Republic of the Philippines What is Language?

Camarines Norte School of Law, Arts, & Sciences Inc. Language has a system of rules also known as grammar, a
College of Criminal Justice Education sound system called as phonology, and a vocabulary (lexicon).

PORPOSIVE COMMUNICATION Definition of Terms

(Prelim Module) Speech Community – the same set of rules in the language
Course Title: Purposive Communication system.
Units: 3 units Language Acquisition – acquiring languages from the
Description: community as people grow up.
Purposive Communication is about writing, speaking, and Mother Tongue – the languages acquired as people grow up.
presenting to different audience and for various purposes (CMO Also known as the first languages.
20 s 2013) Second Languages – the other languages that essential to learn
Purposive Communication is a three unit course that develops for better communication.
students’ communicative competence and their cultural and Language Learning – the process of learning the second
intercultural awareness through multimodal tasks that provide languages.
them opportunities for communicating effectively and Language Contact – a process of learning each other’s
appropriately to a multicultural audience in a local or global languages and produces new form of language that can be
context. It equips students with tools for critical evaluation of a understandable for both parties.
variety of texts and focuses on the power of language and the Language Change – result of language contact by constantly
impact of images to emphasize the importance of conveying interact and communicate with other people with different
messages responsibly. The knowledge skills, and insights that language.
students gain from this course may be used in their other
academic endeavors, their chosen disciplines and their future Lesson 1: Communication Process
careers as they compose and produce relevant oral, written
audio-visual and/or web-based output for various purposes. Learning Outcome:
 Define communication
Unit 1 - LANGUAGE and COMMUNICATION  Identify the elements of communication process
 Determine the different types of communication
  Recognize the importance of principles and code of ethics A process by which two or more people exchange ideas,
in communication facts, feelings, or impression in such ways that each gains a
common understanding of the meaning and use of messages.
- Leagans (1961)
A process by which the message is being transmitted from
the source to the receiver.
- Rogers (1983)
Anything that conveys meaning that carries a message
from one person to another.
- Brooker (1949)
A mutual interchange of ideas by any effective means.
- Thayer (1968)
Communication is…. It refers to the process of human beings responding to the
symbolic behavior of other persons.
 Comes from a Latin word communicare which means to
 COMMUNICATION IS HUMAN.
share, to unite, or to have things in common.
 COMMUNICATION IS A PROCESS.
 COMMUNICATION IS SYMBOLIC.
 Communis means commonness
- Adler and Rodman (1997)

 Essential human activities that enable us to make

Other Concepts of Communication
connections, create meanings, and nurture
Communication is the sum of all things (telling, listening
understanding.
and understanding). It is a systematic activity under any given
circumstances. - Allen Louis
 A dynamic process by which people send messages,
Communication is the transferring of information from
exchange ideas or thoughts with one another in a verbal
one person to another whether or not he/she elicits that
and non-verbal manner.
confidence. - Henry Kuntz
Communication is the exchange of ideals, feelings, and
emotions between two or more persons. - George Terry
 The purpose of passing information and understanding Message
between two persons… without the bridge of communication no - The information, idea, or content being communicated.
one can cross the river of understanding. - Keith Davis This can be in the form of words, images, symbols, or any other
medium.
The Intent and Purpose of Communication Encoding
 sharing information, - The process of converting the message into a format
 expressing emotions, suitable for transmission, such as translating thoughts into
 persuading, words or choosing visual elements.
 educating, Channel
 entertaining, The medium or method used to transmit the message.
 building relationships. This could be face-to-face, written, spoken, electronic, or
through various other means.
Receiver
Elements of Communication Process The person or group intended to receive and interpret the
message.
Decoding
The process by which the receiver interprets and
understands the message. This involves deciphering the
encoded message.
Feedback
The response or reaction from the receiver, indicating
their understanding or providing additional information.
Context
Figure1. Communication Process The surrounding circumstances, environment, and
cultural factors that influence how the message is perceived and
understood.
Sender Noise
- The person or entity initiating the communication.
 Any interference or barriers that may distort or disrupt
the communication process. This can include physical noise, Elements of Verbal Communication
semantic confusion, physiological noise and psychological noise. 1. Language Choice/Use
 Be mindful of language barriers and choose a
Different types of noise/barriers common language or provide translation when
a. Physical Noise – comes from environment. necessary.
e.g., hissing background noise, unbearable weather.  Denotative meaning – based on the definitions in
Distracting visual aid a dictionary.
b. Psychological Noise – originates from emotional state,  Connotative meaning – based on the fluid context
mental state and psychological makeup of a person. of its uses.
e.g., depression, anger, suspicion, paranoia, biases etc.,
 Word Choice may also include or exclude certain
c. Physiological Noise – pertains to bodily conditions that
groups of people in the process of verbal
compromise the ability of a person to send or receive messages.
communication.
e.g., hunger, stomach ache, toothache, etc.,
d. Semantic Noise – anything related to the meaning of words o Slang – is a word or words that mark of belonging to a

that distorts or masks a message and confuses the receiver or unique group who have a similar preferences in hobbies,

listener. sports, entertainment, and various lifestyles.

e.g., speaker’s use of foreign language, listener’s limited o Jargon – refers to technical language that is used by

vocabulary, different interpretation of the meaning of a word, professionals in a certain fields.

etc., o Euphemism – word/s that use to create more positive

tone and view towards a particular idea.
o Doublespeak – word/s that tends to cover up or mislead

Lesson 2: TYPES OF COMMUNICATION a difficult reality of an issue; commonly used in politics,

advertising, propaganda which the goal is to manipulate.

A. TYPES OF COMMUNICATION ACCORDING TO MODE E.g. – a student who is said to be going on a “gap year” may be

1. VERBAL COMMUNICATION actually skipping a year to earn much-needed money for a

It is the type of communication that uses of spoken words tuition.

to express ideas, thoughts, and feelings to others.

2. Clarity fostering cross-cultural understanding and reducing
 Speak clearly and avoid slang, idioms, or jargon misunderstandings.
that might not be understood by all parties. 6) Immediate resolution of issues
3. Tone and Pitch Verbal Communication is ideal for addressing
 Be aware of how your tone and pitch can convey conflicts and resolving issues promptly.
emotions or attitudes that might be interpreted 7.) Enhanced learning
differently across cultures. Verbal Communication is crucial for effective teaching
4. Listening and learning.
 Actively listen to others, ask clarifying questions, 8) Emotional expression
and encourage open dialogue. Verbal Communication provides a platform for expressing
emotions. It strengthens interpersonal relationships.
Benefits of Verbal Communication
1) Clarity and precision - verbal communication allows 2. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
individuals to convey their thoughts and ideas with Is a type of communication that transfers information
clarity and precision. through body language, facial expressions, gestures, created
2) Immediate feedback - one of the key advantages of space and more.
verbal communication is the ability to receive immediate
feedback. Elements of Non-Verbal Communication
3) Personal connection - speaking directly with someone Body Language
allows for a personal connection that written  What's acceptable or polite in one culture may be
communication often lacks. offensive in another.
4) Flexibility  Be aware of cultural differences in body language, such
Verbal Communication can be adapted to suit the as gestures, posture, appearance, and facial expressions.
audience and the situation. They may:
5) Cultural understanding  Assert and/or hide one’s identity
Verbal Communication allows people from  Stress and/or dismiss importance of an idea
different cultural backgrounds to engage in dialogue,  Evoke a certain emotion or feeling
 Reveal one’s values
  Demonstrate one’s attitude 2. Interpersonal Communication
 Allow and/or control participation an interactive exchange takes place as interpersonal
Eye Contact communication takes place.
 In some cultures, maintaining eye contact is a sign of Can be an ordinary conversations, getting to know a
confidence and attentiveness, while in others, it may be person, or greetings.
considered confrontational or rude. Can be occur in a small groups or dyads also known as
Personal Space group communication.
 Respect personal space norms, as they can vary greatly
among cultures. Some cultures prefer close proximity
during conversation, while others prefer more distance.
Gestures
 Understand that common gestures may have different
meanings in different cultures. For example, a thumbs- 3. Extended Communication
up gesture can mean approval in some places and be It involves the use of electronic media; public in nature.
offensive in others.

3. VISUAL COMMUNICATION
Is a type of communication that uses images to transfer
messages and/or information.
E.g. Symbols, signs, charts, diagrams, maps, graphs, imagery, 4. Organizational Communication
photos, pictographs, illustrations, and various electronic The focus is on the role that communication plays in
communication forms. organizational contexts.
B. Types of Communication According to Context
1. Intrapersonal Communication
means talking to oneself.
“Inner dialogue” “Inner monologue” or “self or inner talk”
5. Intercultural Communication 2. Know your audience. Consider the age, educational
It is communication between or among people having a background, profession, culture, and other significant
different linguistic, religious, ethnic, social, and professional characteristics of your listeners or readers.
backgrounds. 3. Know your topic. Communicate essentially to share
something that other people learn something from.
4. Adjust speech or writing to the context of the
situation. Always align your language depending on the
context you are in.
5. Work on the feedback you received. Work on comments
and feedbacks. Take kindly to criticisms.

C. Types of Communication According to Purpose and Style Principles of Effective Oral Communication
1. Formal Communication 1. Clarity of purpose – Know your objective.
It employs formal language that is delivered either orally 2. Completeness of information – Deliver a complete
or written form. messages that are supported by facts and necessary
E.g. Lectures, Research, Project proposals, Public information.
talks/speeches, Business letters, Reports. 3. Conciseness – Statements do not have to be wordy.
2. Informal Communication Brevity is a must.
It does not employs formal language. 4. Natural way of delivery – Deliver the message in the
E.g. Ordinary or everyday conservations and phone calls, e- most natural way as possible. Punctuate important words
mails, letters, personal notes, or text messages. with suitable movements and gestures.
5. Specific and Timely feedback. Always have a specific
Lesson 3: COMMUNICATION PRINCIPLES AND ETHICS and timely feedback.

General Principles in Communication Principles of Effective Written Communication (7Cs)

1. Know your purpose. Always ask yourself first. What is 1. Be Clear – Always be clear with the message
your purpose of communicating with other people? 2. Be Concise – Be brief by focusing on your main point.
3. Be Concrete – Support your claims with enough facts.
 4. Be Correct – it is important that you observe grammatical 6. Develop your sense of accountability. Always take and
correctness in your writing. acknowledge responsibility for all your actions whether good or
5. Be Coherent – The ideas should be connected to each bad.
other and related to the topic. Use a transitional devises
or cohesive devises so that the ideas conform with one
another. Lesson 4: COMMUNICATION AND GLOBALIZATION
6. Be Complete – Include all necessary and relevant
information so that the readers will not be left wanting of Globalization
any information. – is the communication and assimilation among
7. Be Courteous – the tone of your writing should be individuals, ethnicities, races, institutions, governments of
friendly. various nations supported by technology and compelled by
international trade.
Communication Ethics
- Process by which people and goods move easily across
1. Uphold Integrity. Always be truthful with our opinion
borders.
and be accurate with our judgment.
2. Respect diversity of perspective and privacy. Always
- It’s an economic concept – integration of markets,
show compassion and consideration with the beliefs,
trade, and investments with few barriers to slow the
status, affiliations, and privacy of others.
flow of products and services between nations.
3. Observe freedom of expression effectively. Always be
careful of what and how you say words because it is depending - refers to processes through which local and regional

on the type of people you are communicating with. ideas, products, and practices are transformed into

4. Promote access to communication. Learn to give others the worldwide ideas, products, and practices.

opportunity to express what they feel and think about the (Griffin&Bone 2014)
message being communicated.
5. Be open-minded. Learn to accept that other people have
different point of views or opinions which may conflict with Globalization is….
yours.
“The key to worldwide integration of humanity”
Communication in the modern world must anchored on the - “Handog ng Pilipino sa Mundo” – it captured
concept of diversity. triumphant feeling of people toppling dictatorship without any
bloodshed in music.

 TRADITIONAL MEDIA
Lesson 4.1 The Impact of Cultural and Global Issues on
Communication It played a crucial role in reporting current events and
sharing significant information.
 SEPTEMBER 23, 1972

- Ferdinand Marcos declared Martial Law (P.D. 1081) on

national TV.

- Media outlets are controlled It also contributed in

 FEBRUARY 25,1986 – EDSA People Power Revolution  shaping public opinion

happened
 entertaining audiences with
- Radyo Veritas – only key or channel to spread imagination and creativity
information to the Filipinos; Operated by Manila Archibishop
 Inspiring certain attitudes and
Jaime Cardinal Sin but captured later on by government troops.
consequents behavior.
- Radyo Bandido – continued broadcasting vital
 DIGITAL AGE
information at a secret location; operated by June Keithly, Paolo
It has erased territorial boundaries among countries and
Mercado and Gabe Mercado.
among people with varying cultures.
- Radio broadcast were crucial during EDSA People
The notion of being "stranger" has been revolutionized as
Power.
the people whom we used to treat stranger are now our
- TV news reports, radio broadcast, and newspapers from co-workers, classmates, or friends - albeit some only in
around the world described the images that forever define the social media.
movement called “People Power”.
Lesson 4.2 Cultural Sensitivity

Examples of Cultural Sensitivity

How can we address cultural

sensitivity to avoid
miscommunication?
  Everyone should learn to recognize and respond to Japan Handshake with arm firmly
such differences and nuances. extended, accompanied by a
 Everyone from the same culture exhibits the same bow
characteristics and habits in communication, so Middle East Handshake and free hand
sensitivity is the key to any successful communicative placed on the forearm of the
situation. other person.
 Everyone should learn to understand, accept, and
address cultural and communication differences. 2. Greetings
Greeting rituals also vary from culture to culture. Can
Lesson 4.3 Coping with the Challenges of Intercultural you describe how the bow is done by the Japanese and the
Communication German based from the given picture below?
It has become a widespread notion that speakers’ use of
different languages results in intercultural miscommunication.
The lack of shared knowledge and beliefs and cultural diversity
make it more complicated to arrive at the correct inference or
interpretation of meanings.
Here’s some example of challenges in intercultural
communication.
1. The Hand shake
Country or Region Type of Handshake
United States Firm shake Sources of Misunderstanding
France Soft shake Kaur (2016) cites the following as the sources of
Germany Firm handshake, for men, misunderstanding:
traditionally accompanied by 1. Ambiguity – lack of explicitness on the part of the speaker in
a bow the form of problematic reference and ambiguous semantics
which an utterance is open to different interpretations.
2. Performance-related-misunderstanding – slip of the tongue What Drives Globalization?
and mishearing, which may be due to utterances spoken quickly 1. High Technology – internet has revolutionized connectivity
and unclearly. and communication.
3. Language-related-misunderstanding – ungrammaticality of
sentences. Printing press was invented in 15th century
4. Gaps in world knowledge – gaps in content rather than
language 2. Improvement of Transportations.
5, Local context – orientation of the participants.
Misunderstanding stems from a word that has a different What’s Good about Globalization?
meanings in different local contexts. 1. It has led to many millions of people being lifted out of
poverty.
Lesson 4.4 How Globalization Works? 2. Cooperation with different countries.
Globalization exposed people to diversity by valuing the
uniqueness or differences in gender, preference, color, age, What’s Bad about Globalization?
religious affiliation, ethnicity, education, social and economic 1. Jobs and commerce move elsewhere.
status and political beliefs. 2. Disadvantages of high technology.
Ex. STARBUCKS
1971 – First Starbucks outlet open in Seattle Lesson 5: LOCAL AND GLOBAL COMMUNICATION IN
Today it has 15,000 stores in 50 countries MULTICULTURAL SETTING

How did Globalization Happen? Communicating Across Cultures

E.g. SILK ROAD – when trade spread rapidly between China and
1. High-Context v. Low-Context
Europe via overland route.
High-context cultures such as Mediterranean, Slav, Central
Merchants carried goods for trade back and forth. They trading
European, Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, American-Indian
silk as well as gems, spices and coffee.
leave much of the message unspecified, to be understood
TRIVIA: In fact, the habit of drinking coffee in social setting
through context, non-verbal cues, and between-the-lines
originates from a Turkish custom.
interpretation of what is actually said.
 Low-context cultures which are mostly Germanic and Gender-Biased Words or Sexist Language
English-speaking countries expect messages to be explicit and
Sexist Language Neutral
specified.
Chairman Chairperson
2. Sequential vs. Synchronic Salesman Salesperson
Congressman Legislator
Sequential cultures like North American, English,
Spokesman Spokesperson
German, Swedish, and Dutch, businesspeople give full attention
to one agenda after another. Foreman Supervisor
Stewardess Flight Attendant
Synchronic cultures including South America, Southern
Waitress Server
Europe, and Asia, the flow of time viewed as a sort of circle with
Policeman Police Officer
past, present, and future.
Fireman Firefighter
3. Affective vs. Neutral Man-made Manufactured
Businessman Business Executive
In Affective cultures, people show their feelings plainly
Manpower Workforce
by laughing, smiling, grimacing, scowling, and sometimes
crying, shouting, or walking out of the room.
General Guidelines for Communicating in a Multicultural
Neutral cultures do not telegraph their feelings and keep
Context
them carefully controlled and subdued.

 Avoid asking inappropriate or personal questions.

Emotional reactions Emotional reactions LESS
 Avoid stereotyping or generalizing certain groups. Keep
MOST ACCEPTED ACCEPTED
an open mind and be flexible.
 Avoid using jargons, clichés, highfalutin terms, technical
Italy, France, US and Japan, Indonesia, UK,
terms, acronyms, and gender-biased language.
Singapore Norway and Netherlands
 Be sensitive, polite, tactful, and respectful at all times
particularly in relation to cultural practices, attitudes,
and beliefs. Learn and understand the value of diversity.
 Develop intercultural communication skills.
 Eliminate gender-biased words or sexist language LESSON 6: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written
particularly in writing. Language
 In case you do not get the message conveyed by the
English as a global language is in a constant state of
person you are communicating with, request him/her to
change. Many scholars today recognize and study the varieties
repeat the message or simplify it.
of English or what language experts identify as World Englishes.
 Learn and observe physical distance or space in dealing
with other people. In some cultures, shaking hands and World Englishes

hugging may not be appropriate. - It is a term used to refer to the various approaches in
 Listen attentively when others are speaking. describing and analyzing the language.
 Observe patience in listening to other people’s ideas, - It is also a concept that refers to the different ways by
which may not be the same as yours. which users from around the world communicate in
 Pay attention to your non-verbal communication. Learn English.
non-verbal cues of other cultures. - Stands for the localized varieties of English as they are
 Respect person’s rights to confidentiality and privacy. used or spoken in a certain areas.
 Show consideration.
Varieties of Englishes
 Speak gently and politely; never shout to be understood.
1. South Asian Englishes
 Stay calm, cool, and composed when you make a mistake
or feel embarrassed by others. Culturally, others do not 2. East Asian Englishes
mean to embarrass you.
3. Southeast Asian Englishes
 Make positive interpretations of the actions and words of
other people. 4. South American Englishes
 When you feel strange or uncomfortable about something
5. South African Englishes
being communicated by other people, request them to
6. West African Englishes
clarify their meanings and intentions before you express
your emotions and ideas. 7. East African Englishes

8. Carribbean Englishes
9. Euro-Englishes 3. Mesolect – the middle variety or the midway between acrolect
and basilect.
In the Asian context, the concept of Asian Englishes was
introduced by Braj Kachru which is the famous “Three Edulects – termed by Bautista and Gonzales (2006) for varieties
Concentric Circles of English”. resulting from certain types of education ascertained by social
class but are conveyed or transferred by the kind of instruction
Inner Circle with ENL (English as a Native Language) – it
of the school system especially for those coming from higher-
includes USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.
income families and/or better educated classes.
Outer Circle with ESL (English as a Second Language)
English Varieties in Southeast Asia can be noted as sees in the
comprised of Singapore, Bangladesh, Kenya, Pakistan, Sri
following examples;
Lanka, Ghana, Malaysia, Philippines, Tanzania, India, Nigeria,
and Zambia. 1. Singapore English

The Expanding Circle with EFL (English as a Foreign actsy Show off
Language) composed of countries such as China, Indonesia, missy Nurse
Korea, South Africa, CIS, Caribbean countries, Israel, Napal, chop Rubber stamp
South America, Zimbabwe, Egypt, Japan, Saudi Arabia, and Marina kids Youngster who spend leisure
Taiwan. time at or around Marina
Square (a shopping centre)
According to Bautista & Gonzales (2006), the structural
Graduate mothers Graduate (well-educated)
characteristics of these new varieties differ. This is brought
about by the mother tongue or home languages of those who married women

learn or acquire English.

Varieties of English within the Same Speech Community 2. Philippine English

1. Acrolect – comes closest to the standard. deep (puristic or hard to

understand) as an attribute to
2. Basilect – digresses thoroughly from it and comes closest to
language
the pidgin.
Stick Cigarette
High blood Tense or upset
Blow out Treating someone with snack Day bugs Those who come to attend
or meal school but do not live in
Motel A hotel used for pre-marital or residence halls
extramarital affairs
Manualize To prepare manuals
Language Registers/Registers of English
Go ahead Leave before others with
host’s permission When it comes to language variation, the terms genre,

Studentry Student body register, and style are often encountered.

Amboy A Filipino perceived to be too David Crystal (2008) defines register as “a variety of language
pro-American defined according to its use in social situations, e.g., a register
Behest loan Unguaranteed bank loan of scientific, religious, and formal English”.
given to presidential cronies
Language register – refers to formality of language that one
Pulot boy Boy who picks up tennis balls
speaks of. Different situations call for a different registers.
in a game
Balikbayan box Box where Filipinos returning Formal register – used in formal speaking and writing
from abroad put all their situations. It is appropriately used in professional writing like
shopping business letters, position papers, and project proposal. It is
factual, objective and more impersonal.

3. Malaysian English Informal register – more casual in tone, applicable for people
with whom you have a more personal relationship.
Antilog A male hated by a girl
popcorn A loquacious person Legalese or legal language is highly characterized by archaic

kachang Peanuts, easy expressions, technical jargon that is inherent only to the

slambar relax community of legal professionals, embedded structures,

Red spot, open shelf Girls who are popular and nominalizations, passive voice, as well as long, kilometric

those who are not sentences that are not the features of texts or language of mobile
texts.
Plain English is the simplified form of a complex words so that 3. Local specialized written
it will be more understandable to the readers.
Can be found in publications and web sites of local
societies such as the Baguio Midland Courier.

Varieties of Spoken and Written Language 4. Local specialized oral involves specialized discourses. For
example, computer shop in the neighborhood, specialized local
Lin (2016) presents the following nature of language variation as
usage can be found.
prescribed by most linguists based on the ideas of Mahboob
(2014). E.g. specialized computer game-related vocabulary is used.

1. Language varies when communicating with people within Language Variations Reflecting Global Usage
(local) and outside (global) our community.
1. Global everyday written avoids local colloquialisms to make
2. Language varies in speaking and in writing. the text accessible to wider communities of readers. This can be
found in international editions of newspapers and magazine.
3. Language varies in everyday and specialized discourses.
2. Global everyday oral may occur in interactions between
Mahboob (2014) identifies eight different domains in which
people coming from different parts of the world when they talk
language varies depending on the combinations of different
about everyday casual topics.
values on the three dimensions (field, tenor, and mode) of the
context of communication. 3. Global specialized written expands to as many readers
internationally, hence the non-usage of local colloquial
Language Variation Reflecting Local Usage (one or multiple
expressions.
local languages)
E.g. international research journal articles
1. Local everyday written
4. Global specialized oral occurs when people from different
This may include instances of local everyday written
parts of the world discuss specialized topics in spoken form
usage found in the neighborhood posters.
E.g. paper presentation sessions in an international academic
E.g., poster looking for a transient/bed spacers
conference
2. Local everyday oral may occur in local communication among
neighbors in everyday, informal and local varieties of languages.
 Three Concentric Circles of English https://www.powtoon.com/online-
presentation/cxdznVfei5X/three-concentric-
The Expanding Circle
model/?mode=Movie&locale=en
China Caribbean Countries Egypt

Indonesia Israel Japan 2. World Englishes by David Crystal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2_q9b9YqGRY
Korea Nepal Saudi Arabia

South Africa South America Taiwan Marilu Ranosa Madrunio and Isabel Pefianco Martin. (2022).
Purposive Communications Using English in Multilingual
CIS Zimbabwe
Context Second Edition pp. 3-156
The Outer Circle

Bangladesh Ghana India

Kenya Malaysia Nigeria

I will be sharing with you
Pakistan Philippines Singapore this module for your reference and
this must not be shared outside class.
Sri Lanka Tanzania Zambia Reproducing this material is PROHIBITED.
- Mam Rheyee

The Inner Circle

USA UK Canada

Australia New Zealand

Additional References:
1. Three Concentric Model by Braj Kachru