Name- Krish Kumar

BCA-1ST SEM(2024)

CFOA AssignmentUnit-1

Q1. What is Computer ? What are its characteristics ? Write its

Advantages and Disadvantages.
Ans : A Computer is an electronic device that can receive, process, store, and output
data according to programmed instructions. It performs tasks such as calculations,
data management, and communications through hardware (physical components)
and software (instructions or programs). Computers are designed to solve
problems efficiently, handle large amounts of data, and execute multiple
operations at high speed.

Properties : (defines the nature of Computer)

⦁ Electronic Machine: A computer functions using electronic components like
circuits, transistors, and microchips, allowing it to perform operations
quickly and efficiently.
⦁ "To Compute" (Calculate): The primary role of a computer is to compute or
carry out calculations, including complex mathematical operations and data
analysis tasks.
⦁ Logical and Mathematical Operations: Computers perform both logical
(decision-making) and mathematical (addition, subtraction, etc.) operations
to process information and solve problems.
⦁ Data and Information: Computers process raw data to generate meaningful
information, which can be used in various applications such as data analysis,
decision-making, and communication.
⦁ Instruction Program: A computer follows a specific set of instructions called a
program, which directs the machine on how to process data and execute tasks.

⦁ Software and Hardware: A computer is a combination of hardware (the

physical components, such as the CPU, memory, and storage devices) and
software (the programs and applications that provide instructions for the
hardware to follow).
⦁ CPU (Central Processing Unit): The CPU is the brain of the computer, where
all logical and mathematical calculations are performed. It processes instructions
from software and controls the operation of other hardware components.
⦁ Store Data: Computers can store data in various storage devices like hard drives,
SSDs, and memory (RAM). This allows them to save information for future
access and use in ongoing tasks.

Characteristics : (describe how a Computer behaves, functions, or is

perceived)
⦁ Speed/Efficiency : Computers can process and execute complex tasks in
fractions of a second, improving overall productivity.
⦁ Storage Capacity : They can store vast amounts of data, both locally and in the
cloud, allowing for easy access and retrieval.
⦁ Automation : Computers automate repetitive tasks, reducing human effort and
increasing consistency in results.
⦁ Flexibility : Computers can adapt to a wide variety of tasks by simply
changing software, making them useful across multiple domains.
⦁ Multitasking : They can run multiple applications simultaneously without loss
of performance, enhancing productivity.
⦁ Versatility : From gaming to scientific computing, computers can be used for
numerous purposes across industries.

. Diligence : Unlike humans, computers can work continuously without

fatigue or loss in performance.
⦁ Accuracy : Computers perform calculations and tasks with a high level of
precision, minimizing errors.
⦁ Security : With proper measures, computers can securely store sensitive data,
protecting it from unauthorized access.
⦁ Reliability : Computers provide consistent performance and can be relied upon
for accurate and repeatable results.
⦁ Scalability : Computers can easily scale in performance or storage to handle
increasing workloads or data volumes.
⦁ Connectivity : Through networks and the internet, computers enable instant
communication and data sharing across the globe.
⦁ No IQ : Computers rely on pre-programmed instructions and cannot think or
learn independently without human input or advanced AI algorithms.
⦁ Emotionless : Computers cannot understand or replicate human emotions,
making them incapable of empathy or subjective decision-making.

Advantages / Merits :
⦁ Speed/Efficiency : Computers can process and execute complex tasks in
fractions of a second, improving overall productivity.
⦁ Storage Capacity : They can store vast amounts of data, both locally and in the
cloud, allowing for easy access and retrieval.
⦁ Automation : Computers automate repetitive tasks, reducing human effort and
increasing consistency in results.
⦁ Flexibility : Computers can adapt to a wide variety of tasks by simply changing
software, making them useful across multiple domains.
⦁ Multitasking : They can run multiple applications simultaneously without loss
of performance, enhancing productivity.
⦁ Versatility : From gaming to scientific computing, computers can be used for
numerous purposes across industries.
⦁ Diligence : Unlike humans, computers can work continuously without fatigue
or loss in performance.
⦁ Accuracy : Computers perform calculations and tasks with a high level of
precision, minimizing errors.
⦁ Security : With proper measures, computers can securely store sensitive data,
protecting it from unauthorized access.
⦁ Reliability : Computers provide consistent performance and can be relied upon
for accurate and repeatable results.
⦁ Scalability : Computers can easily scale in performance or storage to handle
increasing workloads or data volumes.
⦁ Connectivity : Through networks and the internet, computers enable instant
communication and data sharing across the globe.

Disadvantages / Demerits :
⦁ Emotionless : Computers cannot understand or replicate human emotions,
making them incapable of empathy or subjective decision-making.
⦁ No IQ : Computers rely on pre-programmed instructions and cannot think or
learn independently without human input or advanced AI algorithms.
⦁ Special Skills : Operating and programming computers require specialized
skills and knowledge, which not everyone possesses.
⦁ Dust-Free Environment : Computers need clean, dust-free environments to
avoid damage to sensitive hardware components.
⦁ Air Conditioning : High-performance computers generate heat and often
require air conditioning or cooling systems to prevent overheating.
⦁ Maintenance : Computers require regular maintenance, updates, and hardware
repairs to ensure optimal performance.
⦁ Costly : Initial investments in hardware, software, and maintenance can be

expensive, especially for high-end systems and specialized use cases.

Block Diagram of Computer :

Block diagram of a computer typically represents the key components and how
they interact with each other. Here's a breakdown of the diagram
components and their roles:

Control Unit (CU)

⦁ Function: The Control Unit is responsible for managing and coordinating the
activities of the computer. It directs the operations of the processor, memory,
and input/output devices by fetching, decoding, and executing instructions.
⦁ Connection: It communicates with the ALU, memory, and input/output units
to control the execution of instructions.
⦁ Location: The Control Unit is a part of the Central Processing Unit (CPU).

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

⦁ Function: The ALU performs arithmetic (addition, subtraction, etc.) and logic
operations (comparisons like greater than, less than, etc.). It handles all the
mathematical calculations and logical decision-making.
⦁ Connection: It works closely with the Control Unit to process the data fetched
from memory or input devices and sends the results to memory or output
devices.
⦁ Location: The ALU is part of the CPU along with the Control Unit.

Main Memory (RAM)

⦁ Function: The main memory, also known as RAM (Random Access Memory),
stores data and instructions that the CPU uses during processing. It is a
temporary storage that holds data only while the computer is on and actively
running.
⦁ Connection: It communicates with both the CPU and the Input/Output Units.
The CPU retrieves data from RAM during processing and sends results back to
it.
⦁ Location: RAM is located close to the CPU for faster data access.

Secondary Storage
⦁ Function: Secondary storage provides long-term storage for data, programs,
and files. Examples include hard drives (HDD), solid-state drives (SSD), and
optical disks (CD/DVD). Unlike RAM, data remains stored even when the
computer is turned off.
⦁ Connection: Data from secondary storage is loaded into main memory when
needed for processing. It interacts with the CPU through the memory unit.
⦁ Location: Located externally from the CPU, secondary storage is accessed for
reading or writing large amounts of data.

Input Unit
⦁ Function: The Input Unit consists of devices (like a keyboard, mouse, scanner)
that allow users to enter data and instructions into the computer.
⦁ Connection: Data from input devices are sent to the CPU for processing
through the input unit and then stored in memory if needed.
⦁ Location: External devices are connected to the CPU and memory system.

Output Unit
⦁ Function: The Output Unit consists of devices (like monitors, printers,
speakers) that provide the results of the computer's processing to the user.
⦁ Connection: Data processed by the CPU is sent to output devices via the
output unit for display or other uses.
⦁ Location: External devices connected to the CPU and memory.

# Block Diagram Summary:

⦁ CPU (Control Unit + ALU) processes instructions and data.
⦁ Memory (Main Memory) holds data during processing.
⦁ Secondary Storage holds long-term data.
⦁ Input Unit receives user inputs.
⦁ Output Unit displays or outputs results.
The diagram flow generally involves data moving from input → main
memory → CPU (ALU + CU) for processing → output or back to
memory/secondary storage for later use.

Generations of Computer :
 First Generation of Computer :

Characteristics :
⦁ Vacuum Tubes: Used as the main technology for circuitry.
⦁ Large and Bulky: Occupied entire rooms due to the size of components.
⦁ High Power Consumption: Required a lot of electricity to operate.
⦁ Excessive Heat Generation: Produced significant heat, leading to
frequent breakdowns.
⦁ Slow Processing: Performed computations at a relatively slow speed.
⦁ Machine Language: Programs were written in low-level machine
language (binary code).
⦁ Limited Memory: Used magnetic drums for memory with limited
storage capacity.
⦁ Punch Cards for Input/Output: Data was input using punch cards and
paper tapes.
⦁ Low Reliability: Prone to frequent malfunctions and required constant
maintenance.
⦁ Expensive: Very costly to build, operate, and maintain.
⦁ Batch Processing: Data was processed in batches, with no real-time
interaction.
 Second Generation of the Computers :

Characteristics :
⦁ Transistors: Replaced vacuum tubes, making computers smaller, faster,
and more energy-efficient.
⦁ Less Heat: Generated less heat compared to first-generation computers,
improving reliability.
⦁ Smaller Size: More compact and efficient, occupying less space.
⦁ Faster Processing: Improved computational speed and performance over
first-generation machines.
⦁ High-Level Programming Languages: Supported languages like
COBOL and FORTRAN.
⦁ Magnetic Core Memory: Used magnetic cores for memory, providing
more reliable storage.
⦁ Punch Cards and Magnetic Tape: Still relied on punch cards for
input/output, along with magnetic tape for data storage.
⦁ Batch Processing: Programs were processed in batches with no real-time
interaction.
⦁ More Reliable: Increased reliability and required less frequent
maintenance.
⦁ Lower Cost: Cheaper to build and operate compared to first-generation
computers.

Third Generation of the Computers :

Characteristics :
⦁ Integrated Circuits (ICs): Replaced transistors with ICs, allowing for
smaller, faster, and more efficient computers.
⦁ Increased Speed and Efficiency: Significant improvement in processing
speed and performance.
⦁ Smaller Size: Further reduced size, making computers more compact and
practical.
⦁ Lower Power Consumption: More energy-efficient than previous
generations.
⦁ Increased Reliability: Enhanced reliability with fewer hardware failures.
⦁ Multiprogramming: Allowed multiple programs to run simultaneously
(time-sharing systems).
⦁ Keyboards and Monitors: Introduced for input and output, replacing
punch cards.
⦁ Magnetic Disk Storage: Used magnetic disks for secondary storage,
providing random access to data.
⦁ High-Level Programming Languages: Supported more advanced
languages like BASIC, PASCAL, and others.
⦁ Reduced Cost: Cheaper to produce and operate, making computers more
accessible to businesses.

Fourth Generation of the Computers :

Characteristics :
⦁ Microprocessors: Used microprocessors (entire CPU on a single chip),
drastically reducing the size and cost of computers.
⦁ Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI): Integrated thousands of transistors
on a single chip, increasing processing power and efficiency.
⦁ Personal Computers: Led to the development of personal computers
(PCs), making computing accessible to individuals.
⦁ Greatly Increased Speed: Enhanced computational speed, capable of
executing millions of instructions per second (MIPS).
⦁ Graphical User Interface (GUI): Introduced GUIs, making computers
easier to use with icons, windows, and menus.
⦁ Network and Internet: Enabled networking and the rise of the internet,
allowing for global communication and information sharing.
⦁ Reduced Size and Portability: Computers became smaller, more portable,
and more affordable.
⦁ Lower Power Consumption: More energy-efficient with less heat
production.
⦁ Advanced Storage Devices: Use of hard drives, optical drives (CD/DVD),
and eventually solid-state drives (SSD).
⦁ High-Level Languages: Supported modern programming languages like
C, C++, Java, and Python.

Fifth Generation of the Computers :

Characteristics :
⦁ Artificial Intelligence (AI): Focus on AI technologies, enabling
computers to perform tasks that require human-like intelligence, such as
learning and problem-solving.
⦁ Quantum Computing: Exploration of quantum computing principles,
promising significantly faster processing speeds for complex calculations.
⦁ Natural Language Processing (NLP): Enhanced ability to understand and
process human language, allowing for more intuitive interactions.
⦁ Neural Networks: Use of neural networks and deep learning for
advanced data analysis and pattern recognition.
⦁ Parallel Processing: Ability to perform multiple calculations
simultaneously, improving performance and efficiency.
⦁ Robotics: Integration of advanced robotics for automation and smart
systems in various industries.
⦁ IoT (Internet of Things): Increased connectivity among devices,
enabling them to communicate and share data seamlessly.
⦁ Cloud Computing: Use of cloud technology for storage, processing, and
accessing applications over the internet.
⦁ Smart Devices: Development of smart devices, including smartphones
and home automation systems.
⦁ High-Level Programming Frameworks: Support for modern
programming frameworks that facilitate AI and machine learning
development.
Classification of the Computers :

1. Basis of Data Representation

⦁ Analog Computers: Handle continuous data and are used for simulations
(e.g., temperature monitoring).
⦁ Digital Computers: Operate using discrete data, processing information
in binary format (e.g., most modern computers).
⦁ Hybrid Computers: Combine features of both analog and digital
computers, often used in specific applications (e.g., certain medical
equipment).
2. Basis of Purpose
⦁ General-Purpose Computers: Designed to perform a wide range of
tasks (e.g., PCs, laptops).
⦁ Special-Purpose Computers: Tailored for specific tasks (e.g., calculators,
embedded systems in appliances).
3. Basis of Size
⦁ Supercomputers: Extremely large and powerful, used for complex
computations (e.g., weather forecasting).
⦁ Mainframe Computers: Large systems used for bulk data processing in
organizations.
⦁ Minicomputers: Mid-sized systems for smaller organizations, often for
specific applications.
⦁ Microcomputers: Personal computers, including desktops and laptops.
⦁ Embedded Systems: Small computers integrated into other devices (e.g.,
washing machines, cars).
4. Basis of Memory
⦁ Volatile Memory Computers: Use RAM (Random Access Memory) for
temporary data storage, losing data when powered off.
⦁ Non-volatile Memory Computers: Use storage devices like hard drives or
SSDs to retain data even when powered off.
⦁ Hybrid Memory Systems: Combine both volatile and non-volatile
memory types for different applications.
5. Basis of Cost
⦁ High-Cost Computers: Supercomputers and mainframes, expensive due
to advanced technology and capabilities.
⦁ Mid-Range Computers: Minicomputers and workstations, more
affordable for business applications.
⦁ Low-Cost Computers: Microcomputers and embedded systems,
accessible for individual consumers.
6. Basis of Speed
⦁ Supercomputers: The fastest computers, capable of performing billions of
calculations per second.
⦁ Mainframe Computers: High-speed performance for enterprise-level
applications.
⦁ Minicomputers: Moderate speed suitable for smaller businesses.
⦁ Microcomputers: Speed varies; personal computers are typically slower
than mainframes but adequate for daily tasks.