DSC 1371

Business Statistics

Chapter 04 - Presentation of Quantitative Data

Department of Decision Sciences

Faculty of Management Studies and Commerce
University of Sri Jayewardenepura
Topics covered in the previous lessons
 Meaning and Scope of Statistics
 Data and Data Collection
 Presentation of Categorical Data

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Presentation of Quantitative Data
From this chapter, it is expected to;
 Identify grouped and ungrouped approaches of the preparation of frequency
distributions.
 Introduce the concepts of class interval, class limit, class boundary, class width and
class mark.
 Organize data into frequency distributions.
 Introduce the methods of graphical representation of quantitative data and
preparation of histogram using frequency distributions.

After learning the content of this chapter, the students should;

 be able to organize a quantitative array of data into a grouped or ungrouped
frequency distribution and interpret the results.
 have the understanding and ability of preparing graphical representation of
quantitative data using Histogram.

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Presentation of Quantitative Data
 Using tables – Frequency distributions (සංඛ්‍යාත ව්‍යාප්ති)
 Frequency distribution of Ungrouped data (අසමූහිත දත්ත)
 Frequency distribution of Grouped data (සමූහිත දත්ත)

 Using Graphs
– Histogram (ජාල රේඛ්‍ය)

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Raw Data (අමු දත්ත)
 When data are not arranged in any systematic way they are referred
to as raw data.

Example:
Consider the following marks scored by 50 students in mid semester
examination.
42, 35, 40, 41, 45, 45, 50, 32, 40, 45, 47, 50, 30, 32, 35, 30, 38,
35, 42, 47, 50, 34, 35, 41, 45, 30, 38, 41, 34, 30, 42, 42, 47, 34,
40, 35, 40, 42, 45, 47, 45, 30, 42, 47, 45, 35, 40, 45, 42, 47

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An Array
 An array is an arrangement of raw data in ascending or descending order of
magnitude.

Example:
Consider the previous marks scored by 50 students in mid semester
examination. Marks are arranged in ascending order.
42, 35, 40, 41, 45, 45, 50, 32, 40, 45, 47, 50, 30, 32, 35, 30, 38, 35, 42, 47, 50,
34, 35, 41, 45, 30, 38, 41, 34, 30, 42, 42, 47, 34, 40, 35, 40, 42, 45, 47, 45, 30,
42, 47, 45, 35, 40, 45, 42, 47

30,30,30,30,30,32,32,34,34,34,35,35,35,35,35,35,38,38,40,40,40,40,40,41,41,
41,42,42,42,42,42,42,42,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,47,47,47,47,47,47,50,50,50
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Presentation of Quantitative Data

 Using Tables

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Frequency Distribution of Ungrouped Data
 A table, which shows the each of value of the variable together
with number of times (frequency)it occurs.
42, 35, 40, 41, 45, 45, 50, 32, 40, 45, 47, 50, 30, 32, 35, 30, 38, 35, 42, 47, 50, 34, 35, 41, 45,
30, 38, 41, 34, 30, 42, 42, 47, 34, 40, 35, 40, 42, 45, 47, 45, 30, 42, 47, 45, 35, 40, 45, 42, 47

30,30,30,30,30,32,32,34,34,34,35,35,35,35,35,35,38,38,40,40,40,40,40,41,41,41,42,42,42,4
2,42,42,42,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,45,47,47,47,47,47,47,50,50,50
Frequency
Distribution

Marks 30 32 34 35 38 40 41 42 45 47 50

No. of 5 2 3 6 2 5 3 7 8 6 3
Students
(frequency)

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Frequency Distribution of Grouped Data
 A tabular arrangement of Weights of 100 students at XYZ University
data by classes together with Weights (Kg) Number of
Students (f)
the corresponding class 60-62 05
frequencies
63-65 18
66-68 42
69-71 27
72-74 8
Class
Intervals ∑f = 100
පන්ති ප්‍රාන්තතර

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 Frequency Distribution of Grouped Data
Number of Students Class Midpoint
Weights (Kg) Class Boundaries
(f) (X) (62 +63)
= 62.5
2
60-62 59.5 – 62.5 05 61
63-65 62.5 – 65.5 18 64
66-68 65.5 – 68.5 42 67
69-71 68.5 – 71.5 27 70
Class 72-74 71.5 – 74.5 08 73
Intervals
පන්ති ප්‍රාන්තතර
Class Mark
Class Limits Class Frequency
(Class Midpoint)
පන්ති සීමා Boundaries Distribution
පන්ති ලකුණ
සංඛ්‍යාත ව්‍යාප්තිය
පන්ති මායිම් (පන්ති මධ්‍ය අගය)

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Class Boundaries…
 The smaller number (59.5) is the lower class boundary of the first class interval, and
 the larger number (62.5) is the upper class boundary of the first class interval

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Class Mark

 The class mark is the midpoint of the class interval.

(Lower Class Limit + Upper Class limit)
 Class Mark =
2

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 Class Width

Upper Class Lower Class

 Class Width =
Boundary  Boundary

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General Rules for Forming Frequency Distributions
1. Determine the largest and smallest values in the raw data and thus
find the range (the difference between the largest and smallest
numbers).

2. Divide the range into a convenient number of class intervals having

the same size.

3. Determine the number of observations falling into each class

interval; that is, find the class frequencies.
This can be done by using tally marks.

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 Example 4.1 (page 22)

Make a frequency distribution with 7 class intervals from the following data.
40 36 43 57 81 90 92 74 66 85 41 57
30 63 84 93 71 55 56 63 39 44 59 43
90 82 88 72 73 45 53 64 79 85 99 68
65 69 83 80

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 40 36 43 57 81 90 92 74 66 85 41 57
Answer: 30 63 84 93 71 55 56 63 39 44 59 43
 Step 1: First find the range; 90 82 88 72 73 45 53 64 79 85 99 68
Maximum value = 99 65 69 83 80
Minimum value = 30

 Range = 99 – 30 = 69

Range = Maximum Value – Minimum Value

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Answer:
 Step 2: Find the width of the class interval;

Range
Width of the class interval 
Number of class int ervals

69
Width of the class interval 
7
 9.85
 10
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Answer:
 Step 3: Find the frequency values in each class interval;
Class Class frequency 40 36 43 57 81 90 92 74 66 85 41 57
intervals boundaries 30 63 84 93 71 55 56 63 39 44 59 43
30 – 39 29 .5 – 39 .5 90 82 88 72 73 45 53 64 79 85 99 68
65 69 83 80
40 – 49 39 .5 – 49 .5

50 – 59 49 .5 – 59.5

60 – 69 59 .5 – 69.5

70 – 79 69 .5 – 79.5

80 – 89 79 .5 – 89.5

90 – 99 89 .5 – 99.5
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Answer:

Class interval Class boundaries Frequency (f )

30 – 39 29.5 – 39.5 03

40 – 49 39.5 – 49.5 06

50 – 59 49.5 – 59.5 06

60 – 69 59.5 – 69.5 07

70 – 79 69.5 – 79.5 05 Frequency

Distribution
80 – 89 79.5 – 89.5 08

90 – 99 89.5 – 99.5 05

 f = 40 19
Presentation of Quantitative Data

 Using Graphs

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Graphical Representations
 Histogram (Page number 22)
Class Limits

Histogram

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14

12
No of workers

10

8 X X
6
X X
4

0
9.5 19.5 29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5
Wages
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 Example: Draw a histogram for the following frequency distribution

Class interval Class boundaries Frequency (f )

30 – 39 29.5 – 39.5 03

40 – 49 39.5 – 49.5 06

50 – 59 49.5 – 59.5 06

60 – 69 59.5 – 69.5 07

70 – 79 69.5 – 79.5 05

80 – 89 79.5 – 89.5 08

90 – 99 89.5 – 99.5 05

 f = 40 22
Answer: Example

10

6
X X X
4
X X
2

0
29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5

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Answer: Example

29.5 39.5 49.5 59.5 69.5 79.5 89.5 99.5

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Exercise 2: (Page 23)
 Draw a histogram for the following frequency distribution and
comment on the shape of the distribution.
Weekly 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-39 40-49 50-69
wages
No of 7 19 27 15 12 12 8
workers

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Answer:
Class interval Class boundaries Frequency (f )

10 – 14 07

15 – 19 19

20 – 24 27

25 – 29 15

30 – 39 12

40 – 49 12

50 – 69 08

 f = 100 26
Answer:
Class interval Class boundaries Frequency (f )

10 – 14 9.5 – 14.5 07

15 – 19 14.5 – 19.5 19

20 – 24 19.5 – 24.5 27

25 – 29 24.5 – 29.5 15
Class width is 10
30 – 39 29.5 – 39.5 12

40 – 49 39.5 – 49.5 12
Class width is 20
50 – 69 49.5 – 69.5 08

 f = 100 27
Answer:
1.2
30 Histogram

1
25

0.8
20

15
0.6

10
0.4

5
0.2

0
9.5 14.5 19.5 24.5 29.5 34.5 39.5 44.5 49.5 54.5 59.5 64.5 69.5

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Summary
 Frequency Distributions
 Grouped data
 Ungrouped data

 Graphical representations of frequency distributions (Histogram)

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 Q &A

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