GIS and Remote Sensing

EGE 2421
GIS IN WATER RESOURCE
MANAGEMENT

Lecture No. 05

Felix Mutua, PhD

Tuesday, February 13, 2024
 Lecture Plan
Wee Topic Week Topic
k
1 Overview 8 Networks – I
(concepts, network problems)
2 Review of GIS analysis Techniques 9 Networks – II
(building networks, optimization)
3 GIS in Agriculture 10 Networks – III
(concepts, application areas, Crop (routing, tracking)
Suitability Analysis)
4 Natural resource Management – I 11 Utility Management
(concepts, application areas) (concepts, viewsheds,lineof sight)
5 Natural resource Management – II 12 Health and Disease control
(Groundwater) (concepts in epidemiology)
6 GIS in Business 13 Governance
(store location, consumer profiling) (crime, districting, LIS, census)
7 CAT I 14 CAT II
8
The hardness of this challenge should
not be under-estimated!
GIS use in the hydro cycle
 Applications of GIS in Water
Resources Management
• Remote Sensing
• Watershed management
• Flood management
• Groundwater
• Water quality
• Permitting

February 13, 2024

 Remote Sensing
• Use of aerial photography and/or satellite
• imagery to assess water resources
• Allows rapid assessment of large areas, and
selection of subsets for detailed analyses
• Water has distinctive spectral properties;
water absorbs radiation – in infrared
imagery, water appears black
• Water quality can also be picked up from
remote sensing – turbidity and/or depth
February 13, 2024
 Remote Sensing
• Provides a static ‘snapshot’ of water conditions;
not an active system like stream monitoring
gauges, etc
– Strong temporal scale component
• Used for:
– Flood plain delineation
– Flood assessment
– Monitoring changes in stream channels
– In association with traditional GIS, can provide
– information for all GIS/Water Resources projects

February 13, 2024

 Watershed Management
• Terrain modeling
• Flow modeling
• Debris flow probability
• Terrain modeling
• Creation of DEMs
• Automated watershed extraction from
topography
• Flow determination – direction and
accumulation
February 13, 2024
 Flood Management
• Flood plain delineation
– Use of satellite imagery
– Assessment/modeling of topography
– Soil
– Hydrology
• Channel characteristics
• Inundation modeling
• Infrastructure analysis
• Risk modeling and mitigation

February 13, 2024

 Flood Management
• Channel characteristics
• Channel cross-section
• Channel length
• Channel shape
• Changes over time
• Channel erosion and depositional features

• Inundation modeling
• Prediction of return periods
• Simulation of models on contemporary situation
• Assessment of potentially flood-prone sites
• Implementation of mitigation measures
• Large-scale and small-scale mitigation

February 13, 2024

 Flood Management
 Infrastructure analysis
 From analysis of inundation models,
determine effects on infrastructure
 Assessment of bridge and other structures
that span river channels
 Assessment of dykes and other mitigation
structures that run parallel to channel : Effects
of these on sedimentation and erosion
processes downstream
 Assessment of road and other critical
networks and facilities with respect to flood
hazards

February 13, 2024

 Flood Management
 Risk modeling and mitigation
 From inundation models and infrastructural analyses,
can compute risk factors, and determine probabilities,
return periods, and acceptable risk
 Can begin planning appropriate engineering mitigation
plans
 Mitigation can range from legislation (zoning) to
engineering
 All have to consider socio-economic realities with respect
to:
 Demand for land for development
 Cost of implementing mitigation
 Environmental impact of mitigation downstream

February 13, 2024

 Groundwater
• Modeling subsurface
flow – rate,
advection,
concentration
• Well and spring
models

February 13, 2024

 Water Quality
• Management of surface and subsurface
water
– Instrument-based assessments
– Used in conjunction with GIS/GPS, ties location
of sample collection to map to show patterns
and distributions
– Water quality measurements of oxygen, pH,
bacterial content, etc
– Measures flow rates and turbidity

February 13, 2024

 Water Quality
• Use of passive and active water quality
monitoring systems
– Depends on costs and risk; may not need
advanced active system on a river that floods
often, but is far from any settlement or
developments
– Need to consider quantity of measuring stations;
more stations equal greater detail and accuracy
but greater cost

February 13, 2024

 Permitting
• Population and consumption demand analyses and
forecasts
• Water quality modeling
• Flow analyses
• EIA and development review and approval
• Engineering
• Population and consumption demand
• analyses and forecasts
– Consider population and consumption characteristics as end
users of water resources
– Includes domestic, commercial, industrial and civil uses
– Need to know the location and distribution of these

February 13, 2024

 Permitting
• Water quality modeling
– Level of quality monitoring is a function of the use of
the resource
– Water may be used for:
• Generation of hydro-electricity
• Agricultural irrigation
• Human consumption
• Flow analyses
– Looks at:
• Rate of flow of water for downstream flood control
• Content and concentrations of dissolved and suspended
particles for pollution control and sedimentation analyses

February 13, 2024

 Permitting
• EIA and development review and approval
– Important when considering major
infrastructural development within watersheds
and along rivers or flood plains
– Downstream impacts important
– Range from major capital development projects,
such as dams, to smaller activities such as sand-
mining
– Implications may extend to other jurisdictions,
locally and internationally

February 13, 2024

 Permitting
• Engineering
– For:
• Generation of hydro-electricity
• Agricultural irrigation
• Human consumption
• Flood control
• Transport
• Extraction of resource
– Consider topography and other natural physical
elements, and population/demand centres to
determine means to supply resource from source

February 13, 2024

 WATERSHED MODELLING

February 13, 2024

 Watershed modeling
• Segment level watersheds can be used in
watershed modeling
• Also compiled flow tables for each watershed

Outlet

Watershed Schematic:
Simplified segment-level watersheds
and associated flow table
 Elevation surface or grid
• The starting point for all hydrological modeling in GIS
• USGS Digital elevation model 30m or 10m elevation cells, or 3m
for WV
• Each cell or grid represents a value for the elevation
 GROUNDWATER EXPLORATION
Case study : Noyyal, Tamil Nadu, Sri Lanka

February 13, 2024

 IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES AND
NON-NATURAL RECHARGE SITES BY USING GIS AND RS

 Remote sensing and Geographic Information System has become one of

the leading tools in the field of hydrogeological science, which helps in
assessing, monitoring and conserving groundwater resources.

 Analysis of remotely sensed data along with Survey of India

topographical sheets and collateral information with necessary field
checks helps in generating the base line information for groundwater
targeting.

 The geology, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, lineament density

and land use/land cover maps have been used for the preparation of
groundwater potential zones

 The geology, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, lineament density,

rainfall, water level and land use/land cover maps have been used for
the preparation of Non-Natural recharge sites

33
 IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES AND
NON-NATURAL RECHARGE SITES BY USING GIS AND RS

 Remote sensing and Geographic Information System has become one of

the leading tools in the field of hydrogeological science, which helps in
assessing, monitoring and conserving groundwater resources.

 Analysis of remotely sensed data along with Survey of India topographical

sheets and collateral information with necessary field checks helps in
generating the base line information for groundwater targeting.

 The geology, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, lineament density

and land use/land cover maps have been used for the preparation of
groundwater potential zones

 The geology, geomorphology, slope, drainage density, lineament density,

rainfall, water level and land use/land cover maps have been used for the
preparation of Non-Natural recharge sites

34
 WEIGHTED INDEX OVERLAY ANALYSIS

 The occurrence and movement of groundwater in an area is controlled by various

factors. The influence of all factors need not be the same in the area. Therefore, each
parameter was assigned a weightage depending on its influence towards the movement
and storage of groundwater.

 The weightage for the major relationship between two factors was assigned 1 and the
weightage for the minor relationship between two factors was assigned as 0.5. Finally,
the total weight of each factor represents the weight for groundwater potential and
Non-Natural recharge.

 The occurrence and movement of groundwater in an area is controlled by various

parameters in each factors. The influence of all parameters need not be the same in the
area. Therefore, each parameter is assigned a rank depending on its influence on the
movement and storage of groundwater. The parameter has been categorised into five
zones from groundwater potential and Non-Natural recharge point of view.

 The percentage influence for groundwater potential zone and the score of each recharge
potential factors was calculated as 100 multiplied by the weight of the recharge potential
divided by the total weight of the each recharege potential factor

 The final map has been categorized into five zones in which ranking 1 denotes poorly
zone, 2 denotes moderately zone, 3 denotes moderate to good zone, 4 denotes good
zone and 5 denotes very good zone for groundwater potential and Non-Natural
recharge.
35
 Delineating Groundwater
Potential

Satellite Imagery Base data

Toposheets

Image
Processing

Thematic Layers : Drainage, Landuse, lithology, soil, lineaments, rainfall, slope…

Weighted
Overlay

Groundwater
February 13, 2024 Potential Map
 Drainage Density Map(km/km2)

Total length of all the streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the drainage
basin 37
 Lineament Density Map(km/km2)

A lineament is a linear feature in a landscape which is an expression of an underlying geological

structure such as a fault. Typically a lineament will appear as a fault-aligned valley, a series of fault
or fold-aligned hills, a straight coastline or indeed a combination of these features 38
Soil Map

39
 Geomorphology Map

topographic and bathymetric features created by physical, chemical or biological processes

operating at or near the Earth's surface 40
Slope Map

41
Land Use/land Cover Classification

42
 WEIGHTED INDEX OVERLAY ANALYSIS
 The occurrence and movement of groundwater in an area is controlled by various
factors. The influence of all factors need not be the same in the area. Therefore, each
parameter was assigned a weightage depending on its influence towards the
movement and storage of groundwater.

 The weightage for the major relationship between two factors was assigned 1 and the
weightage for the minor relationship between two factors was assigned as 0.5. Finally,
the total weight of each factor represents the weight for groundwater potential and
Non-Natural recharge.

 The occurrence and movement of groundwater in an area is controlled by various

parameters in each factors. The influence of all parameters need not be the same in
the area. Therefore, each parameter is assigned a rank depending on its influence on
the movement and storage of groundwater. The parameter has been categorized into
five zones from groundwater potential and Non-Natural recharge point of view.

 The percentage influence for groundwater potential zone and the score of each
recharge potential factors was calculated as 100 multiplied by the weight of the
recharge potential divided by the total weight of the each recharge potential factor

 The final map has been categorized into five zones in which ranking 1 denotes poorly
zone, 2 denotes moderately zone, 3 denotes moderate to good zone, 4 denotes good
zone and 5 denotes very good zone for groundwater potential and Non-Natural
recharge. 43
 Weightage Influence for Groundwater
Potential

S.No Factors Major Relationship Minor Relationship Weightage

1 Geology Drainage density, Land use/land cover 2.5

Lineament density
2 Lineament density Drainage density, Land use/land cover 1.5

3 Land use/land cover Drainage density, Slope, Geology, Soil 2.5

4 Geomorphology Slope, Geology, Land use/land cover, 4

Drainage density Soil
5 Soil Land use/land cover, Geology, Drainage 3
Geomorphology density
6 Drainage density Land use/land cover, 2
Slope
7 Slope Land use/land cover, Drainage density 2.5
Geomorphology

44
 Weightage Influence for
Non-Natural Recharge Sites

S.No Factors Major Relationship Minor Relationship Weightage

1 Geology Drainage density, Lineament density Land use/land cover 2.5

2 Lineament density Drainage density, Land use/land cove Slope 2.5

3 Land use/land cover Drainage density, Slope, Geology, Soil 2.5

4 Geomorphology Slope, Geology, Drainage density Land use/land cover, 4

Soil
5 Soil Land use/land cover, Geomorphology Geology, Drainage 3
density
6 Drainage density Land use/land cover, Slope, Geomorphology 2

7 Slope Drainage density, Land use/land cover 3.5

Rainfall, Geomorphology
8 Rainfall Land use/land cover, Geomorphology Slope 2.5

9 Water level Rainfall. Lineament density, Geology Land use/land cover, 4

Slope

45
 Percentage Influence of Various Parameters on
Groundwater Potential and Non-Natural Recharge
Sites
Factors Percentage of Influence
Groundwater Potential Non-Natural Recharge
Sites
Geology 13 8
Lineament density 9 10
Land use/land cover 15 6
Geomorphology 20 16
Soil 15 10
Drainage density 13 8
Slope 16 14
Rainfall - 10
Water level - 6
46
 Factors of Thematic Layers and its Parameters

Thematic map Parameter Boolean Overlay Rank WIOA Rank Fuzzy Logic Rank

Unclassified Gneiss 1 4 0.80

Lime Stone 1 4 0.80
Charnokite 0 2 0.40
Pink Granite 0 1 0.20
Geology
Pink Granite & Gneiss 1 4 0.80
Basic Rock 1 5 0.99
Complex Gneiss 1 1 0.20
Valley Fill 1 4 0.80
Colluvial & Alluvial 1 5 0.99
Brown Soil 0 2 0.40
Red Calcareous 1 4 0.80

Soil Black Soil 0 1 0.20

Red Non Calcareous 0 2 0.40
Thin red Soil 1 4 0.80
Alluvial Soil 1 5 0.99

47
Thematic map Parameter Boolean Overlay Rank WIOA Rank Fuzzy Logic Rank

Structural hill 0 1 0.20

Shallow pediment 0 2 0.40
Duri crust 0 1 0.20
Shallow buried pediment 0 2 0.40
Residual hill 0 1 0.20

Geomorphology Denudational hills 0 1 0.20

Deep pediment 1 4 0.80
Valley fill 1 4 0.80
Pediment 0 1 0.20
Flood plain 1 5 0.99
Composite slope 0 1 0.20
Paleo sand dune 1 5 0.99

Crop land 1 4 0.80

Fallow land 1 4 0.80

Scrub forest 1 3 0.60

Land use / land
cover Built up land 0 1 0.20

Water bodies 1 5 0.99

Land with scrub 0 2 0.40

Land without scrub 1 3 0.60 48

 Lineament density, Drainage density and Slope

Boolean
Thematic map Parameter Overlay WIOA Rank Fuzzy Logic Rank
Rank

0-0.600 0 1 0.20
0.600-1.200 1 2 0.40
Lineament
density 1.200-1.800 1 3 0.60
(km/km2)
1.800-2.400 1 4 0.80
2.400-3.100 1 5 0.99
0 – 0.31169 1 5 0.99
0.31169 – 0.658 1 4 0.80
Drainage
density 0.658 – 0.995 1 3 0.60
(km/km2)
0.995 – 1.432 1 2 0.40
1.432 – 2.20 0 1 0.20
0–1 0 1 0.20
1 -3 1 2 0.40
Slope 3 -7 1 3 0.60
7 -15 1 4 0.80
49
>15 1 5 0.99
Rank of Parameters for Identifying Non-
Natural Recharge Sites

50
S.No Factors Parameters Rank

1 Soil Reserved forest NA

Colluvial & Alluvial 5
Brown Soil 2
Red Calcareous 4
Black Soil 1
Red Non Calcareous 2
Thin red Soil 4
Alluvial Soil 5
2 Geology Unclassified Gneiss 4
Lime Stone 4
Charnokite 2
Pink Granite 1
Pink Granite & Gneiss 4
Basic Rock 5
Complex Gneiss 1
Valley Fill 4 51
3 Geomorphology Structural hill 1
Shallow pediment 2
Duri crust 1
Shallow buried 2
pediment
Residual hill 1
Denudational hills 1
Deep pediment 4
Valley fill 4
Pediment 1
Flood plain 3
Composite slope 1
Paleo sand dune 5
Reserved forest NA

52
4 Lineament Density 0-0.600 1
0.600-1.200 2
1.200-1.800 3
1.800-2.400 4
2.400-3.100 5
5 Drainage Density 0 – 0.31169 5
0.31169 – 0.658 4
0.658 – 0.995 3
0.995 – 1.432 2
1.432 – 2.20 1
6 Slope Gradient 0–1 4
1 -3 5
3 -7 3
7 -15 2
>15 1
53
7 Land use/Land cover Dense forest NA
Crop land 4
Fallow land 4
Scrub forest 3
Built up land 1
Water bodies 3
Forest blank NA
Land with scrub 3
Land without scrub 4
Open forest NA
8 Water Level in m 1.8 – 10 5
10.1 – 15 4
15.1 – 20 3
20.1 – 26 2
26.1 - 32 1
9 Rainfall 352 – 541 1
541.1 – 640 2
640 – 811 3
811 – 1103 4
1103 - 1500 5 54
 Overlay Analysis

In the illustration, the cell values are multiplied by their weight factor, and the results are added
together to create the output raster. For example, consider the upper left cell. The values for the
two inputs become (2.2 * 0.75) = 1.65 and (3 * 0.25) = 0.75. The sum of 1.5 and 0.75 is 2.4.

February 13, 2024

Groundwater Potential Map

56
Non-Natural Recharge Sites Map

57
58
 Conclusions

• In the present study, map generated by superimposing the drainage

map and lineament map helped to locate the favorable sites for the
artificial recharge which is shown in fig. 13.
• Based on Fig. 13, 39 artificial recharge sites were identified, of which 4
sites fall in the ‘good’ recharge zone, 2 sites fall in the ‘moderately
suitable’ recharge zone and 33 sites fall in the ‘moderate to good
suitable’ recharge zone.
• As far as the artificial recharge structures are concerned, mainly check
dams and perculation ponds are recommended at the identified sites
for artificial recharge in the study area.
• These structures are small-scale structures that can be built across lower
order streams in order to enhance infiltration into the subsurface
formations.

February 13, 2024

 Cont.

 The Non-Natural recharge was predominant in moderate to good category

(occupies 83.52% of the study area) due to the presence of pediments and
gneiss, red calcareous and thin red soil with high lineament density.

 The good category (occupies 6.12% of the study area) was found in few
patches of south western side and western side of the study area due to the
presence of red calcareous, flood plain, pediment, shallow pediment and
deep pediment, valley fill, unclassified gneiss, charnockite, complex gneiss
and fallow land.

 The moderate category (occupies 10.36% of the study area) was found in
western, south eastern and north eastern side of the study area due to the
presence of red calcareous, black soil, colluvial and alluvial soil, shallow
buried pediment, shallow pediment, pediment, charnockite, complex and
unclassified gneiss.

60
 Assignment 05
• Each student is required to research and apply GIS
techniques to identify potential groundwater
resources in a ward of choice.
• To submit :
– The approach followed that must include a flowchart
– Data used in the approach in a personal geodatabase
– Any models developed/used
– Report summarizing the approach, data, results and
references (max 5 pages)
Submission link: https://forms.gle/NMXVXtx31PFixnSy7
deadline next week Tues 7:00am

February 13, 2024