced any health issues related to your work
in the dyeing industry? /क्या आपने रं गाई उद्योग में अपने काम से
संबंधित किसी भी स्वास्थ्य समस्या का अनभ ु व किया है ?
-अक्सर पीठ, हाथ और पैरों में दर्द महसस ू होता है (Often feel pain
in back, arm and legs)

Q. Don’t you feel hot inside and do it effect your work?/(क्या

आपको अंदर गर्मी नहीं लगती? और क्या इसका आपके काम पर
असर पड़ता है ?)
-हाँ, गर्मी की वजह से थकान जल्दी हो जाती है और ध्यान लगाना
मश्कि
ु ल हो जाता है (The heat makes us tired quickly, and it's
hard to focus.)

Q. How would you rate the light and ventilation of the place?/
आप इस जगह की रोशनी और वें टिलेशन को क्या रे टिग ं दें गे?
-मेरे कार्यस्थल का वें टिलेशन अच्छा है लेकिन प्रकाश के मामले में
इसमें सधु ार किया जा सकता है (ventilation of my workplace is
good but can be improved in terms of light)

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Q. What changes do you think are necessary to improve the health and safety of workers in
the yarn dyeing industry? आपके अनसु ार सत
ू रं गाई उद्योग में श्रमिकों के स्वास्थ्य और सरु क्षा में
सधु ार के लिए कौन से बदलाव आवश्यक हैं?
-भंडारण की व्यवस्था की जानी चाहिए और उचित विश्राम समय सनि ु श्चित किया जाना
चाहिए(storage should be provided with proper rest time)

3.3.2 Pandesara GIDC

Pandesara GIDC (Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation) is a prominent industrial area
located in Surat, Gujarat, known for its extensive textile and chemical industries. It is home to
a variety of manufacturing units, including those involved in spinning, weaving, dyeing, and
printing, making it a significant contributor to Surat's textile economy. In addition to textiles,
Pandesara GIDC hosts chemical, engineering, and plastic industries, benefiting from
well-established infrastructure such as reliable power, water supply, and transportation
facilities. The region provides employment to a large workforce, and its strategic location
near key transportation routes further enhances its industrial significance.

figure: Pandesara GIDC

source: google earth

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figure: Pandesara GIDC
source: Bhavin Textile Mill
Industry Name: Bhavin Textile Mill
Size: 14,664.5 m2 plot area with a 12,246.4 m2 footprint (remaining is sheded).
Workers Employed: 625, including 2 swifts (7:00 am to 7:00 pm, 7:00 pm to 7:00 am).
Bhavin Textile Mill has been in operation since 1993 and offers a broad collection of Sun
Silk Fabric, Plain Silk Fabrics, Crepe Fabric, Different Types of Jacquard Fabric, Georgette
Fabric, High-Multi Georgette Fabric, Orange Chiffon Fabric, and Picasso Fur Fabric.
3.3.2.1 Field Observation

figure: built vs. open and circulation area

source: primary source

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1. Ventilation and building envelope

● The building is partially enclosed with metal mesh panels that allow for limited air
circulation.
● Wall-mounted industrial exhaust fans are installed but are insufficient to maintain
comfortable temperatures across all sections.
● Additional ventilation is provided by openings along the windows, but airflow is
obstructed in densely packed areas, especially around machinery.

2. Permanent and temporary structures

● Permanent Structure: constructed with reinforced concrete for durability.

● Temporary Structures: Erected using corrugated metal sheets for walls and
roofing, allowing minimal daylight through small, translucent skylights.
● Flooring: The facility uses VDF, which is durable but shows signs of wear in
high-traffic areas.

3. Temperature and Humidity

● The average internal temperature was recorded at 35.1°C, with high humidity levels,
creating a stifling and uncomfortable work environment, particularly in enclosed
areas.
● No provisions for natural cooling or green spaces to help regulate the temperature.
● The building orientation to the north side helps the building to feel cooler, but with
trees outside the plot, it abstracts the flow of wind into the industry.

4. Worker Conditions

● The facility accommodates over 250 workers during peak production times, working
in shifts.
● PPE kits are not provided; workers rely on basic safety gear like gloves and shoes,
which are worn inconsistently.
● No dedicated rest or recreation areas, though workers are allowed 2 hours of short
breaks in informal resting zones near production lines.

5. Structural and Safety Concerns

● The temporary sections of the building are poorly maintained, with visible leaks in
the roofing, especially during monsoon seasons.
● Emergency exits are partially blocked by storage racks and piles of materials, raising
concerns about evacuation routes during an emergency.

6. Interior Conditions

● The ground floor is poorly ventilated, with hot and poorly lit areas, especially in the
dyeing and stitching zones.
● The upper levels of the building are better lit and cooler due to natural ventilation but
face other issues:
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 ○ Limited storage capacity, resulting in cluttered workspaces.
○ The staircases are narrow and lack non-slip surfaces, making them
hazardous, particularly in humid conditions.
○ Cloth materials are stacked irregularly, creating difficulties in movement
and potential tripping hazards for workers.

7. Workplace Cleanliness and Maintenance

● The facility is maintained to a basic level, but certain sections, particularly the
temporary structure, are damp and unsanitary in monsoon, as a worker said.
● Regular cleaning of the machinery and workstations is observed, but common areas
and corridors are cluttered, contributing to inefficient movement and safety hazards.
● Chemical storage areas are clearly labelled with proper containment measures,
lowering concerns about safe handling and worker exposure.

8. Safety measures and worker feedback

● Workers express a need for better ventilation systems and cooling solutions, as the
current conditions lead to frequent complaints of heat-related fatigue.
● Safety protocols, including clear pathways and adequate fire exits, are poorly
enforced, despite being acknowledged by management.
● There is a high incidence of minor injuries, such as cuts and bruises, particularly in
sewing and material handling areas, where sharp tools and loose fabrics are common
hazards.

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figure: Site Photos
source: Primary source
3.3.1.2 Interview Finding
49 interviews were conducted in Bhavin textile mill. The interview includes management as
well as the manpower of Bhavin Textile Mill.

Section A: Demographic Information:

figure: Age group figure: Literate

Source: Primary Source: Primary

figure: workforce Gender

Source: Primary

figure: working experience

Source: Primary

The research indicates that the workforce in the industry comprises members from various
age groups, with a notable concentration of individuals who are relatively new to the field,
having 4 to 10 years of experience. A significant majority of the workers have attained
primary education, reflecting a common educational background among the workforce.

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Section B: Occupational Health

figure: experiencing any workplace health issue

Source: Primary

figure: if yes, then issue type

Source: Primary

figure: awareness among workers of long-term health risk

Source: Primary

Despite having relatively low levels of formal education, workers in the dyeing industry
generally possess an understanding of the long-term effects of working in hot and poorly
ventilated environments. This awareness is notable given their educational background.

However, a significant portion of the workforce has reported experiencing various workplace
health issues, including respiratory problems, skin and eye irritation, and headaches.

These findings highlight the gap between workers' awareness of health risks and the actual
health challenges they face, underscoring the need for improved working conditions and
health management practices in the industry.

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Section C: Working Environment

figure: Lighting condition of the workplace according to workers

Source: Primary

figure: Are there measures for figure: rate of ventilation according to workers?
Dust and fumes Source: Primary
Source: Primary

The above figures reveal that workers in the dyeing industry generally report good and
lighting at their workplace. However, the ventilation system is rated as only fair, with
significant room for improvement. Although there are provisions to manage dust and fumes,
workers expressed concerns that these measures are insufficient to fully prevent suffocation
in the workspace. A notable issue raised was the accumulation of steam inside the structure,
particularly when working with jet units and boilers.

figure: how often the workplace is clean figure: quality of material used
Source: Primary Source: Primary

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figure: Does the material that you use contribute to your health?
Source: Primary

While management makes efforts to maintain cleanliness and hygiene in the entire area. On a
positive note, according to workers of bhavin textile mills, the chemicals and dyes used in
the facility are of good quality, minimising their adverse impact on health.

figure: Are your workplaces ergonomic?

Source: Primary

The data indicates that the majority of workers in the dyeing industry experience a
comfortable and ergonomically designed workplace, except in certain zones, such as the
stitching area or textile selection area. However, despite these generally favourable
conditions, workers attribute their arm and back pain to the repetitive and continuous
nature of their tasks.

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Section D: Safety Measures

figure: Are there any safety protocols in place at the workplace?

Source: Primary

figure: Are PPE kits provided while working?

Source: Primary

figure: Do you have received training in occupational health and safety?

Source: Primary

figure: Do you have witnessed work-related injuries recently?

Source: Primary

The data shows that although workers in the dyeing industry follow certain safety protocols,
such as wearing protective footwear and gloves, these measures are considered insufficient.
Workers emphasise that heat management is a more urgent issue. They believe that without
addressing the problem of excessive heat in the workplace, merely providing any protection
will adequately improve safety conditions.

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Additionally, nearly 59% of the surveyed workers have experienced work-related injuries,
including cuts and burns. These incidents emphasise the importance of addressing facility
maintenance issues, particularly while handling machines, which pose a significant risk to
worker safety and health.

figure: Do you feel the current industrial condition (design, ventilation, lighting, open space)
can be improved?
Source: Primary

The data indicates that workers express a clear aspiration for a better industrial
workplace. They seek improvements in overall working conditions, including enhanced
safety measures, improved ventilation, and more ergonomic environments, reflecting their
desire for a healthier and more efficient work setting.

Pawan Lal has been a drum operator in Bhavin Textile Mill for
over 7 years.

Q. Why do you work with bear hands on such a hot

machine?/आप इतनी गर्म मशीन पर नंगे हाथों से काम क्यों करते हैं?

-नंगे हाथों से बेहतर पकड़ मिलती है , लेकिन गर्म तापमान में रबर के
दस्ताने पहनने से मेरी त्वचा झर्री
ु दार हो जाती (Bare hands give a
better grip, and rubber gloves in hot temperatures make
my skin wrinkle.)

Q. Do you enjoy the difference when you move out to an open

area after hours of working?/ क्या आपको कई घंटों तक काम करने
के बाद खल ु े क्षेत्र में जाने पर अंतर महसस
ू होता है और अच्छा लगता
है ?
-हाँ, ताज़ी हवा और खल ु ा माहौल मन को शांत करता है और शरीर को
नई ऊर्जा दे ता है (Yes, the fresh air and open space help clear
the mind and give new energy).

Q. Will you love to have the same will working?/ क्या आप काम करते समय भी ऐसा ही महसस ू
करना चाहें गे?
-हाँ, यह थकान को कम करे गा और काम करने का अनभ ु व बेहतर बनाएगा। (Yes, it would reduce
tiredness and make the work experience better.)

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Q. What changes do you think are necessary to improve the health and safety of workers in
the yarn dyeing industry? आपके अनस ु ार सत
ू रं गाई उद्योग में श्रमिकों के स्वास्थ्य और सरु क्षा में
सधु ार के लिए कौन से बदलाव आवश्यक हैं?
- बेहतर वें टिलेशन(Better ventilation)

Ramcharan has been working as a Labour to fold clothes in

Bhavin Textile Mill for over 26 years.

Q. Does sitting down don’t hurt you?/क्या नीचे बैठने से आपको

दर्द नहीं होता?
-हाँ, ज्यादा दे र तक बैठने से कभी-कभी दर्द होता है , खासकर पीठ
और कमर में ।(Yes, sitting for a long time sometimes causes
pain, especially in the back and lower body.)

Q. What you do to be comfortable with your sitting?/ आप बैठने

के दौरान आरामदायक महसस ू करने के लिए क्या करते हैं?
-मैं अपने शरीर को आराम दे ने के लिए थोड़ा स्ट्रे च करता हूँ।
(I take a little stretch to relex my body)

Q. How would you rate the light of this place?/ क्या आपको इस
लाइटिंग सेटअप के साथ काम करते समय आरामदायक महसस ू
होता है ?
-नहीं, कभी-कभी लाइटिंग सेटअप अच्छा नहीं लगता।(No,
sometimes the lighting setup isn’t ideal.)

Q. What changes will you do to your workplace?/ आप अपने कार्यस्थल में कौन से बदलाव करना
चाहें गे?
-थोड़े ब्रेक और आराम की जगह भी अच्छी चाहिए(We need short breaks and a good place to
rest.)

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REFERENCES
"Occupational Health and Safety in the Textiles Industry" by Dr. Rajesh Dhawan
"The Textile Industry and the Environment" by William D'Arcy
“Field Observation," Situation Analysis for SME Sector by ACNielsen ORG-MARG (2012)
https://eelet.org.uk/index.php/journal/article/download/274/230
https://labour.gov.in/sites/default/files/osh_as_introduced_in_lok_sabha.pdf
https://ncib.in/pdf/ncib_pdf/Labour%20Act.pdf
https://textilescommittee.nic.in/actsrules-regulations
https://www.jumaccans.com/blog/top-6-challenges-faced-by-the-textile-industry-in-india/
https://ask-ehs.com/blog/occupational-health-safety-in-textile/
https://www.ijcrt.org/papers/IJCRT2305121.pdf
https://www.jetir.org/papers/JETIR2212548.pdf
https://pure.manchester.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/54503631/FULL_TEXT.PDF
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359574045_Energy_consumption_environmental_i
mpact_and_implementation_of_renewable_energy_resources_in_global_textile_industries_a
n_overview_towards_circularity_and_sustainability
https://www.ripublication.com/ijesdmspl/ijesdmv4n3_08.pdf
https://www.pratrivero.com/en/how-does-textile-production-affect-the-environment/

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