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Important Name Reactions of Chemistry in

Class 12th CBSE and ISC Board
INDEX
1. Sandmeyer Reaction
2. Gattermann Reaction
3. Balz-Schiemann Reaction
4. Finkelstein Reaction
5. Swartz Reaction
6. Wurtz Reaction
7. Fitting Reaction
8. Wurtz - Fittig Reaction
9. Kolbe's Reaction
10. Reimer- Tiemann Reaction
11. Rosenmund Reduction
12. Gattermann - Koch Reaction
13. Stephen Reaction or Stephen Reduction
14. Clemmensen Reduction
15. Wolff - Kishner Reduction
16. Haloform Reaction (Iodoform Reaction)
17. Aldol Condensation
18. Cannizzaro Reaction
19. Friedel - Crafts Reaction
20. Grignard Synthesis
21. Esterification Reaction or Fischer Esterification
22. Williamson Synthesis
23. Diazotisation Reaction
24. Etard Reaction
25. Hell - Volhard Zelinsky Reaction
26. Decarboxylation Reaction
27. Hofmann Bromide Reaction
28. Gabriel Phthalimide Synthesis
29. Coupling Reaction
30. Carbylamine Reaction

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1. SANDMEYER REACTION
The DIAZONIUM (C6H5N2Cl) is prepared by treating ice cold solution of ANILINE
(C6H5NH2) in excess of dilute HCl with an aqueous solution of NaNO2 at low
temperature (0-5)°C and the reaction is known as DIAZOTIZATION REACTION.
BROMO and CHLORO ALKANES can be prepared by treating a freshly prepared
DIAZONIUM SALT with CUPPEROUS BROMIDE or CUPPEROUS CHLORIDE and
this reaction is called as SANDMEYER REACTION.

2. GATTERMANN REACTION
This Reaction is same as SANDMEYER REACTION. But the only difference
between both of them is that here we use COPPER POWDER (Cu) in the presence
of HCl/HBr, and in SANDMEYER REACTION we use Cu2Cl2/Cu2Br2 as catalyst.

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3. BALZ-SCHIEMANN REACTION
It is a method of preparation of FLOUROBENZENE. In this method DIAZONIUM
SALT is reacted with FLOUROBORIC ACID, followed by heating the complex
compound formed.

4. FINKELSTEIN REACTION
ALKYL IODIDE (R-I) are often prepared by the Reaction of ALKYL CHLORIDE (R-
Cl) or ALKYL BROMIDE (R-Br) with SODIUM IODIDE (NaI) in Dry Acetone.

5. SWARTZ REACTION
FLOUROALKANE (ex. – CH3CH2F) are prepared by treating ALKYL CHLORIDE
(ex. – CH3CH2Cl) or BROMIDE (ex. – CH3CH2Br) in the presence of metallic
FLOURIDES such as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2 etc.

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6. WURTZ REACTION
ALKYL HALIDE/HALOALKANE react with metallic SODIUM in the presence of DRY
ETHER to form ALKANE containing double the no. of CARBON atom as present
in parent ALKYL HALIDE.

7. FITTIG REACTION
Aryl Halides prepared with Sodium (Na) in dry ether to give analogous
compounds where two aryl groups joined.

8. WURTZ-FITTIG REACTION
When a mixture of Alkyl Halide and Aryl Halide gets treated with sodium in dry
ether, we get an Alkyl Arene.

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9. KOLBE-SCHMITT REACTION
SODIUM PHENOXIDE (C6H5ONa) when heated with CARBON DIOXIDE (CO2) at
400 Kelvin under a pressure of (4-7)atm followed by acidification gives
2-HYDROXYBENZOIC ACID (SALICYLIC ACID) as the main product. This Reaction
is called KOLBE’S REACTION.

10. REIMER TIEMANN REACTION

When PHENOL (C6H5OH) reacts with CHLOROFORM (CHCl3) in the presence of
NaOH (SODIUM HYDROXIDE), a CHO group is introduced at ortho position of the
Ring. This Reaction is known as REIMER TIEMANN REACTION.

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11. Roesnmund Reaction

The Rosenmund Reduction is a hydrogenation process in which an Acyl Chloride
is selectively reduced to an Aldehyde. The reaction is catalysed by Palladium on
Barium Sulphate.

12. GATTERMAN-KOCH REACTION

When Benzene or its derivative is treated with Carbon Monoxide (CO) and
Hydrogen Chloride (HCl) in the presence of Anhydrous AlCl3 or CuCl2, it gives
Benzaldehyde or substituted benzaldehyde. This Reaction is called Gatterman
Koch Reaction.

13. STEPHEN REACTION

When Ethereal solution of a Nitrile is reduced with STANNOUS CHLORIDE (SnCl2)
in the presence of HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCl) at room temperature, Imine
Hydrochloride (R–CH=NH.HCl) is formed. This up on Hydrolysis with boiling H2O
give Aldehyde and the Reaction is called STEPHEN REACTION.

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14. CLEMMENSEN REDUCTION

Aldehyde and Ketone are reduced to corresponding hydrocarbon when they are
reacted with a mixture of Zinc Mercury Alloy and Concentrated HCl. This
reaction is called as Clemmensen Reduction.

15. WOLFF - KISHNER REDUCTION

Carbonyl group of Aldehydes and Ketones on treatment with Hydrazine which
on heating with Potassium Hydroxide in high boiling solvent (ethylene glycol)
reduced to CH2 group.

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17. ALDOL CONDENSATION

In this Reaction two Molecules of an ALDEHYDE or a KETONE condense in
presence of a Dilute ALKALI (Dilute NaOH, Na2CO3, Ba(OH)2 etc.) to form a
-hydroxyaldehyde or -hydroxyketone resp. These -hydroxyaldehydes or
ketones are collectively called ALDOLS.

18. CANNIZZARO REACTION

ALDEHYDES which do not contain a –hydrogen atom when treated with
concentrated ALKALI SOLUTION (NaOH) undergo disproportionation reaction,
i.e. self-Oxidation/Reduction. As a result one molecule is oxidized to
CARBOXYLIC ACID and another molecule is reduced to ALCOHOL.

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22. WILLIAMSON SYNTHESIS
It is an important Laboratory method for the preparation of Symmetrical and
Unsymmetrical ETHER. In this method an ALKYL HALIDE is allowed to react with
SODIUM ALKOXIDE.

24. ETARD REACTION

Chromyl chloride oxidises methyl group to get chromium complex which on
hydrolysis provides corresponding benzaldehyde.

25. HELL – VOLHARD ZELINSKY (HVZ) REACTION

Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α-position on
treatment with chlorine (Cl) or bromine (Br) in the presence of small amount of
red phosphorus to give α-halocarboxylic acid. This reaction is known as HVZ
reaction.

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27. HOFMANN BROMIDE REACTION

When a Primary AMIDE is treated with an Aqueous or Alcoholic NaOH (SODIUM
HYDROXIDE) or KOH (POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE) solution and BROMINE, it gives a
Primary AMINE which has one CARBON atom less than the original AMIDE.

28. GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDE SYNTHESIS

Phthalimide prepared with Ethanolic Potassium Hydroxide produces Potassium
salt of Phthalimide when heated with Alkyl Halide followed by Alkaline
hydrolysis forms the corresponding primary Amine.

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29. COUPLING REACTION
Benzene diazonium chloride gets reacted with phenol in which the phenol
molecule at its para position is mixed with the diazonium salt to give p-
hydroxyazobenzene.

30. CARBYLAMINE REACTION

Primary amine (both aliphatic and aromatic) when warmed with chloroform and
alcoholic KOH, gives isocyanides (carbylamines). This is called carbylamine
reaction. Carbylamines has an offensive smell. This reaction is answered only by
primary amine and hence to distinguish primary amine from other classes of
amines.

Preparation of Iodobenzene
Replacement of the DIAZONIUM Group by IODINE is done simply by Shaking the
DIAZONIUM SALT with KI.

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NAMED REACTIONS & REAGENTS IN ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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S.
No Named Reaction Reagent Use Remark

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No rkn on deactivated ring or with Ph-NH2, NHR, NR2
1. Friedel Craft Alkylation RX + AlCl3 Alkyl group on benzene C+ rearrangement
Order - RF > RCl > RBr > RI

CO + HCl for -CHO

2. Friedel Craft Acylation RCOCl + AlCl3 Acyl group on benzene
No rearrangements

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3. Clemmenson Reduction Zn-Hg conc HCl C=O to CH2 Can reduce NO2

4. Wolff Kishner Reduction NH2NH2 in KOH C=O to CH2 Cannot reduce NO2

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(i) SH-CH2CH2-SH in BF3
5. Mozingo Reaction (ii) H2 Raney Ni
C=O to CH2 Useful when comp is both acid and base sensitive

6. Corey House Synthesis Gillman Reagent - R2CuLi R2CuLi + R'X -----> RR'

To prepare CH2=CHMgX or Ph-MgCl solvent must be

7. Grignard RMgX As base or Nu

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THF not DE

8. Birch reduction Na in Liq NH3 Trans addition of H2 across alkyne

9. H2 + Lindlar's Catalyst Lindlar - {Pd/BaSO4 + Quinoline} Syn addition of H2 across alkyne

10.
H2 + P2 Catalyst

11. Wurtz Reaction

P2 Cat - Ni2B

Na in DE
[II Syn addition of H2 across alkyne

RX to R-R
CH3CH2X gives mixt of CH2=CH2 + CH3CH3 +
CH3CH2CH2CH3

12. Fittig Reaction Na in DE PhX to Ph-Ph

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13. Wurtz Fitting Reaction Na in DE RX + Ph-X -----> R-Ph

CH3CH2X gives mixt of CH2=CH2 + CH3CH3 +

14. Kolbe's Electrolysis RCOONa + H2O RCOONa gives R-R + CO2 + H2
CH3CH2CH2CH3

15. Bayer's Reagent Cold Alk KMnO4 Syn addition of OH across C=C Pink/ Purple colour gets decolourised
Ti

16. FinkelStein Reaction NaI + Acetone R-Cl/Br --------> R-I NaBr/Cl are insoluble in acetone

17. Swartz Rkn AgF/ SbF3/ CoF2/ Hg2F2 RX --------> R-F Aaj Sab ko hugg (Ag Sb Co Hg)
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18. Darzen Procedure SOCl2 in pyridine ROH to RCl without rearrangement Inversion of configuration

19. Reimer Tieman Reaction NaOH + CHCl3 Phenol to Salicadehyde dichloro carbene is E+

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20. Kolbe Schmidt Reaction NaOH +CO2 Phenol to Salicylicacid

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21. Williamson Synthesis of Ethers RL + RONa Ethers prep Elimination may take place

22. Rosenmund Reduction H2 + Lindlar's Catalyst RCOCl to RCHO

A bulkyl intermidate is formed as ppt preventing further

23. Etard's Reaction

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CrO2Cl2 Toulene to Ph-CHO
[O]

Not applicable to phenol (and their etheres);

24. Gatterman Koch Ald Synthesis CO + HCl + AlCl3 + CuCl Benzene to Benzaldehyde
Deactivated rings; Benzene with NH2/ NHR/ NR2

25. Gatterman Aldehyde Reaction HCN + HCl + AlCl3 Benzene to Benzaldehyde

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Applicable to phenol (and their etheres); Not applicable
Deactivated rings; Benzene with NH2/ NHR/ NR2
26. Gatterman Formylation Reaction Zn(CN)2 + HCl Benzene to Benzaldehyde

27. Sommelet reaction (ADV+) (CH2)6N4 Ph-CH2Cl ----------- > Ph-CHO

28. Stephen's Reduction (i) SnCl2 + HCl (ii) H2O RCN ---------> RCHO

T
Must have α H; Can dehydrate easily; LDA will pick
29. Aldol Condensation Dil NaOH Ald/Ketones -----> β hydroxy Ald/Ketones most acidic H (100% enolate formation no self aldol)
while NaOH will form stable enol

30. Claisen Condensation

31. Dieckmann Condesation

RONa
[II (Intermolecular Claisen)
2 α H are required. If only 1, then stronger bases like
NaH,KH,NaNH2,Ph3CNa are required
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32. Perkin Condensation Aliphatic Ald do not give this rkn (They have α H)
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Nu attack on second CHO-Ph is RDS so, -CN will attack

33. Benzoin Condensation Alc KCN
on the more activated ring first.

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Disproportionation rkn; there shouldn't be any α H. RDS
34. Cannizaro Reaction conc NaOH R-CHO -------> RCOO- + RCH2OH
is transfer of hydride ion.

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Stereoselective - trans > cis
35. Wittig Rkn Ph3P=CH2 Regioselective - better than E2 (Double bond in just one
place)

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36. Tischchenko Reaction Al(OR)3 RCHO -------> RCOOR

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37. Knoevenagel Condensation

38. Reformatsky Reaction

[II It is like Grignard, but much weaker so that it does not
react with ester

Meerwein Ponndorf Verley (MPV)

39. Al[OCH(CH3)2]3 + CH3CH(OH)CH3 Redeuce Ald/Ketones to Alcohols (especially in presence of NO2, C=C etc.) Reverse rkn is called Opeenauer Oxidation
Reduction
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{ H > 3 > 2 >= Ph > 1 > CH3 } Migratory Aptitude for the
40. Baeyer Villiger Oxidation peracid like mcpBA group that will get attached to O (i.e. R2 has a greater
MA than R1)
Ti
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41. Diel's Alder Reaction

]
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Yield of RX : 1 > 2 > 3
42. Hunsdiecker Reaction Br2 + CCl4 + Heat If RCOOAg and I2 are taken as 2:1 then ester is formed
and in 1:1 R-I is formed (Simonini Reaction)

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43. Hell Volhard Zelinsky reaction Red P + X2 + Heat

Intermediates : RCONH- RCONHBr -----> [RCONBr]-

D
-------> R-N=C=O (Ketime)
Hoffman Bromamide Degradation
44. NaOH + Br2 N loses both its H
(Rearrangement) no Cross only self
Only 1degree amines

45. Lossen Rearrangement (Same as Hoffman, in place of Br- we have -OCOR)

T
46. Curtius Rearrangement (Same as Hoffman, in place of Br- we have -N2+)

47. Gabriel Pthalimide Reaction

48. Sandmeyer
CuCl + HCl
CuBr + HBr
[II On Benzene Diazonium salt to get halo/cyano benzene
Only 1 degree amines
No Aromatic amines

CuCN

Cu + HCl
49. Gatterman
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Cu + HBr On Benzene Diazonium salt to get halobenzene

50. Balz Schieman Reaction HBF4 + Heat Benzene Diazonium to Fluorobenzene

(i) HCN
51. Kiliani Fischer Synthesis (ii) H3O+
Ti

(iii) Na-Hg (pH 3 to 5)

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Arndt Eistert Reaction (Includes Wolff

52. {O = C = CH - R} ---- Ketene is formed
Rearrangement

]
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D
T
[II
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Ti