Unit 5: Regression

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 Regression

Regression analysis is a statistical methodology that utilize the relation between

two or more quantitative variables so that one variable can be predicted from
the other, or others.
The process that is adapted to perform regression analysis helps to understand
which factors are important, which factors can be ignored and how they are
influencing each other.
• Dependent Variable: This is the variable that we are trying to understand or
forecast.
• Independent Variable: These are factors that influence the analysis or target
variable and provide us with information regarding the relationship of the
variables with the target variable.

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 Type of regression Model

1) Linear Regression:
• Linear regression is a type of model where the relationship between an
independent variable and a dependent variable is assumed to be linear. The
estimate of variable “y” is obtained from an equation,
• 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 ′ − 𝑥ҧ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (1)
• and estimate of variable “x” is obtained through the equation,
• 𝑥 ′ − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 ′ − 𝑦ത … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . . (2)
• The graphical representation of linear equations on (1) & (2) is known as
Regression lines. These lines are obtained through the Method of Least Squares.

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 a. Simple Linear Regression: A linear regression model with one independent and one
dependent variable is called Simple Linear Regression.
b. Multiple Linear Regression: A linear regression model with more than one independent
variable and one dependent variable is called Multiple Linear Regression.
2) Nonlinear regression
• Nonlinear regression is a form of regression analysis in which data is fit to a
model and then expressed as a mathematical function. Simple linear regression
relates two variables (X and Y) with a straight line (y = mx + b), while nonlinear
regression relates the two variables in a nonlinear (curved) relationship.

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 Assumptions of linear regression:
1) There must be a linear relation between independent and dependent
variables.
2) There should not be any outliers present.
3) No heteroscedasticity
4) Sample observations should be independent.
5) Error terms should be normally distributed with mean 0 and constant variance.
6) Absence of multicollinearity and auto-correlation.

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 Properties of linear regression
1) The correlation coefficient is the geometric mean of the two regression
coefficients
2) Regression coefficients are independent of change of origin but not of scale.
3) If one regression coefficient is greater than one, then the other must be less than
one but not vice versa.
4) Sign of both regression coefficients should be same
5) The sign of correlation coefficients is same as that of regression coefficients
6) The arithmetic mean of regression coefficients is equal to or greater than
correlation coefficient.
7) Both lines intersect at mean value

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟× 𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥

𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x

𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത 𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑥ҧ = 10 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦
𝑦ത = 90
𝜎𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑥 = 3 𝜎𝑦
𝑥 − 10 = 0.2 𝑦 − 90
𝜎𝑦 = 12 3
= 0.8 × 𝑥 = 0.2𝑦 − 18 + 10
12
𝑟 = 0.8 𝑥 = 0.2𝑦 − 8
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse = 0.2 Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑥ҧ = 10
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x
𝑦ത = 90
𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥 = 3 𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑥
𝜎𝑦 = 12 12
= 0.8 ×
3
𝑟 = 0.8
= 3.2

𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x

𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ

𝑦 − 90 = 3.2 𝑥 − 10
𝑦 = 3.2𝑥 − 32 + 90
𝑦 = 3.2𝑥 + 58
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦
𝑥ҧ = 20
𝑦ത = 120 𝜎𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑥 =5 𝑥 − 20 = 0.16 𝑦 − 120
5
𝜎𝑦 = 25 = 0.8 × 𝑥 = 0.16𝑦 − 19.2 + 20
25
𝑥 = 0.16𝑦 + 0.8
𝑟 = 0.8 = 0.16
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑥ҧ = 20 𝑦ത = 120 𝜎𝑥 =5 𝜎𝑦 = 25 𝑟 = 0.8

𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x

𝜎𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑥
𝑦 − 120 = 4 𝑥 − 20
25
= 0.8 ×
5 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 80 + 120

=4 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 40

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦
𝑥ҧ = 169
𝑦ത = 67 𝑆𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟×
𝑆𝑦 𝑥 − 169 = 3.3333 𝑦 − 67
𝑆𝑥 = 20
20
= 0.5 × 𝑥 = 3.3333𝑦 − 223.3311 + 169
𝑆𝑦 = 3 3
𝑥 = 3.3333𝑦 − 54.3311
𝑟 = 0.5 = 3.3333
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦

𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത

𝑥 − 27.6 = 1.6 𝑦 − 14.8

𝑥 = 1.6𝑦 − 23.68 + 27.6
𝑥 = 1.6𝑦 + 3.92

𝑥ҧ = 27.6 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x

𝑦ത = 14.8 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟× 𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥
𝜎𝑥 = 40
40 20
= 0.8 × = 0.8 ×
𝜎𝑦 = 20 20 40

𝑟 = 0.8 = 1.6 = 0.4

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x 𝑦 = 30
𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑥 = 1.6(30) + 3.92
𝑦 − 14.8 = 0.4 𝑥 − 27.6 = 48 + 3.92
𝑦 = 0.4𝑥 − 11.04 + 14.8 = 51.92

𝑦 = 0.4𝑥 + 3.76 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 51.92 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 𝑖𝑠30

𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 0.4𝑥 + 3.76

𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 1.6𝑦 + 3.92

1) 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 30

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑦

𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦
𝑥 = 1.6𝑦 + 3.92
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 12

𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑥

𝑠𝑜 𝑤𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x

𝑦 = 0.4𝑥 + 3.76

𝑥 = 12

𝑦 = 0.4(12) + 3.76

= 4.8 + 3.76

= 8.56

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝑎𝑑𝑣. 𝐸𝑥𝑝. 𝑥ҧ = 20 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑦ത = 120
𝜎𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത
𝑏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑟 ×
𝜎𝑥 =5 𝜎𝑦
𝑥 − 20 = 0.16 𝑦 − 120
𝜎𝑦 = 25 5
= 0.8 × 𝑥 = 0.16𝑦 − 19.2 + 20
25
𝑟 = 0.8 𝑥 = 0.16𝑦 + 0.8
= 0.16
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑥ҧ = 20 𝑦ത = 120 𝜎𝑥 =5 𝜎𝑦 = 25 𝑟 = 0.8
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑥 = 0.16𝑦 + 0.8
𝜎𝑦
𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟× 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 40
𝜎𝑥
25 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 25 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑒
= 0.8 ×
5
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 40
=4

𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 = 25

𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ 𝑦 = 4(25) + 40
𝑦 = 100 + 40
𝑦 − 120 = 4 𝑥 − 20
𝑦 = 140 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 80 + 120
𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 40 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 140 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝. 𝑖𝑠 25 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟× 𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟× ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑟𝑥𝑦 =
𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 =
𝑛 𝑛 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
ത 2

𝜎𝑥
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑦
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦ҧ − 𝑦)
ത 𝑛 =
= × ത 2 σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦) ത 2
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
ത 2 ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
𝑛
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത 𝑛
= × σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
ത 2 ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦) 𝑏𝑥𝑦 =
𝑛 ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
= ×
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
ത 2 ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝜎𝑦 ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦) σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത
𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟× σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝑟𝑥𝑦 =
𝑛 𝑛 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
ത 2
𝜎𝑦
𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑥
ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦ҧ − 𝑦)
ത 𝑛 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത
= × =
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
ത 2 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
𝑛

ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത 𝑛
σ(𝒙 − 𝒙
ഥ)(𝒚 − 𝒚
ഥ)
= × 𝒃𝒚𝒙 =
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑦 − ത 2
𝑦) σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ)𝟐
𝑛
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
= ×
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2 σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)ത 2 σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)ҧ 2
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 2 2
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = σ 𝑥2 σ𝑥 σ 𝑦2 σ𝑦
𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ 𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥 = − 𝜎𝑦 = −
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝜎𝑦
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑥 𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2

𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 𝑛2
σ 𝑥2 σ𝑥 2 = ×
− 𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ𝑦 2 𝑛 σ 𝑦2 − σ 𝑦 2
𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 𝑛 𝑛
= × 𝑛2
𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ𝑦 2
2
σ 𝑦2 σ𝑦
−
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2
= ×
𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ𝑦 2 𝑛 σ 𝑦2 − σ 𝑦 2
σ 𝑥2 σ𝑥 2
𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) −
𝑛 𝑛2
= × 𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦)
2
𝑛(σ 𝑥 ) − σ 𝑥 2 2
𝑛(σ 𝑦 ) − σ 𝑦 2 σ 𝑦2 σ𝑦 2 =
− 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ 𝑦 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ 𝑦 2
𝑛 𝑛2

𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2
𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦)
= ×
𝑛2 𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦)
2
𝑛(σ 𝑥 ) − σ 𝑥 2 2
𝑛(σ 𝑦 ) − σ 𝑦 2 𝑛 σ 𝑦2 − σ 𝑦 2 𝑏𝑥𝑦 =
𝑛2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ 𝑦 2
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 2 2
𝑟𝑥𝑦 = σ 𝑥2 σ𝑥 σ 𝑦2 σ𝑦
𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ 𝑦 2 𝜎𝑥 = − 𝜎𝑦 = −
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

𝜎𝑥
𝑏𝑦𝑥 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑦 𝑛 σ 𝑦2 − σ 𝑦 2

𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 𝑛2
σ 𝑦2 σ𝑦 2 = ×
− 𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ𝑦 2 𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2
𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 𝑛 𝑛
= × 𝑛2
𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ𝑦 2
2
σ 𝑥2 σ𝑥
−
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 𝑛 σ 𝑦2 − σ 𝑦 2
= ×
𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ𝑦 2 𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2
σ 𝑦2 σ𝑦 2
𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) −
𝑛 𝑛2
= × 𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦)
𝑛(σ 𝑥 2 ) − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛(σ 𝑦 2 ) − σ 𝑦 2 σ 𝑥2 σ𝑥 2 =
− 𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2
𝑛 𝑛2

𝑛 σ 𝑦2 − σ 𝑦 2
𝑛(σ 𝑥𝑦) − (σ 𝑥) (σ 𝑦) 𝑛2 𝒏(σ 𝒙𝒚) − (σ 𝒙) (σ 𝒚)
= ×
2
𝑛(σ 𝑥 ) − σ 𝑥 2 2
𝑛(σ 𝑦 ) − σ 𝑦 2 𝑛 σ 𝑥2 − σ 𝑥 2 𝒃𝒚𝒙 =
𝑛2 𝒏 σ 𝒙𝟐 − σ 𝒙 𝟐
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത
𝑏𝑥𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത
ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)

𝟓𝟕
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 0.95 𝑦 − 𝑦ത
=
𝟔𝟎 𝑥 = 0.95𝑦 − 0.95𝑦ത + 𝑥ҧ
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x
σ(𝒙 − 𝒙
ഥ)(𝒚 − 𝒚
ഥ)
𝒃𝒚𝒙 =
σ(𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ)𝟐

𝟓𝟕
=
𝟔𝟎

= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓

𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥

𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ

𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 0.95 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ

𝑦 = 0.95𝑥 − 0.95𝑥ҧ + 𝑦ത

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x σ𝒙 𝟐𝟏
ഥ=
𝒙 = =𝟑
𝒏 𝟕
𝒏(σ 𝒙𝒚) − (σ 𝒙) (σ 𝒚) σ𝒚 𝟐𝟎
𝒃𝒚𝒙 = = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏
𝒏 σ 𝒙𝟐 − σ 𝒙 𝟐 ഥ=
𝒚 𝟕
𝒏
=
𝟕 𝟕𝟒 − (𝟐𝟏)(𝟐𝟎) 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥
𝟕 𝟗𝟏 − 𝟐𝟏 𝟐
𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
𝟓𝟏𝟖 − 𝟒𝟐𝟎
=
𝟔𝟑𝟕 − 𝟒𝟒𝟏 𝑦 − 2.8571 = 0.5 𝑥 − 3

=
𝟗𝟖 𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 − 1.5 + 2.8571
𝟏𝟗𝟔
= 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 + 1.3571
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 σ𝒙 𝟐𝟏
ഥ=
𝒙 = =𝟑
𝒏 𝟕
σ𝒚 𝟐𝟎
ഥ=
𝒚 = = 𝟐. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏
𝒏 𝟕

𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x

𝒏(σ 𝒙𝒚) − (σ 𝒙) (σ 𝒚)
𝒃𝒚𝒙 = 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥
𝒏 σ 𝒙𝟐 − σ 𝒙 𝟐

𝟕 𝟕𝟒 − (𝟐𝟏)(𝟐𝟎)
𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
=
𝟕 𝟗𝟏 − 𝟐𝟏 𝟐 𝑦 − 2.8571 = 0.5 𝑥 − 3
𝟓𝟏𝟖 − 𝟒𝟐𝟎
= 𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 − 1.5 + 2.8571
𝟔𝟑𝟕 − 𝟒𝟒𝟏

=
𝟗𝟖 𝑦 = 0.5𝑥 + 1.3571
= 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟏𝟗𝟔
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝒙 𝒚 ഥ
𝒙−𝒙 ഥ 𝟐 ഥ
𝒚−𝒚 ഥ 𝟐 ഥ 𝒚−𝒚
𝒙−𝒙 ഥ
𝒙−𝒙 𝒚−𝒚

4 6 0 0 1 1 0
5 5 1 1 0 0 0
6 6 2 4 1 1 2
7 5 3 9 0 0 0
1 2 -3 9 -3 9 9
2 4 -2 4 -1 1 2
3 7 -1 1 2 4 -2
28 35 28 16 11

σ𝑥 28
𝑥ҧ = = =4
𝑛 7
σ𝑦 35
𝑦ത = = =5
𝑛 Vishvnath
Prof. (Dr.) 7 Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത σ(𝒙 − 𝒙
ഥ)(𝒚 − 𝒚
ഥ)
𝑏𝑥𝑦 = 𝒃𝒚𝒙 =
ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦) σ(𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ)𝟐
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏
= =
𝟏𝟔 𝟐𝟖
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟖𝟕𝟓 = 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത 𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑥 − 4 = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 5 𝑦 − 5 = 0.3929 𝑥 − 4

𝑦 = 0.3929𝑥 − 1.5716 + 5
𝑥 − 4 = 0.6875 𝑦 − 5
𝑦 = 0.3929𝑥 + 3.4284
𝑥 = 0.6875𝑦 − 3.4375 + 4

𝑥 = 0.6875𝑦 + 0.5625
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 ഥ 𝒚−𝒚
ഥ
σ 𝑦 108

𝟐
𝟐
𝑦ത = = = 12

𝒚−𝒚
ഥ
𝒙−𝒙
ഥ
𝑛 9

𝒚−𝒚
ഥ
𝒙−𝒙
ഥ
𝒙 𝒚
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x

𝒙−𝒙
σ 𝑥 45
𝑥ҧ = = =5 σ(𝒙 − 𝒙
ഥ)(𝒚 − 𝒚
ഥ)
𝑛 9 𝒃𝒚𝒙 =
σ(𝒙 − 𝒙ഥ)𝟐
1 9 -4 16 -3 9 12 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦
𝟓𝟕
2 8 -3 9 -4 16 12 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
σ(𝑥 − 𝑥)(𝑦
ҧ − 𝑦)
ത 𝟔𝟎
3 10 -2 4 -2 4 4 𝑏𝑥𝑦 =
ത 2
σ(𝑦 − 𝑦)
4 12 -1 1 0 0 0 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥
𝟓𝟕
5 11 0 0 -1 1 0 = = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟓
𝟔𝟎 𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
6 13 1 1 1 1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 𝑦
7 14 2 4 2 4 4 𝑦 − 12 = 0.95 𝑥 − 5
𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ = 𝑏𝑥𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑦ത
8 16 3 9 4 16 12 𝑦 = 0.95𝑥 − 4.75 + 12
9 15 4 16 3 9 12 𝑥 − 5 = 0.95 𝑦 − 12
𝑦 = 0.95𝑥 + 7.25
10 𝑥 = 0.95𝑦 − 11.4 + 5
45 8 0 60 0 60 57 𝑥 = 0.95𝑦 − 6.4
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 50

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝒙 𝒚 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒙𝒚
σ𝑥
56 147 3136 21609 8232 𝑥ҧ =
𝑛
42 125 1764 15625 5250
72 160 5184 25600 11520 628
=
36 118 1296 13924 4248 12
63 149 3969 22201 9387
= 52.3333
47 128 2209 16384 6016
60 155 3600 24025 9300 σ𝑦
68 152 4624 23104 10336 𝑦ത =
𝑛
42 140 1764 19600 5880
38 111 1444 12321 4218 1680
=
49 145 2401 21025 7105 12
55 150 3025 22500 8250 = 140
628 1680 34416 237918 89742

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x
𝑅𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐸𝑞𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 𝑥
𝒏(σ 𝒙𝒚) − (σ 𝒙) (σ 𝒚)
𝒃𝒚𝒙 =
𝒏 σ 𝒙𝟐 − σ 𝒙 𝟐 𝑦 − 𝑦ത = 𝑏𝑦𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥ҧ
𝑦 − 140 = 1.1750 𝑥 − 52.3333
𝟏𝟐(89742)−(628)(1680)
= 𝑦 = 1.1750𝑥 − 61.4905 + 140
𝟏𝟐 34416 − 628 2
𝑦 = 1.1750𝑥 + 78.5095
𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟔𝟗𝟎𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟎
=
𝟒𝟏𝟐𝟗𝟗𝟐 − 𝟑𝟗𝟒𝟑𝟖𝟒 𝐵𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑦 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑠 50

𝟐𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟒 𝑦 = 1.1750(50) + 78.5095

=
𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟖 𝑦 = 58.75 + 78.5095
=1.1750 𝑦 = 137.2595

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 2𝑥 = 18 − 8
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 18

𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑖𝑠 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

2𝑥 = 10
2𝑥 + 4(2) = 18
𝑥 = 10
2𝑥 + 8 = 18

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝐼𝑓 𝑏𝑦𝑥 = 1.17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑥2 : 𝑆𝑦2 = 9: 81 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑥𝑦

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 𝐼𝑓 𝑏𝑦𝑥 = 1.17 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑥2 : 𝑆𝑦2 = 9: 81 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑥𝑦

𝑏𝑦𝑥 = 1.17

𝑆𝑥2 9
=
𝑆𝑦2 81
𝑆𝑥 3 𝑆𝑦 9
∴ = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
𝑆𝑦 9 𝑆𝑥 3

𝑆𝑥 𝑟 = ± 𝑏𝑥𝑦 × 𝑏𝑦𝑥
𝑆𝑦 𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟×
𝑏𝑦𝑥 = 𝑟 × 𝑆𝑦
𝑆𝑥 3
= ± 0.13 × 1.17
1.17 = 𝑟 ×
9 = 0.39 × = ± 0.1521
9
3
3 = 0.13 𝑟 = 0.39
1.17 × = 𝑟
9
𝑟 = 0.39

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

 5 10𝑦 − 66 − 18𝑦 = 214
50𝑦 − 330 − 18𝑦 = 214
32𝑦 = 544
𝑦 = 17
𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑦 = 17 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞. 1
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑒𝑞. 1
𝜎𝑥2 =9 8𝑥 − 10(17) = −66
10𝑦 − 66
8𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 66 = 0 𝑥= 8𝑥 = 170 − 66
8
10𝑦 − 66
40𝑥 − 18𝑦 = 214 𝐵𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞. 2 8𝑥 = 170 − 66
8
8𝑥 − 10𝑦 = −66 … … . 𝑒𝑞. 1 8𝑥 = 104
10𝑦 − 66
40𝑥 − 18𝑦 = 214 … … . 𝑒𝑞. 2 40 − 18𝑦 = 214 𝑥 = 13
8
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 = 13. So 𝑥ҧ = 13
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 y
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 = 17. 𝑆𝑜 𝑦ത = 17
40𝑥 − 18𝑦 = 214

𝑤𝑒 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 40𝑥 = 18𝑦 + 214

18 214
8𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 66 = 0 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x 𝑥= 𝑦+
40 40
40𝑥 − 18𝑦 = 214 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑜𝑛 y 18
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =
40
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑜𝑛 x
8𝑥 − 10𝑦 + 66 = 0
8 66
8𝑥 + 66 = 10𝑦 𝑦= 𝑥−
10 10
8𝑥 + 66 8
𝑦= 𝑏𝑦𝑥 =
10 10
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
 𝜎𝑥
𝑏𝑥𝑦 =𝑟×
𝜎𝑦
𝑟 = ± 𝑏𝑥𝑦 × 𝑏𝑦𝑥
18 3
= 0.6 ×
40 𝜎𝑦
8 18
=± × 0.6 × 40
10 40 𝜎𝑦 =
18
= ± 0.36 𝜎𝑦 = 1.3333
= ±0.6
= 0.6

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023

Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023
Prof. (Dr.) Vishvnath Borse Saturday, September 16, 2023