


‫ ﻫﺷﺎم اﻟﺣﺳﯾﻧﻲ‬.‫د‬
‫ﺟﻣﻬورﯾﺔ ﻣﺻر اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ‬-‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺣﻠوان‬

‫ﺟزءا‬
ً ‫ وﻛﺎن ﻫذا اﻟﺻراع ﯾﻣﺛل‬،‫أﻓرزت اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﺗﺎرﯾﺧﯾﺔ ﺻراﻋﺎً ﺣﺗﻣﯾﺎً ﺑﯾن اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار وﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬
(١)
Hundred years ‫ وﻻﺳﯾﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻓﺗرة ﺣرب اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎم‬،‫ﺣﯾوﯾﺎ ﻣن ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻌﺻور اﻟوﺳطﻰ‬
ً
‫ وﻣن أﺷﻬر ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﺎت‬،‫ ﺗﻠك اﻟﻔﺗرة اﻟﺗﻲ ﺑرز ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﺎت اﻟﺣرﺑﯾﺔ‬،war
(٢)
ً‫ ذﻟك اﻷﻣﯾر اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي اﻟذي ﻟﻌب دوراً ﻋﺳﻛرﯾﺎ‬،The Black Prince "‫"اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬
.‫واﺿﺣﺎً ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﺣﻣﻼﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬
(٣)
Edward III ‫ اﺑن اﻟﻣﻠك اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬Edward "‫اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻫو " إدوارد‬
‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ﻋﺷر ﻣن ﺷﻬر ﯾوﻧﯾو‬Woodstock(٤)‫ وﻟد ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ودﺳﺗوك‬،(‫م‬١٣٧٧-١٣٢٧)

(١)
Lavisse, E., L'histoire politique de l' Europe, Paris, 1890, p. 88.
Fleurs De Lys ‫( ﯾذﻛر اﻟﻣؤرﺧون أن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻛﺎن ﯾرﺗدي درع أﺳود وﻣن ﻓوﻗﻪ ﻣﻌطف ﻋﻠﯾﻪ زﻫرة اﻟزﻧﺑق‬٢)
‫ وﯾرى اﻟﺑﻌض اﻷﺧر أﻧﻪ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻔﺗرض أن ﯾﻛون اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻫم اﻟذﯾن‬،‫ وﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺳود ﺷﻌﺎر ﻣﻠوك اﻧﺟﻠﺗرا‬،‫اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫ ﻧظراً ﻷن ﺣﻣﻼﺗﻪ ﻗد اﺻطﺑﻐت ﻓﻲ ﻧظرﻫم ﺑﺎﻟﻠون اﻷﺳود ﻟﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﻣﺛﻠﻪ ﻣن ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ ﻛﺎرﺛﯾﺔ وﻫزاﺋم‬،‫ﻟﻘﺑوﻩ ﺑﻬذا اﻟﻠﻘب‬
.‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ‬
Lavisse, E., Histoire de France (Les premiere valois et la guerre de Cent Ans, 1328-
1422, tome IV, Premiere partie, Par. A. Covill, Paris, 1911, p. 97; Barbara. A. Hanawal,
The Middle Ages, New York, Oxford, 1998, p. 141; Jean Denis- Le Page, Medieval
Armies and weapons in Western Europe, London, 2005, p. 220; Edward. D. English,
Edward the Black Prince (Edward of Woodstock), Encyclopedia of Medieval world,
U.S.A, 2005, p. 234; Deborah, A. Fraioli, Jean of Arc and the Hundred years war,
U.S.A; 2005, p. 88; Pit peporte, Constructing the Middle Ages, Leiden-Boston, 2011, p.
209.
Philip IV ‫م( ﻣن اﯾزاﺑﯾﻼ اﺑﻧﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﻓﯾﻠﯾب اﻟراﺑﻊ‬١٣٢٧-١٣٠٧) Edward II ‫( ﻫو اﺑن ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬٣)
‫ ﺗزوج ﻣن ﻓﯾﻠﯾﺑﺎ اﺑﻧﺔ وﻟﯾم ﻛوﻧت ﻫوﻟﻧدا‬،‫م‬١٣٢٧ ‫ واﻋﺗﻠﻲ اﻟﻌرش ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬،‫م‬١٣١٣ ‫ وﻟد ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬،(‫م‬١٣١٤-١٢٨٥)
John of ‫ وﺣﻧﺎ اف ﺟﻧت‬،Lionel of Larence ‫ وﻣن أﺑﻧﺎﺋﻪ ﻟﯾوﻧﯾل أف ﻻرﯾﻧس‬،‫م‬١٣٢٨ ‫وﻫﯾﻧوت ﻓﻲ ﯾﻧﺎﯾر‬
،Thomas of Woodstock ‫ وﺗوﻣﺎس أف ودﺳﺗوك‬،Edmond of Langley ‫ وادﻣوﻧد أف ﻻﻧﺟﻠﻲ‬،Gaunt
.‫وﺣدﺛت ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬد ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺗطورات ﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ وﻋﺳﻛرﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗدر ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن اﻷﻫﻣﯾﺔ‬
Champers, A. M., Constitutional Hisotry of England, London, 1911, p. 98 ff.; Cuttino
G. P., "Historica Revision The causes of Hundred years war," In Speculum, Vol. xxx1,
(1956), p. 470; Delorme, J., Les grandes dates du moyen age, Paris, 1967, p. 102; Chris
Given- Wilson, The English Nobility in the Middle Ages, London and New York 1987,
pp. 43-44.
 (٥)
‫ وﻛﺎن‬،Edward of Woodstock ‫ وﻟذﻟك ُﻋرف ﺑﺎﺳم إدوارد أف ودﺳﺗوك‬،‫ م‬١٣٣٠ ‫ﻋﺎم‬
‫ وﻓﻲ ﻣﺎرس‬،Philippa of Haniault ‫أﻛﺑر أﺑﻧﺎء إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻣن زوﺟﺗﻪ ﻓﯾﻠﯾﺑﺎ أف ﻫﯾﻧوت‬
(٦)
‫ ﺛم دوﻗﺎ ﻟﻛورﻧوول‬،Earl of Chester ‫م وﻫو ﻓﻲ ﻋﻣر اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﺻﺎر إﯾرل ﺷﯾﺳﺗر‬١٣٣٣
‫ ﺛم ﺣﺎرﺳﺎً ﻟﻠﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏﯾﺎب واﻟدﻩ‬،‫م‬١٣٣٧ ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻣن ﻣﺎرس‬Duke of Cornwall
.(٧)‫م‬١٣٣٨ ‫ﻟﺣرب اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ ﻣﻣﺎ دﻓﻊ إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث إﻟﻰ‬،‫ﻛﺎن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﯾﺗﺳم ﺑﺎﻟﻘوة واﻟﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻣل اﻟﻣﺳﺋوﻟﯾﺔ‬
(٨)
Prince of ‫ ﻓﻣﻧﺣﻪ ﻟﻘب أﻣﯾر وﯾﻠز‬،‫ وﺗﺄﻫﯾﻠﻪ ﻟﻠﻣﻬﺎم اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ‬،‫ﺗدﻋﯾم ﺗﻠك اﻟﻘوة‬
‫ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺣرص ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﺷﺎرﻛﻪ اﺑﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ‬،‫ وﺷرع ﻓﻲ ﺗدرﯾﺑﻪ ﻋﺳﻛرﯾﺎ‬،(٩)‫م‬١٣٤٣ ‫ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬Wales

.‫( ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻧوب اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ اﻛﺳﻔورد‬٤)

Canon, J. & Griffith, R, The Oxford Illustrated History of British Monarchy, New York,
1988, p. 291.
Thomas, D. Hardy, England other kingdoms, London, 1869, p. IX; Jean de Veux, (٥)
From the Court of Hainault to the Court of England. The Example Jean Froissart, In.
Allmand. C, War, Government and power in Late Medieval France, Liverpool, 2000, p.
7; Mont. L. Bohna, Edward the Black prince (1330-1376), Medieval France, An
Encyclopedia, New York and London, 1995, p. 599; Charles. T. wood, Edward the
Black Prince (1330-1376), In Strayer J. R, Dictionary of the middle Ages, Vol. 4, p.
398; Karen Arthur, Edward of Woodstock, the Black Prince (1330-1376), In Clayton
Drees, The Late Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal (1300-1500) A Biographical
Dictionary, London, 2001, p. 141.
Harms. W, Cornwall, International Dictionary of Places, Southern Europe, Vol. 3, (٦)
London, 1995, pp. 376, 377.
MR. Rapin De Thoyras, The History of England, trans. by Tindal. N. M. A; Vol. 1, (٧)
London, 1743, pp. 413, 414; Philip. J. Potter, Gothic Kings of Britain (1016-1399),
London, 2009, p. 108; Charles. T. Wood. Joan of Arc and Richard III, New York and
Oxford, 1988, p. 78; Richard, W. Kaeuper, Chivalry and Violence In Medieval Europe,
Oxford, 1999, p. 182; Kathryn Kerby- Fulton, New Directions in Bureaucratic
Codicology of pires plowmans, In Derek pearsall, New Directions in the Late Medieval
manuscripts studies, New York, 2000, p. 117; Lan Mortime medieval Intrigue, London,
2010, p. 363, Maurice Keen, England in the Later middle Ages, London and New York,
2003, p. 197; Deborah A. Fraioli, Op. Cit, p. 88; Karen Arthur, Op. Cit, p. 141; Edward.
D. English, Op. Cit, p. 234; Jean Denis- Le Page, Op. Cit, p. 220. Chris Given-Wilson,
Op. Cit, p. 43.
.‫ وﺗﺷﺗﻬر ﺑﺎﻟﻌﻣﺎرة اﻟدﯾﻧﯾﺔ وأﯾﺿﺎ ﺑﺄﻧﻬﺎ أرض اﻟﺷﻌراء‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ اﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺟﻧوب ﻏرب اﻧﺟﻠﺗرا‬،‫( وﯾﻠز‬٨)
Marten and Carters, Historeis, Vol. 2 (the Middle Ages) 1100-1485, Oxford, 1926, pp.
129, 130.
MR. Rapin De Thoyras, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 422, Tout. F, The Hisotry of England (٩)
From the Accession of Henry III to Death of Edward III (1216-1377), The Political
History of England, Vol. 111, London, 1905, p. 359; Andrew. E. Larsen, John Wycllif,
In Lan Christopher Levy, Acompanion to John Wyclif (Late Medieval Theologian),
Leiden, Boston, 2006, p. 33; Pit Peporte, Op. Cit., p. 176; Monte. L. Bohna, Op. Cit., p.
599.
‫ وﻫزم اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ‬،(١٠)‫ﻧﺟﺎﺣﺎ ﻛﺑﯾ ار‬
ً ‫ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﻘق ﻓﯾﻬﺎ أدوارد‬،‫م‬١٣٤٦ ‫ﺣﻣﻠﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫ وﻫﻲ ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﻛرﯾﺳﻲ‬،(١١)‫اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﺛل اﻻﻧﺗﺻﺎر اﻷول واﻷﻛﺑر اﻟذي ﺣﻘﻘﺗﻪ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار‬
‫ واﻟﺗﻣس إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻓﻲ اﺑﻧﻪ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود اﻟﻘوة واﻟﻣﻘدرة اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ‬،(١٢)Crecy
‫ وﯾذﻛر ﻓرواﺳﺎر أﻧﻪ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺳﻘط ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ رﻓض‬،‫ ﺣﯾث ﻋﻬد إﻟﯾﻪ ﺑﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻗﯾﺎدة اﻟﻣﯾﻣﻧﺔ‬،‫اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ‬
(١٣)
‫واﺗﺿﺣت ﻣدى ﺣﻧﻛﺔ وﺑراﻋﺔ‬ "‫واﻟدﻩ ﻣﺳﺎﻋدﺗﻪ وﻗﺎل " دع اﻟﻔﺎرس ﯾﺣﻘق ﻣﺟدﻩ واﻧﺗﺻﺎرﻩ ﺑﯾدﻩ‬
‫ وأظﻬر اﻟﻣﻠك إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺳﻌﺎدة ﻛﺑﯾرة‬،‫اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود اﻟذي ﺣﻘق ﻧﺟﺎﺣﺎ ﻛﺑﯾ ار ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ‬
.(١٤)‫ وأﺷﺎد ﺑﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻪ اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ اﻟﻼﻓﺗﺔ ﻟﻠﻧظر‬،‫ﻣن ﻫذا اﻟﻧﺻر اﻟذي أﺣرزﻩ اﺑﻧﻪ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬

Vallet de Virvill. A, Notice et extraits de Chartes et de manuscrits, In (١٠) Bibliotheque

de l'ecole des Chartes, tome troisieme, Paris, 1846, p. 111; Michelete. J, Histoire de
France, Paris, 1861, p. 10; Coulton, G. G., Ten Medieval Studies, Cambridge, 1930, p.
147.
Marigold Anne Norbye, Atous nobles qui aiment beaux faits et bonnes histories, (١١)
The Multiple Transformations of A fifteenth Century Frence General Logical Chronicle
In Erik Kooper, The Medieval Chronicle V, Amesterdam, New York, 2008, p. 185.
‫( إﺟﺗﺎزت اﻟﻘوات اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ﻏﺎﺑﺔ ﻛرﯾﺳﻲ واﺗﺟﻬت ﺻوب ﻗرﯾﺔ ﻛرﯾﺳﻲ اﻟواﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺿﻔﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻧﻬر ﻣﺎي‬١٢)
‫ ﺣﯾث ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﯾﻣﻧﺔ أول‬،‫ وﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺣدرات اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ ﻟوادي ﻣﺎي ﺗوﻗف اﻟﻣﻠك إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺑﺟﯾﺷﻪ‬.Maye
‫ واﯾرل اروﻧدل‬،Northampton ‫ وﻛﺎن اﻟﻘﺳم اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة إﯾرل ﻧورﺛﺎﻣﺑﺗون‬.‫اﻷﻗﺳﺎم اﻟﻘﺗﺎﻟﯾﺔ ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬
‫ وﺗﺳﺎﻗط اﻟﻘﺗﻠﻰ ﻣن‬،‫ وﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ اﺷﺗدت ﻫﺟﻣﺎت اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬.‫ واﻟﻘﺳم اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬،Arundel
‫ ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺧﺳﺎﺋر‬،‫ ﻟم ﯾﺧﺳر اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﺷﯾﺋﺎ ﯾذﻛر‬،‫اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻣﻛﺎن وﻟم ﺗﻧﺗﻪ اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ أﻻ ﺑﺣﻠول اﻟظﻼم‬
‫ وﻗﺎﻣوا ﺑﺎﺣﺗﻼل ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ‬،‫ وﺑﻌد ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﻛرﯾﺳﻲ رأي اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز أن ﻣن ﺣﻘﻬم اﻻﺣﺗﻔﺎظ ﺑﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ‬.‫اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﺎدﺣﺔ‬
.‫ وأﻛد اﻧﺗﺻﺎر أدوارد ﻓﻲ ﻛرﯾﺳﻲ اﺳﺗﻣرار ﺣرب اﻟﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻋﺎم‬.١٣٤٧
Frosisart, The Chronicles of Froissart, trans. by Bourchier, J., Vol. 1, London, 1930, pp.
102-107; Rapin De Thoyras, Op. cit, Vol. 1, P. 424; Hugue De Morville, L'obituaire De
L'Hotel – Dieu Saint Lo, in R.H. G. F, tome XXIII, Paris, 1894, p. 547; Sancti Stephani,
Cadomensis Chronico, In. R. H. G. F, tome XX III, Paris, 1894, p. 493; Hume. D,
History of England, London, 1910, pp. 173, 174; Koenigsberger. H. G. & Asa Briggs,
Ahistory of Europe Medieval Europe) 400-1500, New York, 1987, p. 309; Seward. D,
The Hundred Years War (The English In France) 1337-1453, New York, 1982, p. 61;
Guenee. B, L'occidentaux XIV et XV siécles Les Etates, Paris, 1971, pp. 234, 235.
Nicolas. D, The Evolution of Medieval world society, Government and Thought in
Europe (312-1500, London and New York, 1992, p. 448; Contamine, P., guerre étate et
société à la fin du moyen âge, etudes sur les armees de rois de France 1337-1494, Paris,
1972, p. 757.
(١٣)
Deborah A. Fraioli, Op.Cit, p. 88.
Dictionnaire Hisotrique Portatif, tome premiere, Paris, 1760, p. 444; James, p. (١٤)
Andrews, F.A.S, The Hisotry of Great Britain from Caesar's Invation to the Deposition
and death of Richard 11, Vol. 1, London, 1794, p. 366; MR Rapin de Thoyras, Op. Cit,
Vol. I, p. 425; Scott, L. Waugh, England Kingship and Political Community (1272-
1377), In a companion to Britain in the Late Middle Ages, U.S.A, 2003, p. 211; Alan
Williams, The Knight and The Blast Furance, Leiden, Boston, 2003, p. 852; Jotischky.
 ‫)‪(١٥‬‬
‫‪١٣٤٧ Calais‬م‪ ،‬ﻷﻧﻪ ﻛﺎن ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷرع إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺑﻌد ذﻟك ﻓﻲ ﺣﺻﺎر ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ‬
‫ﺣﺎﺟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻣﯾﻧﺎء ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣل رأس ﺟﺳر ﻟﻠﺣﻣﻼت اﻟﺣرﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘﺎرة اﻷورﺑﯾﺔ ﯾﻐﻧﯾﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣواﻧﻲ اﻟﻔﻼﻧدرز)‪ ،(١٦‬وﻋن اﻟطرﯾق اﻟﺑﺣري اﻟطوﯾل إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ)‪،(١٧‬‬
‫وﻻﺗﺧﺎذﻫﺎ ﻗﺎﻋدة ﻋﺳﻛرﯾﺔ ﻟﻣﻣﺎرﺳﺔ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺣرﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ‪ ،‬واﺳﺗطﺎع ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل‬
‫اﺋﻌﺎ‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﯾﻼء ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟﻌب اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود دوراً ﻛﺑﯾراً‪ ،‬وﺣﻘق ﻧﺟﺎح ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ‪ ،‬وﻗدم ﻋرﺿﺎً ر ً‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔروﺳﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣد ﻗول ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣؤرﺧﯾن)‪.(١٨‬‬
‫وﺗﺟﻠت اﻟﺑراﻋﺔ اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ أﯾﺿﺎ ﺑﻌد ذﻟك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ اﻟﺑﺣرﯾﺔ اﻟواﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻧد وﯾﻧﺷﻠﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ Winchelsea‬أﻏﺳطس ‪١٣٥٠‬م‪ ،‬ﺿد أﺳطول ﻗوى ﻣن اﻟﻘراﺻﻧﺔ اﻷﺳﺑﺎن ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة ﺷﺎرل دي‬
‫)‪(١٩‬‬
‫‪ ،Charles de la Cerda‬ﺑﻌد أن ﻧﻬب اﻷﺳﺑﺎن ﺳﻔن اﻟﺧﻣر اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ودارت‬ ‫ﻷﺳردا‬
‫)‪(٢٠‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ظﻬرت ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﺷﺟﺎﻋﺔ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود وﺑراﻋﺗﻪ اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ‬

‫;‪A & Hull.C, The Penguin Hisotrical atlas of Medieral World, London, 2005, p. 119‬‬
‫‪Charles, H. Coulson, Castles In Medieval Society, Oxford, 2003, p. 287.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٥‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻣﺎل ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣواﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﺳواﺣل اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ إﻗﻠﯾم ﺑوﻟوﻧﯾﺎ ‪ Boulogne‬اﻟذي ﯾﺗﺎﺧم‬
‫اﻟﻔﻼﻧدرز إﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﻧوب‪ .‬وﻛﺎن ﻣﯾﻧﺎء ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ أﻓﺿل اﻟﻣواﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺗداد ﻛل ﺷواطﺊ اﻟﺑﺣر ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن إﻗﻠﯾﻣﻲ اﻟﻔﻼﻧدرز‬
‫وﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﯾﺻﻌب اﻻﺳﺗﯾﻼء ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ إذ أن اﻟﺧﻧﺎدق اﻟﻌﻣﯾﻘﺔ واﻟﺳور اﻟﻣزدوج ﻛل ذﻟك ﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﻣﻧﯾﻌﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪Kelly Devries, Calais, Medieval France, An Encyclopedia, New York and London,‬‬
‫;‪1995, p. 162‬‬
‫ﺟوزﯾف داﻫﻣوس‪ ،‬ﺳﺑﻊ ﻣﻌﺎرك ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺻور اﻟوﺳطﻰ‪ ،‬ت‪ .‬ﻣﺣﻣد ﻓﺗﺣﻲ اﻟﺷﺎﻋر‪ ،‬اﻟﻬﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻛﺗﺎب‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،١٩٩٢‬ص ‪.١٦٧‬‬
‫)‪(١٦‬‬
‫ﯾﻘﻊ إﻗﻠﯾم اﻟﻔﻼﻧدر ‪ Flandre‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻣﺗداد اﻟﺣدود اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﻐرﺑﯾﺔ ﻟﻔرﻧﺳﺎ وﯾواﺟﻪ ﺑﺣر اﻟﺷﻣﺎل ‪Mer Du Nord‬‬
‫وﻫو ﻣن اﻷﻗﺎﻟﯾم اﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ أورﺑﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﻪ ﻣدن ﻣزدﻫرة ﻣﺛل ﺑروج ‪ Bruges‬وﺟﻧﯾت ‪.Ghent‬‬
‫‪Patricia Carson, The Fair Face of Flanders, Ghent, 1969, p. 18; Pirenne, H., A history of‬‬
‫‪Europe, Vol. 2, New York, 1958, pp. 76-77; Lynn, L., Medieval Europe and Its‬‬
‫‪Development and Civilization, London, Bombay, Sydney, pp. 475-476.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٧‬ﺗرﺟﻊ ﺗﺑﻌﯾﺔ ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ ﻻﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎم ‪١١٥٢‬م‪ ،‬وزادت أﻫﻣﯾﺔ ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ ﺑﻣرور اﻷﯾﺎم ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﺧﻣور‪،‬‬
‫وﺑﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﻧذ ﻋﻬد أدوارد اﻷول‪ (١٣٠٧-١٢٧٢) Edward I ،‬اﻟذي وﺿﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻧظﺎم إداري ﻣﺣﻛم ﯾﻌﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ زﯾﺎدة‬
‫أرﺗﺑﺎطﻬﺎ ﺑﺣﻛﺎم اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار‪ .‬ﺟوزﯾف داﻫﻣوس‪ ،‬اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‪ ،‬ص ‪.١٤٨‬‬
‫)‪(١٨‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, pp. 114-115; Callcott, L., Little Arthurs Hisotry of‬‬
‫‪England, London, 1913, p. 97; Mckisack, M, The Fourteenth Century 1307-1399,‬‬
‫‪Oxford, pp. 135-137, Trevelyan, D. M., History of England, London, 1909, p. 228; Ann‬‬
‫‪Curry, Medieval Warfare, "England and her Continental Neighbours Eleventh to‬‬
‫‪fourteenth centuries," In Journal of Medieval History, 24 January, 1999, p. 99; Seward,‬‬
‫‪Op. Cit, pp. 68, 69; Presonne and Others. Histoire de France, Paris, 1954, p. 60.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٩‬ﻛﺎن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳﺑﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﺎرل دي ﻻﺳردا ﻫو اﻟﻣﻔﺿل ﻟدى اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ )اﻟطﯾب( )‪-١٣٥٠‬‬
‫‪١٣٦٤‬م(‪ ،‬وﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻗﺎﺋداً ﻟﻠﺟﯾش ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪ ،١٣٥٠‬ﻏﯾر أﻧﻪ ﻗﺗل ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾد ﺻﻬر ﺣﻧﺎ ﺷﺎرل ﻣﻠك ﻧﺎﻓﺎر ‪Charles De‬‬
‫‪١٣٨٧-١٣٣٢) Navarre‬م( ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٣٥٤‬م‪.‬‬
‫وﻫﻛذا ﺗﻣﻛن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻣن إظﻬﺎر ﻓروﺳﯾﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﻗدرﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺣﻣل اﻟﻣﺳﺋوﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ُﻋﻬدت‬
‫إﻟﯾﻪ‪ ،‬وﻣن ﺛم أﺻﺑﺢ ﻣﺣل ﺛﻘﺔ ﻟدى واﻟدﻩ أدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪ ،‬اﻟذي اﻋﺗرف ﺑﻘدرة اﺑﻧﻪ اﻷﻛﺑر وﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻪ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺻدر إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻗ ار ار ﺑﻘﯾﺎم ﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻐزو ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﺗﺣت ﻗﯾﺎدة اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬
‫ﺑﻣﻔردﻩ)‪ .(٢١‬وﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﻠك اﻟﻣرة اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺧرج ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻗﺎﺋداً‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻋﻣرﻩ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾن ﺧﻣﺳﺔ وﻋﺷرﯾن ﻋﺎﻣﺎً )‪ ،(٢٢‬ﻓﻘﺎم ﺑﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﻧوب اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺗﻣﻛن ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﻣن إﺣراز ﻧﺟﺎح‬
‫ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗدراﺗﻪ وﻣﻬﺎراﺗﻪ اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻛﺎﺋﻪ اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻷﻣﺎﻛن اﻟﺗﻲ اﺳﺗوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﺗﻧﺗﺷر ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻧوب ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ .‬ﻛﻣﺎ ﺣرص ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳﺗﺣواذ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣواﻗﻊ ﻣﺗﺟﺎورة إﻟﻰ ﺣد ﻣﺎ ﺣﺗﻰ ﺗﻛون ﺟﺑﻬﺔ ﺿد‬
‫اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﺳﺗﺣواذﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻣﺎﻛن ﻣﺗﻔرﻗﺔ ﯾﺗطﻠب ﻣﻧﻪ ﺗرك ﻗوة ﻋﺳﻛرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺗﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫وﺑذﻟك ﺗﺿﻌف ﻗواﻩ)‪.(٢٣‬‬
‫وﻣن اﻟﻣﻼﺣظ أن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺣﻣﻠﺔ أﺳﺎء ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ أﻫﺎﻟﻲ اﻟﻣدن اﻟﺗﻲ اﺳﺗوﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن ﺣرق وﺗﺧرﯾب وﺗدﻣﯾر‪ ،‬ﻣﺛﻠﻣﺎ ﻓﻌل ﺑﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻛﺎرﻛﺎﺳون ‪ Carracasson‬وﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻧﺎرﯾون ‪ ،Narbonne‬وﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ)‪ ،(٢٤‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﻣدن اﻟﺗﻲ وﺟد ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﯾل‬
‫ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﻓﻘد أراد ﺷراء ﺳﻼﻣﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺄﻣوال ﺑﺎﻫظﺔ‪ ،‬رﺑﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺗﺧدم ﻓﻲ ﺗﺳﻠﯾﺢ ﺟﯾﺷﻪ‪ ،‬وﺗﻘدﯾم اﻟﻌطﺎﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻟﺟﻧودﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾدﻓﻌﻬم ﻟﺑذل ﺟﻬود أﻛﺑر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺗﺎل‪ ،‬واﻟﺻﻣود ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣروب)‪.(٢٥‬‬
‫وﻛﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﻣﺎ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻪ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻣن ﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﻧوب اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ‪ -‬ﻓﺿﻼً ﻋن اﻟﻧﺟﺎﺣﺎت‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ أﺣرزﻫﺎ ﺗرك ﺻدى ﻫﺎﺋﻼً ﻟدى اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻟطﯾب ‪John II Le bon‬‬
‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫)‪١٣٦٤-١٣٥٠‬م( اﻟذي ﺣﺷد ﻗوات ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻟﻣواﺟﻬﺔ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‬

‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 118; Freville, M. E., "Des grandes companies au quatorzieme‬‬
‫‪siècle," dans., bibliotheque de l' ecole des Chartes, tome Cinquieme, Paris, 1843-1844,‬‬
‫‪pp. 236-237; Samuel. K. Cohn. Jr, The politics of social Revolt in medieval Europe‬‬
‫‪(1200-1425), Italy, France, and Flanders, Cambridge Massachusetts, London, 2006, p.‬‬
‫‪132.‬‬
‫‪(٢٠‬‬
‫‪Tout, F, op. Cit, Vol. 111, p. 384.‬‬
‫)‪(٢١‬‬
‫‪Lavisse, E., Histoire de France, p. 97; Charles, H. Coulson, Op. Cit, p. 288.‬‬
‫)‪Mr Rapin de Thoyras, Op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 429; Thomas Streissyuth, The Greenhaven(٢٢‬‬
‫‪Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages, U.S.A, 1958, p. 108; Deborah. A. Fraioli, Op. cit., p.‬‬
‫‪88.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٣‬ﻓﺎطﻣﺔ ﻋﺑد اﻟﻠطﯾف‪ ،‬ﺣﻣﻼت اﻷﻣﯾر اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي اﻷﺳود ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻣﺟﻠﺔ ﺑﺣوث ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻷداب )ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﻣﻧوﻓﯾﺔ(‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻌدد اﻟراﺑﻊ واﻟﺳﺑﻌون ﻓﻲ ﯾوﻟﯾو‪ ،٢٠٠٨ ،‬ص ‪.٢٠ ،١٩‬‬
‫)‪(٢٤‬‬
‫‪Lavisse, Op Cit., pp 97-98.‬‬
‫)‪ (٢٥‬ﻓﺎطﻣﺔ ﻋﺑد اﻟﻠطﯾف‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‪ ،‬ص ‪.٢٠‬‬
‫)‪(٢٦‬‬
‫ﺟﻬز اﻟﻣﻠك إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ٕواﺑﻧﻪ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﺣﻣﻠﺗﯾن ﻟﻐزو ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬واﺣدة ﺗﺗﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ ﻧورﻣﺎﻧدي‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة ﻫﻧري‬
‫ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر ‪ ،Henry of Lancaster‬واﻷﺧرى ﺗﺗﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ أﻛوﯾﺗﯾن ‪ Aquitaine‬ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪١٣٥٦‬م ﺣﺷد ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟطﯾب ﺟﯾﺷﺎً ﻟﻠﻘﺎء اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز‪ ،‬ﻻﺳﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﻌد أن ﺗﻘدم اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻋﺑر اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ودارت‬
‫ ووﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﻠك‬،‫ اﻟﺗﻲ أﺣرز ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود اﻧﺗﺻﺎراً ﻛﺑﯾ ًار ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‬،‫م‬١٣٥٦ Poitiers
‫ وﺗﺣﻔظ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار اﻷﺣﻛﺎم اﻟﻘﺑﺿﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﺑﻌﯾدا ﻋن أي‬،(٢٧)‫ﺣﻧﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳر‬
‫ وﻫذا ﯾﻧم ﻋن ذﻛﺎء‬،‫ وﯾﺣﺎوﻟون إطﻼق ﺳراﺣﻪ‬،‫ﻧﻔوذ ﻓرﻧﺳﻲ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺗﻌﺎطف ﻣﻌﻪ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون‬
‫ وﻛﺎن وﻗوع اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟطﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳر أﻛﺑر ﻧﺻر أﺣرزﻩ‬.‫ﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻸﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬
‫ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌد‬،(٢٨)‫ ﻓﻘد أﺻﺑﺣت اﻟﺑﻼد ﻣﺳرﺣﺎ ﻟﻠﻔوﺿﻰ‬،‫ وأﻋﻧف ﻛﺎرﺛﺔ ﺣﻠت ﺑﻔرﻧﺳﺎ‬،‫اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز‬

‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌد ﺳﺑﻌﺔ‬Maupertuis ‫م ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎن ﯾدﻋﻰ ﻣوﺑرﺗوي‬١٣٥٦ ‫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺎﺳﻊ ﻋﺷر ﻣن ﺳﺑﺗﻣﺑر‬،‫ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‬
‫ وﻣﻌﻪ اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن‬Bordeaux ‫ وﻋﺎد اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود إﻟﻰ ﺑوردو‬،‫ وﺣﻘق اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز اﻟﻧﺻر‬،‫أﻣﯾﺎل ﺟﻧوب ﺷرق ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‬
‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﺟﻌل ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ أﻛﺑر ﻧﺻر أﺣرزﻩ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز‬،‫ ووﻗﻊ اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟطﯾب ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳر‬،‫اﻟﻐﻧﺎﺋم واﻷﺳرى‬
.‫وأﻋﻧف ﻛﺎرﺛﺔ ﺣﻠت ﺑﻔرﻧﺳﺎ‬
Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, pp. 124-127; MR Rapin de Thoyras, Op. Cit, vol. 1, pp. 429,
430, Obituario sanctae Trinitatis De Exaquio, In R.H. G. F, tome XXIII, Paris, 1894, p.
546; Duchesne. A, Chronique Des Comtes D'Eu depuis 1130 Jusque En 1390, In R. H.
G. F., tome XX111, Paris, 1894, p. 446; Lavisse. E, Histoire De France, p. 105;
Bradburg.J, The Medieval Archer, Great Britain, 1985, P. 109; Mckisack. M, Op. Cit, p.
139; Koenigsberger. H. G and Asa Briggs, Op. Cit, P. 309; Karen Arthur, Op. Cit, p.
141.
(٢٧)
Luce, M. S., Du role politique de Jean Maillard en 1358, In Bibliotheque
de L'Ecole Des Chartes, tome Troisieme, Paris, 1857, p. 422; Bisson De Sainte Marie.
R, "Testament de Jacques de Tarente (En Faveur de Louis d' Anjou) 15 Juillet 1383",
In. Bibliotheque de l' ecole des chartes, tome XLV, Paris, 1881, p. 190; Austin. F. O. G.
G., Asource Book of Medieval History, New York, Cincinnati, Chicago, 1907; p. 439.
Danna Carleton Munro and Raymond James Sontag, The Middle Ages (395-1500),
London and New York, 1921, p. 420; Kelley Devries and Robert Smith, Medieval
Weapons, California, Denerer, Oxford, 2007, p. 146; Karen Arthur, Op. Cit, p. 141;
Samuel. K. Cohn. Jr, Op.cit, p. 233; Charles. H, Coulson, Op. Cit, p. 287.
Etienne ‫ أﻫﻣﻬﺎ ﺛورة اﯾﺗﯾن ﻣﺎرﺳﯾل‬،ً‫( ﺗﻌرﺿت ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠك اﻟﻔﺗرة ﻟﻠﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻛل داﺧﻠﯾﺎً وﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺎ‬٢٨)
‫ ﺣﯾث ﻗﺎد ﻣﺎرﺳﯾل‬،Laon ‫ أﺳﻘف ﻻون‬Robert Loqoc ‫ وروﺑرت ﻟوﻛوك‬،‫ ﻧﺎﺋب اﻟﺗﺟﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎرﯾس‬Marcel
‫ وﻣﺎرﺳوا ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻌﻧف واﻟﺳطو ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻟرﯾﻔﯾﺔ إﺑﺎن اﻟﺳﻧوات اﻟﺗﻲ‬،‫م‬١٣٥٧ ‫وﻟوﻛوك اﻟﺛوار ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎرﯾس ﻧوﻓﻣﺑر‬
‫ وﻗﺎد‬،‫ واﺳﺗﻐل اﻟﻌوام ﻫذﻩ اﻷوﺿﺎع وﺛﺎروا ﻣطﺎﻟﺑﯾن ﺑﺑﻌض اﻟﺣﻘوق اﻟﺗﻲ ﻓﻘدوﻫﺎ‬،‫م‬١٣٥٦ ‫أﻋﻘﺑت ﻫزﯾﻣﺔ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‬
‫ وﺧطﯾب ﺷﻌﺑﻲ ﯾﺳﺗﻐل اﻻﺳﺗﯾﺎء ﻻﻛﺗﺳﺎب اﻟﻧﻔوذ‬،‫ﻣﺎرﺳﯾل ﻫؤﻻء اﻟﺛوار اﻟﻣﺳﻠﺣﯾن ﺑﻌد أن ﺗﺣول زﻋﯾم ﻟﻠدﻫﻣﺎء‬
‫ اﻟذي ﺗﺣﺎﻟف ﻣﻊ وﻟﯾم‬،‫ وﻫﻛذا ووﻗﻌت ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣرب أﻫﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن وﻟﻲ اﻟﻌﻬد ﺷﺎرل وﺑﯾن أﻧﺻﺎر ﻣﺎرﺳﯾل‬،‫اﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﻲ‬
‫م واﻟﺗﻲ‬١٣٥٨ ‫ وﻫﻲ اﻟﺛورة اﻟﺗﻲ اﺷﻌﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﻼﺣون ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﺎﯾو‬،Jacquerie ‫ زﻋﯾم ﺛورة اﻟﺟﺎﻛري‬Karle ‫ﻛﺎرل‬
.‫اﺗﺻﻔت ﺑﻛل ﺻﻔﺎت اﻟﻌﻧف واﻟوﺣﺷﯾﺔ‬
Froissart, Op. Cit., Vol. 1, pp. 137-139; Luce, Op. Cit., pp. 119-421; Luce, M. S.,
"Examen critque de l' ouvrage intitule Etienne Marcel et les Government la Bourgeoisie
Au XIve siècle (1156-1358)," In bibliotheque de l' ecole des chartes, tome Premiere,
Paris, 1860; p. 46; Luce. M. S., "Pieces indetics relatives à Etienne Marcel," In
bibliotheque de l' ecole des chartes, tome Premiere, Paris, 1860, pp. 73-92; Vallet de
Virville, "Essais Critiques sur les historiens originaux du regne de Charles VII," In
Bibliotheque de l' ecole des chartes, tome Troisieme, Paris, 1857, p. 111; Lavisse, E.,
 (٢٩)
‫ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﻘﻘت ﻹدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬،‫م‬١٣٦٠ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻫدة اﻟﻣﻬﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ُﻋرﻓت ﺑﺎﺳم ﻣﻌﺎﻫدة ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ وﺻﺎر ﻟﻸﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎت ﻓﻲ‬،‫ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻟﺳﯾطرة اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎزع ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ ﺣدودﯾﺎ‬
.(٣١)‫ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إل ﻓدﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﯾدﻓﻌﻬﺎ اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟطﯾب‬،(٣٠)‫ﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن أﻧﺣﺎء اﻟﺑﻼد‬
،‫ وأﺣﺳن ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟطﯾب‬،‫ ورﺟل ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ‬،‫ﻧﺟﺢ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻛرﺟل ﺣرب‬
‫ ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾؤﻛد أن اﻷﻣﯾر‬،(٣٢)‫ﻣﻣﺎ دﻓﻊ اﻷﺧﯾر ﻟﻠﻌودة ﻟذﻟك اﻷﺳر اﻟذي ﻛﺎن ﯾﻌد ﻣﻛﺎن ﻟﻠﺗﻧزﻩ واﻟﺻﯾد‬

Histoire de France, p. 111; Flynn, J., Medieval History, U.S.A, 1955, p. 119, Denys
Hay, The Medieval Centuries, Lodnon, 1963, pp. 131, 132; Bainville, J., Histoire de
France, Paris, 1924, pp. 54, 55; Carlton, N., Medieval History, Vol. 1, New York, 1963,
P. 26; Johnstone, H. M. A., England (Edward I and Edward II), In Cambridge medieval
History, Vol. VII, Cambridge, 1968, p. 326; Samuel K. Cohn. Jr, Op. Cit, p. 81.
‫ واﻟﺗﻲ أﺛﺎرت اﻟﻐﺿب‬،‫م‬١٣٥٩ ‫ وﻣﻌﺎﻫدة ﻟﻧدن‬،‫ وأﺳر اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟطﯾب‬،١٣٥٦ ‫( ﻋﻘب ﻫزﯾﻣﺔ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‬٢٩)
‫ وﻛﺎن رد ﻓﻌل إدوارد ﻫو ﻣﺣﺎوﻟﺔ ﻏزو ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬،‫اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﻟﻌد اﻟﺷروط اﻟﻣﻬﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻓرﺿﻬﺎ إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬
‫ وﻣن‬،‫ وﺗﻼﺷت أﻣﺎﻟﻪ اﻟﻣﺗﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎج‬،‫ ﺣﯾث ﻓﺷل ﻓﻲ ﻏزو ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﯾد أن اﻷﻣور ﻟم ﺗﺳر وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺧطﺗﻪ‬،‫م‬١٣٥٩ ‫ﻣﺟددا‬
‫ واﺗﺧذ اﻟﺳﻼم ﺷﻛﻠﻪ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﺋﻲ‬،Bretagne ‫ وﺗوﺻل إﻟﻰ ﻫدﻓﻪ ﻋﻧد ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬،١٣٦٠ ‫ﺛم ﻟﺟﺄ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺣﺎدﺛﺎت اﻟﺳﻼم ﻣﺎﯾو‬
،Poitou ‫ وﺑوﺗﯾو‬،‫م وﺑﻧﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻫدة ﺗﺣﻘﻘت ﻟﻪ اﻟﺳﯾطرة اﻟﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ‬١٣٦٠ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ أﻛﺗوﺑر‬
،Guienne ‫ وﺟوﯾﯾن‬،Ponthieu ‫ وﺑوﻧﺛﯾو‬Limoges ‫ وﻟﯾﻣوج‬،Perigord ‫ وﺑﯾرﺟور‬،Saintogne ‫وﺳﺎﻧﺗون‬
‫ ورﺣب اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻫدة‬،‫ وﺗﻌﻬد ادوارد ﺑﺗﺧﻠﯾﻪ ﻋن اﻟﻣطﺎﻟﺑﺔ ﺑﻌرش ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬،‫ وﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ‬،Mark ‫ٕواﻗطﺎﻋﯾﺔ ﻣﺎرك‬
.‫ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻌﻼﻣﺔ ﻟﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ ﺣرب ﻻ ﻗﺑل ﻟﻬم ﺑﻬﺎ‬
Froissart, Op. Cit., Vol. 1, p. 140; MR Rapin de Thoyras, Op.Cit, Vol. 1, p. 438;
Thomas Green Wood, Cathedral Petri (Political History of the Great Latin Patriarchate),
London, 1872, p. 460; Jean Venette, The Chronicle of Jean Venette, Tr. by Jean
Birdsall, New York, 1953, pp. 90-93; Karl Heinzzigler , the Influence of Medieval
Roman law of peace Treaties, In. Randal Less Affer, Peace Treaties and International
Law In European History (From the Middle to worldwar one), Cambridge, 2004, p.
149; Robins Oggins, The Kings and Their Hanks (Falconry In Medieval England),
London, 2004, p. 185; Charlotte- M. Walters, An Economic Hisotry of England (1066-
1874), London, 1925, p. 146; Bainville. J, Ibid, p. 56; Dana Carleton Munro and
Raymond James Sontag, Op. Cit, P. 420; Bradburg. J, Op. Cit, p. 114; Deborah. A.
Fraioli, Op. Cit, pp. 76, 77; Thomas. D. Hardy, Op. Cit, p. 408.
Andrew Saunders, Administrative. Building and Prisons in Earldom of Cornwall, (٣٠)
In Timythy Reuter, Warriors and Churchmen in the High Middle ages, London, 1992, p.
208.
‫ وﯾﺟب ﺳداد أول دﻓﻌﺔ )ﺳﺗﻣﺎﺋﺔ أﻟف( ﻓﻲ ﻏﺿون‬،‫( ﺗم ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻔدﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺑﻠﻎ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﻣﻼﯾﯾن ﻛ ارون ﻣن اﻟذﻫب‬٣١)
La ‫ وﺿﻣﺎن ذﻟك ﺗﺳﻠﯾم ﻗﺻور ﻻروﺷﯾل‬،‫ وﯾﺗم ﺳداد ﺑﺎﻗﻲ اﻷﻗﺳﺎط ﻓﻲ ﻣواﻋﯾدﻫﺎ اﻟﻣﺣددة‬،‫أرﺑﻌﺔ أﺷﻬر ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ‬
.Guienne ‫ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺣﻛوﻣﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ وأﯾﺿﺎً ﻛوﻧﺗﯾﻪ ﺟوﯾﯾن‬Rochall
Obituario Monasterri montisburgensis, In. R. H. G. F, tome XXIII, Paris, 1894, p. 555;
Vickers, K. H., England In later middle Ages, London, 1913, pp. 201, 202, Thomas. D.
Hardy, Op. Cit, p. 408; Philip. J. Potter, Op. Cit, p. 107; Hume, Op. Cit, pp. 179, 180.
‫اﻷﺳود ﻛﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ دراﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺟرﯾﺎت اﻷﻣور ﺑﺗﻠك اﻟﻔﺗرة‪ ،‬ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﺗم ﺗﺣﻘﯾق أﻫداﻓﻪ ﻫو وواﻟدﻩ إدوارد‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻓﻲ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﺣد ﻗول ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣؤرﺧﯾن ﻓﺈن ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻓﻛر ﺑﻌد ﻣﻌﺎﻫدة ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ أﺧذ ﻓﺗرة ﻣن‬
‫اﻟراﺣﺔ ﻣﺗﻌﻠﻼً ﺑﻛﺑر ﺳﻧﻪ)‪ ،(٣٣‬وذﻛر ذﻟك ﺻراﺣﺔ ﻟﻣﻠك ﻗﺑرص اﻟذي ازرﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠك اﻟﻔﺗرة ﻟﯾﺣﺻل‬
‫أﯾﺿﺎ ﺣول اﻟﻣﻠك ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬
‫ً‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺻﻠﯾﺑﯾﺔ)‪ .(٣٤‬وﻓﻲ ﺗﻠك اﻟﻔﺗرة‬
‫أﻣﻼﻛﻪ ﻓﻲ أﻛوﯾﺗﯾن إﻟﻰ إﻣﺎرة‪ ،‬وﻋﻬد ﺑﻬﺎ ﻷﺑﻧﻪ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺻﺑﺢ ﯾﺣﻣل ﻟﻘب أﻣﯾر وﯾﻠز‪،‬‬
‫ودوق ﻛورﻧوول‪ ،‬وأﻣﯾر ﺑﻼد اﻟﻐﺎل‪ ،‬وأﯾﺿﺎ أﻣﯾر أﻛوﯾﺗﯾن ﻣﻧذ ﻋﺎم ‪١٣٦٢‬م)‪ .(٣٥‬وﻛﺎن ﺣﻧﺎ ﻫﺎروﯾل‬
‫أف ﺑﺎث ‪ John Harwell of Bath‬ﻣﺳﺗﺷﺎر اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟوﻗت‪ ،‬وﯾﺳﺎﻋدﻩ ﻓﺎرس‬
‫)‪(٣٦‬‬
‫)وﻛﯾل اﻷﻣﯾر اﻹﻗطﺎﻋﻲ(‬ ‫ﯾدﻋﻰ ﺗوﻣﺎس ﻓﯾﻠﺗون ‪ Thomas Felton‬ﻛﻘﻬرﻣﺎن ﻟﻺﻣﺎرة‬
‫‪John‬‬ ‫‪ ،Senechal‬ﻛﻣﺎ أﺳﻧد ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻣﻬﻣﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﺎدة اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﻔﺎرس ﺟون ﺷﺎﻧدوس‬
‫‪ ،Chandos‬واﻟذي ﻛﺎن ﯾﺣظﻰ ﺑﻣﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣرب واﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ ﻟدى ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن‬
‫ادوارد ﯾﺳﺗﻔﯾد ﻣن ﺣﻛﻣﺗﻪ ووﻻﺋﻪ وأﺧﻼﻗﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺧدﻣﺗﻪ)‪.(٣٧‬‬

‫)‪(٣٢‬‬
‫وﺟد ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻟطﯾب أن اﻟﻣﺣﺎﻓظﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺷرق ﺗﺣﺗم ﻋﻠﯾﻪ اﻟﻌودة إﻟﻰ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻌد أن ﺗﺄﺧر ﻓﻲ‬
‫دﻓﻊ اﻷﻗﺳﺎط‪.‬‬
‫‪Lavisse, Histoire De France, p. 170; Delorme, Op. Cit., p. 107; Presonne and Others,‬‬
‫‪Op. Cit, P. 161; Seward, D., Op. Cit, pp. 100, 101.‬‬
‫)‪De Mas Latrie. M., "Documents sur le commerce Martime Du Midi De La France, (٣٣‬‬
‫‪Extraits De quelques archives d' Italie", In bibliotheque de l' école des chartes, tome‬‬
‫‪Troisieme, Paris, 1857, pp. 212, 213; Maurice Keen, Op. cit, p. 197.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٤‬اﻋﺗﻠﻰ ﺑطرس اﻷول ﻟوزﺣﺑﺎن ‪ Pierre de Lusignan‬ﻋرش ﻗﺑرص ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٣٥٩‬م‪ ،‬واﺷﺗﻬر ﺑﻘوة ﺷﺧﺻﯾﺗﻪ‪،‬‬
‫وﺗطرﻓﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﺎﺳﺔ اﻟدﯾﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻘد أراد أن ﯾﺟﻌل ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﺑطﻼً ﻟﻠﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻓﻛر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﺻﻠﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﻛﺑرى ﯾطﻌن‬
‫ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻣﺳﻠﻣﯾن طﻌﻧﻪ ﻗوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎم ﺑرﺣﻠﺔ طوﯾﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏرب أورﺑﺎ )‪ (١٣٦٥-١٣٦٢‬ﻟﻠﺣﺻول ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﻋدة اﻟﺑﺎﺑوﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻣﻠوك ﻏرب أورﺑﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪De Mas Latrie. M, Histoire De L' Ile De Chypre. Sous Le Regne De Princes Del La‬‬
‫;‪Maison De Lusignan, Vol. 11, Paris, 1852, P. 240‬‬
‫ﺑﯾﺗرو ادﯾوري‪ ،‬ﻗﺑرص واﻟﺣروب اﻟﺻﻠﯾﺑﯾﺔ‪ ،‬دار اﻟﻣﻠﺗﻘﻲ ﻟﻠطﺑﺎﻋﺔ واﻟﻧﺷر‪ ،١٩٩٧ ،‬ص ‪.١٤٢‬‬
‫)‪James, P. Andrews, Op. Cit, p. 380; Jules Deplit, Collection Genral des Documents (٣٥‬‬
‫‪Francais quise Trouvent En Angletterre, In. bibliotheque de l' ecole des chartes, Paris,‬‬
‫‪1847, 1848, p. 80; Ormrod, W. M, England, Normandy and the Beigning of the‬‬
‫‪Hundred Years War (1259-1366), In Davis Bates, Ann Curry, England and Normandy‬‬
‫;‪In The middle ages, London, 1994, p. 211; Chris Givern -Wilson Op. Cit, p. 43‬‬
‫‪Edward, D. English, Op. Cit, p. 235; Monte .L. Bohna. Op. Cit, p. 599; Lan Mortime,‬‬
‫‪Op. Cit, p. 363; Tout. F, Op. Cit, p. 407; Karen Arthur, Op. cit, p. 142.‬‬
‫‪(٣٦‬‬
‫‪Tout. F, Ibid, pp. 407-408.‬‬
‫‪(٣٧‬‬
‫;‪Tout. F, Ibid, pp. 407-408‬‬
‫ول دﯾﻮراﻧﺖ‪ ،‬ﻗﺼﺔ اﻟﺤﻀﺎرة‪ ،‬ت‪ .‬ﻋﺒﺪ اﻟﺤﻤﯿﺪ ﯾﻮﻧﺲ‪ ،‬م ‪ ،١‬ﺟـ ‪ ،٦‬ﺑﺪون ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‪ ،‬ص ‪.٦١‬‬
‫وﯾﺑدو أن وﻟﻲ ﻋﻬد اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار اﻟﻣﻠﻘب ﺑﺎﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻟم ﯾﻛﺗف ﺑﻣﺎ ﺣﻘق ﻣن ﻣﻛﺎﺳب وﻣﻐﺎﻧم‪،‬‬
‫ﻓوﺿﻊ ﻧﺻب ﻋﯾﻧﯾﻪ إﻓﻘﺎر ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺑﺣﯾث ﺗظل ﻋﺎﺟزة ﻋن اﻟﻧﻬوض‪ ،‬وﻋﻣﻼً ﺑﻬذﻩ اﻟﺧطﺔ اﺳﺗﻘدم‬
‫ﻣن اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﻋﺻﺎﺑﺎت‪ ،‬وأطﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﺗﺳﻠب وﺗﻧﻬب وﺗﺣرق اﻟﻘرى اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ)‪.(٣٨‬‬
‫)‪(٣٩‬‬
‫‪ Lyon‬اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛذﻟك ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺑرﯾﺟﻧﯾﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺗوﻟت ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻌﺻﺎﺑﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾون‬
‫‪ ،Brignais‬وأﺣرو از اﻧﺗﺻﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘوات اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ ﻋﻧد ﺑرﯾﺟﻧﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن ﻟﯾون‪ ،‬واﻧﺗﺷرت ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺻﺎﺑﺎت ﺗﺳﻠب وﺗﻧﻬب‪ ،‬وﺳﯾطرت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾون‪ ،‬وﻟم ﺗﺳﻠم ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ أﻓﯾﻧون ﻣﻧﻬم‪ ،‬واﺳﺗوﻟوا ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﺑون – ﺳﺎﻧت‪ -‬اﺳﺑري ‪ ،Pont – Saint- Esprit‬وذﺑﺣوا اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن اﻟﺷرﻓﺎء‪ ،‬وﻫﺗﻛوا‬
‫أﻋراض اﻟﻧﺳﺎء‪ ،‬واﺳﺗوﻟوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛروات ﻛﺑﯾرة)‪ .(٤٠‬وﻟﻛن ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ اﺗﺣدت ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻌﺻﺎﺑﺎت ﻣﻊ ﺷﺎرل‬
‫)‪(٤١‬‬
‫‪١٣٨٧-١٣٣٢ )Charles De Navarre‬م‪ (،‬ﻫُزﻣت ﻫزﯾﻣﺔ ﺳﺎﺣﻘﺔ‬ ‫)اﻟﺳﯾﺊ( ﻣﻠك ﻧﺎﻓﺎر‬
‫)‪(٤٢‬‬
‫‪ Bertrand Du Guisclin‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾد اﻟﻘﺎﺋد اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن‬
‫)‪(٤٣‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛوﺷرﯾل ‪ Cocherel‬ﻓﻲ ﻧورﻣﺎﻧدي ‪١٣٦٤ Normandie‬‬

‫)‪(٣٨‬‬
‫‪Freville. M. E. Op. Cit, P. 237; Christopher Coredon and Ann Williams ,‬‬
‫‪Dictionary of Medieval Terms Phrases, Cambridge, 2004, P. 252; Carolly Erickson, The‬‬
‫– ‪Medieval vision, New York, 1976, P. 168; Edward. D. English, op. Cit, P. 235; Jean‬‬
‫‪Denis Le Page, Op. Cit, P. 226.‬‬
‫)‪ (٣٩‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣﺎ ﺑﯾن ﻧﻬري اﻟرون ‪ Rhone‬واﻟﺳﺎؤون ‪ ،Saon‬وﺗﺷﺗﻬر ﺑﺗﺟﺎرة اﻟﻧﺑﯾذ‪.‬‬
‫‪Stoddard. W.S, Lyon, Medieval France, an Encyclopedia, New York and London, 1995,‬‬
‫‪pp. 1081, 1082.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart. Op. Cit, Vol. 1, pp. 140-142; James. P. Andrews, Op. Cit, p. 380, Angus (٤٠‬‬
‫‪Mackay and David Ditchburn, Atlas of Medieval Europe, London and New York, 1997,‬‬
‫‪p. 160; Henneman. J. B, Brignais, Medieval France, an Encyclopedia, New York and‬‬
‫‪London, 1995, p. 277.‬‬
‫)‪ (٤١‬ﻫو ﻓﺎرس ﻣن دم ﻣﻠﻛﻲ ﻓرﻧﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬو ﺣﻔﯾد ﻟوﯾس اﻟﻌﺎﺷر ‪ Louis X‬ﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ )‪ ،(١٣١٦-١٣١٤‬واﺑن ﺟﺎن‬
‫دي ﻧﺎﻓﺎر ‪ Jeanne De Navarre‬اﺑﻧﻪ ﻟوﯾس اﻟﻌﺎﺷر‪ ،‬وﻟذﻟك ﻛﺎن ﺷﺎرل ﻟدﯾﻪ ادﻋﺎءات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌرش اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺎم ‪ ١٣٥٠‬ﺗوج ﺷﺎرل ﻣﻠﻛﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺎﻓﺎر‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﯾﻠﻘب ﺑﺎﻟﺳﯾﺊ ‪ Le Mauvais‬ﻟﻘﻣﻌﻪ اﻟﺛورات ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺳوة واﻟﻌﻧف‪.‬‬
‫‪Freville, M. E, Op. Cit, pp. 236-237; Pounds. N, The Medieval city, London, 2005, p.‬‬
‫‪16; CraigTaylor, War Proganda and Diplomacy In Fifteenth Century, France and‬‬
‫‪England, In Allmand. C, War Governrnent and Power in Late Medieval France, Oxford,‬‬
‫‪2000, p. 81; Deborah. A Fraioli, Op. Cit, pp. 82-84.‬‬
‫)‪ (٤٢‬ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن‪ ،‬اﻗﺗرن اﺳﻣﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﻬﺿﺔ اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻬد ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ اﻗﺗرن ﺑﺎﻟوﻗﺎﺋﻊ اﻟﺑطوﻟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻣﯾز ﺑﻬﺎ ذﻟك اﻟﻌﻬد‪ ،‬وﺑدأ ﻧﺿﺎﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺑﯾل ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ وﻫو ﻓﻲ ﺳن اﻟﺳﺎدﺳﺔ ﻋﺷرة‪ ،‬وﺑﻌد ﺳﻘوط ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﺑﺄﯾدي‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻛون ﺟﻣﺎﻋﺔ ﻣن ﻣواطﻧﯾﻪ‪ ،‬وطﻔق ﯾﻧﺎوئ اﻟﻣﺣﺗﻠﯾن‪ ،‬وﺑﻠﻐت أﺧﺑﺎرﻩ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣﻠك ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ‪Charles V‬‬
‫)‪١٣٨٠-١٣٦٤‬م(‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟﺣﻘﻪ ﺑﺧدﻣﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﺟﻌﻠﻪ ﻛوﻧﺳﺗﺎﺑل ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ‪.Connetable De France‬‬
‫‪Gussard. M, "Gauluet ou le Sire de Gaules (1380-1423)," in Bibliotheque de l' ecole des‬‬
‫‪chartes, tome quatrieme, Paris, 1947, 1848, p. 442; Leopold Delisle, "Dux Letters de‬‬
‫‪Bertrand du Gusiclin et de Jean le bon Comte d'Angouleme," In Bibliotheque de l' Ecole‬‬
‫اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺎت اﻟﻌداﺋﯾﺔ ﺑﻌد ذﻟك‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ذﻟك ﻓﻲ دوﻗﯾﺔ ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،Bretagne‬ﺣﯾث‬
‫أﺗﺎﺣت ﺳﻠﺳﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣروب ﻓﻲ دوﻗﯾﺔ ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﻻدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث اﻟﻔرﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ إﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﺣﺎﻟف ﺟدﯾد)‪،(٤٤‬‬

‫‪. 302, 303; James ESQ. G. P.P., The History of‬ﺣﺢ ‪Des Chartes, tome XLV, Paris, 1881,‬‬
‫‪Chivalry, New York, 1885, p. 326.‬‬
‫)‪ (٤٣‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺗﻌد اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻟﺗﺗوﯾﺞ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ ،‬إذا ﺑﺷﺎرل اﻟﺳﯾﺊ ﻣﻠك ﻧﺎﻓﺎر ﯾﺣﺎول اﻻﺳﺗﯾﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌرش‬
‫اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﺧﺎﻟﻔﺎ "اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻗد اﺗﻔق ﻣﻊ ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗﺗﺳﺎم ﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﻓﺎﻟوا ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﻬﻣﺎ‪ .‬ﻗﺎم ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺳﯾﺊ‬
‫ﺑﺗﺣرﯾك اﻟﻔﺗﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎرﯾس‪ ،‬ﺛم أدﻋﻰ ﺑﺄن ﻟﻪ ﺣﻘوق ﻓﻲ دوﻗﯾﻪ ﺑرﺟﻧدﯾﺎ ‪ ،Burgundy‬وﻗرر اﻻﺳﺗﯾﻼء ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎد‬
‫ﺟﯾﺷﺎ إﻟﻰ ﻧورﻣﺎﻧدي ﻣﻛوﻧﺎ ﻣن ﻓرﺳﺎن ﻧﺎﻓﺎرﯾﯾن اﺗﺣدوا ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣرﺗزﻗﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻓﻲ ﻧورﻣﺎﻧدي‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﻬم ﻓرﺳﺎن ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺣت ﻗﯾﺎدة ﺑطل ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ ﺟﺎن دي ﺟراﯾﻠﻠﻲ ‪ Jean De Grailly‬أﻣﯾر ﺑوش ‪ Captal De Buch‬اﻟذي‬
‫ﺗﺷﺎور ﻣﻊ ﻓرﺳﺎﻧﻪ ﻣن أﺟل اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟوﻗت اﺳﺗﻌدد اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﺗﻘﻰ اﻟﺟﯾﺷﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﻬول اﻟﺧﺿراء اﻟﻔﺳﯾﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻛﺷوﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻠدة ﻛوﺷرﯾل ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن ﻣﺎﻧﺗس ‪ Mantes‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧورﻣﺎﻧدي ﻣﺎﯾو ‪١٣٦٤‬م‪ .‬ﺗﻌرض اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز واﻟﻧﺎﻓﺎرﯾﯾن ﻟﺧﯾﺑﺔ اﻷﻣل واﻟﻬزﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻧﻛراء‪ ،‬وﺗﻧﺎزل ﺷﺎرل ﻋن ادﻋﺎءاﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌرش ﺑﻣوﺟب ﻣﻌﺎﻫدة اﻓﯾﻧون آذار ‪١٣٦٥‬م‪.‬‬
‫‪Frosisart, Op. Cit. Vol. I, pp. 145-151; Oman, C.W. The Art of war in the Middle Ages,‬‬
‫‪Oxford and London, 1885, p. 107; Kitchin. G. W, History of France, Oxford, 1873, pp.‬‬
‫‪430,431; Dictionnaire Hisotrique portative, p. 646; Leopold Delisle, Op. cit, pp.‬‬
‫‪302,303; James ESQ. G. pp, op. Cit, p. 326; Lavisse. E, Histoire de France (La Guerre‬‬
‫‪De Cent Ans), Livre Trois, Paris, 1913, p. 67; Ramsay. J. H, Genisis of Lancaster or‬‬
‫‪three Reigns of Edward 11, Edward III, and Richard II (1307- 1399), Vol. 1, Oxford,‬‬
‫‪1913, pp. 384,385, Tony Jaques, Dictionary of Battles and Sieges, Vol. 1 London, 2007,‬‬
‫‪p. 2, Henneman, J. B., Bertrand Du Guisclin, Medieval France, An. Encyclopedia, New‬‬
‫‪York and London, 1995, pp. 808-809; Ann. J. Duggan, Nobles and Nobility in‬‬
‫‪Medieval Europe, Great Britain, 2000, p. 272; Emmerson, R. K, Key Figures in‬‬
‫‪Medieval Europe, an Encyclopedia, New York and London, 2006, p. 127; Verbruggen.‬‬
‫‪J. F, The Art of Warfare in Western Europe during the middle Ages, Trans. by Summer‬‬
‫‪Willard and S. R.W. Southern, Great Britain, 1997, p. 108.‬‬
‫)‪ (٤٤‬ﺗﻌود أﺳﺑﺎب ﺗﻠك اﻟﺣرب إﻟﻰ أرﺛر اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ‪ Arthur II‬دوق ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ اﻟذي ﻛﺎن ﻗد أﻧﺟب ﻣن زوﺟﺗﻪ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬
‫أﺑﻧﺎء ﻫم ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ‪ John II‬اﻟذي ﺧﻠف أﯾﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻛم‪ ،‬وﺟﺎي ‪ Guy‬اﯾرل ﺑﻧﺗﯾﻔر‪ ،Pontiever‬وﺑطرس‪ ،‬ﺛم ﺗزوج‬
‫أرﺛر اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن زوﺟﺗﻪ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ واﻧﺟب ﻣﻧﻬﺎ اﺑﻧﻪ ﺣﻧﺎ إﯾرل ﻣوﻧﺗﻔورت ‪ ،Montfort‬وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗوﻓﻰ ﺣﻧﺎ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ دوق‬
‫ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ‪١٣٤١‬م دون أن ﯾﺗرك ورﯾﺛﺎ ذﻛراً‪ ،‬اﺷﺗد اﻟﻧزاع ﺣول ﻣن ﯾﺧﻠﻔﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﻛﺎن ﺷﻘﯾﻘﻪ ﺟﺎي ﻗد ﺗوﻓﻲ ﺗﺎرﻛﺎً اﺑﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺟوان ‪ Joanne‬طﺎﻟﺑت ﺑﺣﻘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻛم‪ ،‬وﻛذا ﺣﻧﺎ ﻣوﻧﺗﻔورت‪ ،‬وﻫﻧﺎ ظﻬر اﻟﻌداء واﻟﺗﻧﺎﻓس ﺑﯾن اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار وﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﻘد أﺧذ ﻛل ﻣﻧﻬﻣﺎ ﯾﺳﺎﻧد أﺣد اﻟﻔرﯾﻘﯾن اﻟﻣﺗﻧﺎزﻋﯾن‪ ،‬إذا ﻧﺿم ﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺟﺎﻧب ﺟوان ﺑﻧﺗﯾﻔر ﻷﻧﻬﺎ زوﺟﺔ ﺷﺎرل دي‬
‫ﺑﻠوا اﺑن ﻣﺎرﺟرﯾت دي ﻓﺎﻟوا وﺟﺎي دي ﺷﺎﯾﺗﻠون ‪ Guy De Chatillon‬ﻛوﻧت ﺑﻠوا‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ أن ﻣﺎرﺟرﯾت ﺷﻘﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﯾﻠﯾب‬
‫ﻓﺎﻟوا‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﯾن ﺳﺎﻧد ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺣﻧﺎ ﻣوﻧﺗﻔورت‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎﺑل اﻋﺗراﻓﻪ ﺑﺄﺣﻘﯾﺔ ادوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺎج اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻓﯾﻠﯾب اﻟﺳﺎدس )‪١٣٥٠-١٣٢٨‬م(ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻠم ﺑﻣﺎ ﺗم ﺑﯾن إدوارد وﺣﻧﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣن ﺛم أﺻﺑﺢ ﻗﺑوﻟﻪ ﻷﺣﻘﯾﺔ ﺷﺎرل أﻣراً ﺣﺗﻣﯾﺎً ‪.‬‬
‫‪MR. Rapin de Thoyras, Op. Cit, Vol. 1 pp. 420-421; Morris. J. E, England History‬‬
‫‪Review, Vol. 14, London, 1871, pp. 766-769; Flint, V. I. J, Charles of Blois, In New‬‬
‫‪Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. 3, U.S.A, 1967, p. 435; Hume. D, Op. Cit, p. 172; Seward.‬‬
‫‪D, Op. Cit, pp. 48, 49.‬‬
‫وﻛﺎﻧت اﻟﺣرب ﻋﻠﻰ وﺷك اﻟﺣدوث ﻟوﻻ ﺗدﺧل ﺳﻔراء اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻛﻠﻣﻧت اﻟﺳﺎدس )‪١٣٥٢-١٣٤٢‬م(‪،‬‬
‫وﺗم ﻋﻘد ﻫدﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺎﻟﯾﺳﺗروا ‪١٣٤٣ Malesteriot‬م‪ ،‬ﻓﻌﺎد ادوارد إﻟﻰ اﻧﺟﻠﺗرا‪ ،‬واﺳﺗﻣرت‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﻌدادات ﻟﻠﻣﻌرﻛﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻠﺔ)‪.(٤٥‬‬
‫اﺳﺗﻣرت اﻟﺣروب ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻔﺗرة طوﯾﻠﺔ)‪ ،(٤٦‬وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ اﺷﺗد اﻟﻧزاع ﺑﯾن اﻟﻛوﻧت‬
‫ﺷﺎرل دي ﺑﻠوا ‪ ،Charles De Blois‬وﺣﻧﺎ إﯾرل ﻣوﻧﺗﻔورت ‪ ،Earl De Montfort‬ﻗدم‬
‫اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدات إﻟﻰ ﻣوﻧﺗﻔورت‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻣدوﻩ ﺑﺟﯾش ﺗﻌدادﻩ ﺣواﻟﻲ أرﺑﻌﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن‪ ،‬وﻋدد‬
‫ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻣﺷﺎة ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة اﻟﺳﯾر ﺟون ﺷﺎﻧدوس ‪ ، Sir John Chandos‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ أﻣد ﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬
‫ﺷﺎرل دي ﺑﻠوا ﺑﺟﯾش ﻗواﻣﻪ أﻟف ﻣﻘﺎﺗل ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن)‪.(٤٧‬‬
‫اﺳﺗﻌد اﻟﺟﯾﺷﺎن اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي واﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﻗرب أوراي ‪ Auray‬ﻓﻲ إﻗﻠﯾم ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪١٣٦٤‬م‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻛل اﻟﻣﻘﺎﺗﻠﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﯾش ﺑﻛﺎﻣل ﻋدﺗﻬم اﻟﺣرﺑﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾرﻏﺑون ﻓﻲ ﻟﻘﺎء اﻟﺧﺻوم‬
‫ﻹظﻬﺎر ﻣﻘدرﺗﻬم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺗﺎل‪ .‬وﻋﻠم اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز أن اﻟﻠورد ﺷﺎرل دي ﺑﻠوا ﯾﺗﻘدم وﻣﻌﻪ ﻗوات ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن اﻟﻣدرﺑﯾن واﻟﻣزودﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌدات اﻟﺣرﺑﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫم ﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﻣن اﻻﻧﺿﺑﺎط)‪.(٤٨‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻋﻠﻰ أﺗم اﻻﺳﺗﻌداد ﻟﻣﻼﻗﺎة اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﻋدوا اﻷﺳﻠﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﺗﺎل‪ ،‬وﻗﺎﻣوا ﺑﺻﻘل‬
‫وﺗﻠﻣﯾﻊ اﻟرﻣﺎح واﻟﺧﻧﺎﺟر واﻟﺳﯾوف واﻷﺳﻠﺣﺔ اﻷﺧرى اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣرت اﻟﻠﯾﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻓﻲ ﻫدوء‪،‬‬

‫)‪(٤٥‬‬
‫‪Green, J. R., History of English People, Vol. 11, London, 1895, pp. 232-233, Lodge,‬‬
‫‪R, The Close of the Middle Ages, (1272-1494), London, 1924, p. 74.‬‬
‫)‪(٤٦‬‬
‫وﻣﻣﺎ ذﻛرﻩ ﻓرواﺳﺎر ﻋن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺣروب دور اﻟﻛوﻧﺗﯾس ‪ Countess‬ﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ﻣوﻧﺗﻔورت " اﻟﺗﻲ اﻣﺗﻠﻛت ﺷﺟﺎﻋﺔ‬
‫اﻟرﺟﺎل‪ ،‬وﻗﻠب اﻷﺳد" ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻫﺑت ﻟﻠدﻓﺎع ﻋن ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻫﯾﻧﯾﺑون ‪ Hennebon‬ﻓﻲ إﻗﻠﯾم ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ﺿد اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن‬
‫زوﺟﻬﺎ أﺳﯾ ار ﻓﻲ أﯾدي اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ .‬وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻗﺎم ﺷﺎرل دي ﺑﻠوا ﺑﻣﺣﺎﺻرة اﻟﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎرﺿت اﻻﺳﺗﺳﻼم‪ ،‬وطﻠﺑت اﻟﻧﺟدة‬
‫ﻣن اﻧﺟﻠﺗرا‪ ،‬وﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﺷﺟﻊ اﻟﻣواطﻧﯾن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣرب واﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وأﻣرت اﻟﻧﺳﺎء اﻷﺧرﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ أن ﯾﺿﻌن اﻟﻌواﺋق‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷوارع‪ ،‬وأن ﺗﻠﻘﯾن اﻷﺣﺟﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻋداء‪ ،‬وأﯾﺿﺎ اﻟﻘدور اﻟﺗﻲ ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﺟﯾر اﻟﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻐرض ﻧﻔﺳﻪ‪ .‬ﺛم ارﺗدت زي‬
‫اﻟﺣرب وﻗﺎﻣت ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة ﺛﻼﺛﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن‪ ،‬وﺷﻧوا ﻫﺟوﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌﺳﻛر اﻟﻌدو ﻫذا ﻓﻲ اﻟوﻗت اﻟذي وﺻﻠت ﻓﯾﻪ‬
‫اﻹﻣدادات اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة واﻟﺗرﻣﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،Sir Walter many‬وﺷن اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻫﺟوم ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗوﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑرج ﻛﺑﯾر‬
‫اﺳﺗﺧدﻣﻪ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﯾطرة ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳوار اﻟﻣدﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ودﻣروﻩ‪.‬‬
‫ﺟوزﯾف داﻫﻣوس‪ ،‬اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‪ ،‬ص ‪.٢٠٦ ،٢٠٥‬‬
‫)‪Galloro, H., "Essai de biographie de Jean de Foleville Prevot de Paris sous Charles (٤٧‬‬
‫;‪VI," In Bibliotheque de l' ecole des Chartes, tome LXIX, Paris, 1908, pp. 401-402‬‬
‫‪Darid Whetham. P, Just wars and Moral Victories, Leiden and Boston, 2009, pp. 230-‬‬
‫‪231; Flint, V. I. J., Op. Cit, Vol. 3, p. 435.‬‬
‫)‪James, Op.Cit, p. 382; Dictionnairae Historique Portatif, p. 444; Michael Jones, (٤٨‬‬
‫‪politics, Sanctity and the Breton State, The case of the Blessed Charles de Blois Duke‬‬
‫‪of Brittany (1364), in J. R. Maddicott and D.M. Palliser, The Medieval state, London,‬‬
‫‪2000, pp. 215-232; Francois Autrand, France Under Charles V and Charles VI, in New‬‬
‫‪Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge, 2008, p. 427; Tony Jacques, Op. Cit, Vol. 2,‬‬
‫‪p. 83; Verbruggen, Op. Cit, p. 108.‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ ﺻﺑﺎح اﻟﯾوم اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ اﻷﺣد اﻟﺗﺎﺳﻊ واﻟﻌﺷرﯾن ﻣن ﺳﺑﺗﻣﺑر ‪١٣٦٤‬م أﻧطﻠق اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز واﻟﺑرﯾﺗون‬
‫ﻣن ﻣواﻗﻌﻬم‪ ،‬وﺗﻘدﻣوا ﻓﻲ ﺗرﺗﯾب ﻗﺗﺎﻟﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣؤﺧرة ﻗﻠﻌﺔ أوراي‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﺗوﻗﻔوا واﺧﺗﺎروا ﻣوﻗﻌﺎً‪،‬‬
‫وأﻋﻠﻧوا أﻧﻬم ﺳﯾﻧﺗظرون ﻗدوم أﻋداﺋﻬم‪ ،‬وظﻬر اﻟدوق ﺷﺎرل دي ﺑﻠوا ﺑﻌد اﻟﻔﺟر ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‪ ،‬واﺻطف‬
‫اﻟﺟﯾﺷﺎن وﺟﻬ ً ﺎ ﻟوﺟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻬل ﻣﻧﺑﺳط ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن أوراي ﻓﻲ ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ)‪ ،(٤٩‬وﻛﺎﻧت اﻷﻋﻼم اﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫ﯾﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻣﺷﺎة‪ ،‬واﻷﻋﻼم اﻟﻣﺛﻠﺛﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻣﺎح‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻲ ﺣﻣﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﺗرﻓرف‪ ،‬وﺗُظﻬر‬
‫اﻻﺳﺗﻌدادات اﻟراﺋﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻼ اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن)‪.(٥٠‬‬
‫ﺑدأت اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌد ﻗﺗﺎل ﻋﻧﯾف ﻗﺎم ﺑﻪ اﻟﻔرﯾﻘﺎن‪ ،‬وﻗﯾﺎم اﻟﺳﯾرﺟون ﺷﺎﻧدوس ﺑﺄﻋﻣﺎل‬
‫ﺑطوﻟﯾﺔ)‪،(٥١‬اﻧﺗﺻر ا ﻟﻛوﻧت ﻣوﻧﺗﻔورت وﻗواﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟدوق ﺷﺎرل دي ﺑﻠواﻩ اﻟذي ذُﺑﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻫُزم أﯾﺿﺎ اﯾرل أوﻛﺳﯾر ‪ ،Auxerre‬ووﻗﻊ ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳر)‪ ،(٥٢‬ﻣﻣﺎ ﺟﻌل‬
‫اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺳرور واﻟﺳﻌﺎدة‪ ،‬وﺗﺣﻘق ﻟﻪ ﻣﺎ أراد‪ ،‬وﺻﺎرﺣﻧﺎ ﻣوﻧﺗﻔورت ﺑﻣﻘﺗﺿﻰ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺎﻫدة اﻟﺻﻠﺢ ‪١٣٦٥‬م دوﻗﺎً ﻟﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ)‪.(٥٣‬‬
‫ﻋﻘب ﻫزﯾﻣﺔ أوراي‪ ،‬ازداد اﻟﻌداء ﺑﯾن ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ واﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺣﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﯾر‬
‫اﻷﺳود ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺑﺎﻧﯾﺎ)‪ ،(٥٤‬واﻟﺗﻲ أدت إﻟﻰ ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ ﻣوﻗﻔﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ إﻟﻰ ﺣد ﺑﻌﯾد)‪ ،(٥٥‬ﻓﻌﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم‬

‫)‪Dana, L. Sample, Guisclin Bertrand du (1330-1380), In. Clayton. J. Drees, The Late (٤٩‬‬
‫‪Medieval Age of Crisis and Renewal (1300-1500), A Biographical Dictionary, London,‬‬
‫‪2001, p. 203; Michael Jones, op. cit, pp. 215-232; Tout. F; Op. Cit, pp. 401,402, David‬‬
‫‪Whetham, Op. Cit, p. 213; Flint. V. I.J, Op.Cit, Vol. 3, p. 435.‬‬
‫)‪Michale Jones, Ibid, pp. 215-232; David Whetham, Ibid, p. 213; Tout, Ibid, pp. (٥٠‬‬
‫‪401,402.‬‬
‫)‪Leon Lacabane, Consequences historiques d'une erreur de nom des chartes, In (٥١‬‬
‫;‪Bibliotheque De L' Ecole Des Chartes, Tome, Deuxieme, Paris, 1810-1811, p. 554‬‬
‫‪Maurice Keen Hisotry and Literature of War, The Bake of Nobless of William‬‬
‫‪Woreester, In. Allmand. C, Government and Power in Late Medieval France Liverpool,‬‬
‫‪2000, P.98, Helen Nicholas, Medieval Warfare, 300-1500, China, 2004, p. 101.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart; Op. Cit, Vol 1, p. 152; Gallaro, Op. Cit, pp. 401-402, Ainsworth. P., (٥٢‬‬
‫‪Representing Royalty Kings, Queens, and Captains, in some Early fifteenth century‬‬
‫‪manuscripts of Froissart chroniques In. the Medieval chronicle IV, by. Erik Kooper,‬‬
‫‪Amesterdam, New York, 2006, p. 8; Michael Jones; Op. Cit, pp. 215-232; Dana. L.‬‬
‫‪Sampte, Op. Cit, p. 203; Tony Jaques, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 83; Tout, Op. Cit, pp. 401-402.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, pp. 152, 153, Loopold Delisle, Op. Cit, pp. 302-303; Tony (٥٣‬‬
‫‪Jaques, Ibid, p. 83; Michael Jones, Ibid, pp. 215-232; Tout, Ibid, pp. 401, 402.‬‬
‫)‪ (٥٤‬ﻛﺎن ﺑطرس اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ ‪ Peter The Cruel‬ﻣﻠك ﻗﺷﺗﺎﻟﺔ )‪ (١٣٦٩-١٣٥٠‬ﻣﺗزوﺟﺎ ﻣن اﻷﻣﯾرة ﺑﻼﻧش اﺑﻧﺔ اﻟدوق‬
‫ﺑطرس دي ﺑورﺑون ‪ ،Peter De Bourbon‬وﺷﻘﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺛم ﻫﺟرﻫﺎ وﺗﻔرغ ﻟﻣﻌﺷوﻗﺗﻪ ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ اﻟﺑرﺗﻐﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫ظﻠﻣﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣﻧﻬم أ×وة ﻟﻪ ﻏﯾر ﺷرﻋﯾﯾن‪،‬‬
‫‪ ، Maria De Portugal‬وﻛﺎن ﺑطرس ﻗﺎﺳﯾﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ رﻋﯾﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وأﻫﻠك اﻟﻛﺛﯾر ﻣﻧﻬم ً‬
‫ودس اﻟﺳم ﻟزوﺟﺗﻪ ﺑﻼﻧش اﻟﺑرﺑوﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺧرج ﻋﻠﯾﻪ اﻷﺳﺑﺎن وﻧﺎدوا " اﻟﺣﯾﺎة ﻟﻬﻧري واﻟﻣوت ﻟﺑطرس" وﻛﺎن ﻫﻧري دي‬
‫ﺗراﺳﺗﺎﻣﺎ ار ‪ Henry De Trastamara‬أﺣد ﻫؤﻻء اﻷﺧوة ﻏﯾر اﻟﺷرﻋﯾﯾن‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﻪ دون ﺗﯾﻠﻠو ‪ ،Dontello‬وﺳﺎﻧﺷو‬
‫‪ ،Sancho‬واﻧﺗﻬز اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ ،‬وﻗﺎﺋدﻩ ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺣرب‪ ،‬واﻗﻧﻌوا ﺣواﻟﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﯾن‬
‫ﻣن ﺗﺣﻘﯾق اﻻﻧﺗﺻﺎر‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﻣﻌظم ﺟﯾﺷﻪ أﺻﯾب ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻣﻰ واﻟدوﺳﻧﺗﺎرﯾﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗدﻫورت اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود)‪.(٥٦‬‬
‫وﻛﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟﻸﻣوال اﻟطﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ أﻫدرﻫﺎ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺣﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬اﺿطر ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪ ١٣٦٨‬م ﻟﻔرض ﺿرﯾﺑﺔ ﺟدﯾدة‪ ،‬رأى ﻓﯾﻬﺎ أﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ ذرﯾﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺛورة‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌد أن ﻋﺎﻣﻠﻬم‬
‫)‪(٥٧‬‬
‫‪Charels‬‬ ‫ﺑﻘﺳوة‪ ،‬ﻓﺗظﻠم اﻟﺑﺎروﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺑرﻟﻣﺎن ﺑﺎرﯾس وﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‬
‫‪ ،(١٣٨٠-١٣٦٤)V‬وﯾذﻛر ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣؤرﺧﯾن أﻧﻪ ﻟم ﯾﺳﺗطﻊ ﻛﺑﺎر اﻟﺷﺧﺻﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ أو‬
‫أﻛوﯾﺗﯾن أن ﯾﺣﺻﻠوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺻب أو وظﯾﻔﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻼدﻫم ﺑرﻏم أﻧﻬم أﻓﻧوا أﻧﻔﺳﻬم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣروب‪،‬‬

‫أﻟﻔﺎ ﻣن اﻟﻌﺻﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗرﻛﻬﺎ إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻓﻲ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺿﻣﺎم ﻟﻠﺣﻣﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ أﻋدﻫﺎ ﺷﺎرل وﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ﺿد ﺑطرس‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﻧﺎﻓس ﺗراﺳﺗﺎﻣﺎ ار ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋرش ﻗﺷﺗﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺣرزت اﻟﺣﻣﻠﺔ اﻧﺗﺻﺎ ار أوﻟﯾﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﻧﺎﻓﺎرﯾت ‪ ،Navaret‬وﺗوﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌرش ﺗراﺳﺗﺎﻣﺎ ار‪ .‬وﻷن اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ أورﺑﺎن اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ‪١٣٧٠-١٣٦٢) Urban V‬م( ﻗد ﺣرم ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑطرس اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ وأﻫل‬
‫ﻣﻣﻠﻛﺗﻪ ﻣﺎ أﺗوﻩ ﻣن ﻗﺑﯾﺢ اﻷﻋﻣﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﻛﺎن ذﻟك ﻣن أﻛﺑر أﺳﺑﺎب ﻫزﯾﻣﺔ ﺑطرس اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ‪ .‬وﻛﺎن أن اﻟﺗﺟﺄ ﺑطرس إﻟﻰ‬
‫اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻓﻲ ﺑوردو ‪ Bordeaux‬ﻋﺎﺻﻣﺔ ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ ﻷﺳﺗرﺟﺎع ﻣﻣﻠﻛﺗﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓوﻋدﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدة‪ ،‬وﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل اﺳﺗطﺎع‬
‫دﺧول اﺳﺑﺎﻧﯾﺎ وﻫزم ﺟﯾوش ﻫﻧري و دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﻧﺎﺟﯾ ار ‪ Najera‬ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن ﺑﺎﻣﺑﻠوﻧﺎ ‪،Pampelona‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻣن أﺑرﯾل ‪١٣٦٧‬م‪ ،‬وﺗم أﺳر ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن‪ ،‬وﻫرب ﺗراﺳﺗﺎﻣﺎ ار ﻣﻠﺗﺟﺋﺎ ﻟﻠﺑﺎﺑﺎ أورﺑﺎن اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ ،‬وأﻋﺎد اﻷﻣﯾر‬
‫اﻷﺳود ﺑطرس اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻌرش اﻟﻘﺷﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬إﻻ أن أﺳر ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ﻟم ﯾﺳﺗﻣر طوﯾﻼً‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻓﺗداﻩ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ﺑﻣﺑﻠﻎ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﺑﯾر‪ ،‬وﺛﺄر ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ﻟﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﻣوﻧﺗﯾل ‪ ،Monteil‬ﺣﯾث ﻗﺗل ﺑطرس اﻟﻘﺎﺳﻲ‪ ،‬وﺧﻼ ﺑﻣﺻرﻋﻪ اﻟﻌرش‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣرﺷﺢ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﻫﻧري ﺗراﺳﺗﺎﻣﺎ ار‪.‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 153. Ff., James. P. Andrews, Op. Cit, p. 379; Ramsay. J. H,‬‬
‫;‪Op. Cit, Vol. 1.p. 475, FF; Adoumie, V., Histoire geographie, Paris, 2007, p. 348‬‬
‫‪Deborah. A. Fraioli, Op. Cit, p. 76.‬‬
‫)‪Davis. C. M, A history of Holland, Vol. 1, London, 1841, p. 173; Carr. A. D. Inside (٥٥‬‬
‫‪The Tent Looking out the Medieval Welsh World- View, In. R.R. Davis and Geraint-‬‬
‫‪H. Jenkins, From Medieval To Modern Wales, Wales, 2004, p. 36; Clara Estow, Pedro‬‬
‫‪The cruel (1334-1369), In, Emmerson. R. K, Key Figures, in Medieval Europe, an,‬‬
‫‪Encyclopedia, New York and London, 2006, pp. 506, 508; John France, Mercenaries‬‬
‫‪and paid Men, Leiden, Boston, 2008, p. 331, ff.‬‬
‫)‪Leon Lacaban, Op. Cit, p. 555; Thomas Green Wood, Op. Cit, p. 461, Freville. M. E, (٥٦‬‬
‫‪Op. Cit, p. 239; James. P. Andrews, Op. Cit, p. 382; John Gillingham and Ralf.A.‬‬
‫‪Griffiths, Medieval Britain, Oxford. New York, 2000, p. 89; John France, Ibid, P. 331,‬‬
‫‪FF.‬‬
‫)‪Leon Lacabane, Op. Cit, p. 555; Lynn Thorndike, The Hisotry of Medieval Europe, (٥٧‬‬
‫‪Boston, New York, Chicago, 1917, p. 527; Henneman. J. B, France (1314-1449), In.‬‬
‫‪Strayer, Dictionary of The Middle Ages, Vol. 4, 1982, p. 165; Neil Jamieson, The‬‬
‫‪Problem of Unlaw Fulness and Criminality Amongst Professional Soldiers In The‬‬
‫‪Middle Ages, In. Out Laws in Medieval and Early Modern England (1066-1600), by‬‬
‫‪John. C. Appleby and Paul Dal, Great Britain, 2009, p. 93; Karen Arthur, Op. Cit, p.‬‬
‫‪142; Ormrod. W.M, Op. Cit, p. 380, Maurice Keen, England, p. 199; Tout. F, Op. Cit,‬‬
‫‪p. 408, Monte L. Bohna, Op. Cit, p. 599; Deborah. A. Fraiol, op. cit, p. 88; Francois‬‬
‫‪Aurand, Op. Cit, p. 427.‬‬
‫وذﻟك ﻷن اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻗﺎﻟوا ﻋﻧﻬم أﻧﻬم ﻟﯾﺳوا ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗواﻫم‪ ،‬وأﻧﻬم ﻏﯾر ﺟدﯾرﯾن ﺑﺎﻻﻧدﻣﺎج ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺟﺗﻣﻌﻬم‪ ،‬وﻫو اﻷﻣر اﻟذي ﺟﻌل أﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺳﺧط وﻧﻘﻣﺔ)‪.(٥٨‬‬
‫ﺗﻘدم ﺑﺎﻟﺗظﻠم إﯾرل أرﻣﯾﻧﺎك ‪ ،Earl Armagnac‬واﻟﻠورد داﻟﺑرت ‪ٕ ، Lord D'Albert‬واﯾرل‬
‫ﺑﯾرﺟورد ‪ٕ ، Earl De Perigord‬واﯾرل ﻛوﻣﯾﻧﺞ ‪ ،Earl De Comminges‬وﻓﺎﯾﻛوﻧت ﻛﺎرﻣﺎن‬
‫‪ ،Viscount De Carman‬وﻟورد دي ﻻﺑﺎرث ‪ ،Lord De La Barthe‬وﻟورد ﺑوﻛورﻧت‬
‫‪ ،Lord De Puycornet‬واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﺑﺎروﻧﺎت إﻟﻰ ﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ ،‬ﻟﻣﻧﺎﺷدة اﻷﻣﯾر‬
‫اﻷﺳود أﻣﯾر أﻛوﯾﺗﯾن رﻓﻊ اﻟظﻠم واﻟﻘﻬر ﻋﻧﻬم)‪ ،(٥٩‬ﺣﯾث ﺟﻌﻠوا ﻣن اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﻗﺎﺿﯾﺎً ﺑﯾﻧﻬم‬
‫وﺑﯾﻧﻪ‪ .‬وﻛﺗب ﻣﺟﻠس ﺣﻛﻣﺎء ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﺣﺿر إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎرﯾس‪ ،‬وﺳوف ﯾﻠﻘﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻘدﯾر واﻻﺣﺗرام ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎرﯾس ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾرد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﻛﺎوي اﻟﻣرﻓوﻋﺔ ﺿدﻩ)‪.(٦٠‬‬
‫أﻣر اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ﻣوظﻔﺎً ﻟدﯾﻪ ﻣﻬﺎرة ﻓﺎﺋﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﻘوم ﺑﻬذﻩ اﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﺣﻣل ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺷﻛﺎوي ﻟﻸﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود)‪ ،(٦١‬وﺻﺎﺣﺑﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ اﻟﻔﺎرس ﺷﺎﺑوﻧﯾﻪ دي ﺷﺎﺑوﻧﻔﺎل‬
‫‪ .Chaponnet De Chaponval‬رﺣل اﻟﺳﻔراء ﻣن ﺑﺎرﯾس ﻧﺣو ﺑوﯾﺗو ‪ ،Poitou‬وﻣروا ﺧﻼل‬
‫ﺑﯾري ‪ Perry‬وﺗورﯾن ‪ ،Touraine‬وﻋﺑروا اﻟﻧﻬر ووﺻﻠوا إﻟﻰ ﺑوردو ‪ Bordeux‬ﺣﯾث ﯾوﺟد‬
‫اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ورﺟﺎﻟﻪ)‪ .(٦٢‬اﺳﺗراح اﻟﺳﻔراء طوال اﻟﻠﯾل‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺻﺑﺎح اﻟﯾوم اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ذﻫﺑوا إﻟﻰ دﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻘدﯾس اﻧدرو ‪ Saint Andrew‬ﺣﯾث ﯾوﺟد اﻷﻣﯾر‪ ،‬ورﺣب ﺑﻬم اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ أﺻﺑﺣوا‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺿرﺗﻪ رﻛﻌوا أﻣﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬وأظﻬروا اﻻﺣﺗرام‪ ،‬وأﻋطﻰ اﻟﻣوظف اﻟﺧطﺎب اﻟذي اﺳﺗﻠﻣﻪ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻠك‬
‫اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ‪ ،‬وأﺧﺑر اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود أن ﻣوﻻﻧﺎ ﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ أﻣر أن ﻧﻌﻠﻘﻪ ﺑﺣرﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺿورﻛم‪ ،‬وأﻣر‬
‫اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود اﻟﻣوظف أن ﯾﻘ أر اﻟﺧطﺎب‪ ،‬ﻓﻘ أر اﻟﻣوظف ﻧص اﻟﺧطﺎب ﻗﺎﺋﻼً "ﻣن ﺷﺎرل اﻟذي ﻫو‬
‫ﺑﻔﺿل اﻟرب ﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ إﻟﻰ اﺑن أﺧﯾﻧﺎ أﻣﯾر وﯾﻠز واﻛوﯾﺗﯾن ﺗﺣﯾﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،.‬ﻟﻘد أرﺳل ﻟﻧﺎ اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن‬
‫اﻷﺳﺎﻗﻔﺔ واﻟﺑﺎروﻧﺎت واﻟﻔرﺳﺎن واﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺧﺿﻊ ﻟﺳﻠطﺗﻛم داﺧل ﺣدود ﻣﻣﻠﻛﺗﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺟﻠﺳﻛوﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺟﺎﻧب اﻷﺧرﯾن ﻓﻲ دوﻗﯾﻪ أﻛوﯾﺗﯾن ﺟﺎءوا إﻟﻰ ﻗﺿﺎﺋﻧﺎ اﻟﻌﺎدل ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﺣﺻﻠوا ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺣﻘوﻗﻬم وﻧرﻓﻊ ﻋﻧﻬم أﺳﺑﺎب اﻟﺷﻛوى ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﻣﺟﻠس ﻓﻲ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﺳﻠطﺗﻧﺎ ﻛﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬
‫ﻧﺄﻣرك أن ﺗﺄﺗﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﺎرﯾس ﻛﺷﺧص ﻋﺎدي ﻟﻠﻣﺛول أﻣﺎم اﻟﻘﺿﺎء واﻹﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﻛوى‬
‫اﻟﻣذﻛورة ﺳﺎﺑﻘﺎ" وﺗم وﺿﻊ اﻟﺧﺗم اﻟﻣﻠﻛﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﺎﻣس واﻟﻌﺷرﯾن ﻣن ﯾﻧﺎﯾر)‪.(٦٣‬‬

‫)‪ (٥٨‬ﺟوزﯾف داﻫﻣوس‪ ،‬اﻟﻣرﺟﻊ اﻟﺳﺎﺑق‪ ،‬ص ‪.١٩٧ ،١٩٦‬‬

‫)‪(٥٩‬‬
‫‪Frossart, Op.Cit, Vol. 1, p.191.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٠‬‬
‫‪Leon Lacabane, Op. Cit, p. 555; Holmes. G, The Later Middle Ages (1272-1485),‬‬
‫‪New York, 1962, p. 196; Maurice Keen, England, P. 199; Deborah. A. Fraioli, P. 88.‬‬
‫)‪(٦١‬‬
‫‪Seward, Op. Cit, p.110.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٢‬‬
‫‪Froisart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 191.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٣‬‬
‫‪Froissar D, Ibid, Vol. I, p. 191.‬‬
‫ﻗ أر اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻫذا اﻟﺧطﺎب‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺟب ﻛﺛﯾرا‪ ،‬وأﺟﺎب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺧطﺎب ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﯾذﻫب ﺑﻛل‬
‫ﺳرور" إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎرﯾس إﻟﻰ ﻋﻣﻧﺎ ﻷﻧﻪ أﻣرﻧﺎ ﺑذﻟك" وأﻛد اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻟﻠرﺳل أﻧﻪ ﺳﯾذﻫب إﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺑﺎرﯾس وﻣﻌﻪ ﺳﺗﯾن أﻟف ﻣﻘﺎﺗل)‪" ،(٦٤‬ﻷن ﻟﻠﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﻟم ﯾﺗﺷﺎور ﺟﯾدا ﻣﻊ رﻋﺎﯾﺎﻩ‪ ،‬وﯾﺟﻌل‬
‫ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ﻗﺎﺿﯾﺎ وﻫو ﻻ ﯾﻣﻠك ﺷﯾﺋﺎً ﻟﻠﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﻪ‪ ،‬وﻟم ﯾﻌدﻟﻪ اﻟﺣق ﻓﻲ ذﻟك‪ ،‬ﻷن ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﻣﺗﻠﻛﺎت ﺗﺧص‬
‫واﻟدي إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻣﻠك اﻧﺟﻠﺗرا‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻣن اﻷﻓﺿل أن ﯾوﺟﻪ اﻟﺷﻛوى ﺿدي إﻟﻰ ﻣﺣﻛﻣﺔ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار‬
‫وأﻣﺎم ﻣﻠك اﻧﺟﻠﺗرا إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث")‪.(٦٥‬‬
‫وﺗﺟدر اﻹﺷﺎرة ﻫﻧﺎ إﻟﻰ أن ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣؤرﺧﯾن ﯾرى أن إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻣﻰ‬
‫واﻟدوﺳﻧﺗﺎرﯾﺎ ﺑﻌد ﺣﻣﻠﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ أﺳﺑﺎﻧﯾﺎ أﺛرت ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ارراﺗﻪ اﻟﺣﺎﺳﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وطﺑﺎﻋﻪ‪ ،‬وﺣﺎﻟﺗﻪ اﻟﻣزاﺟﯾﺔ)‪.(٦٦‬‬
‫وﺿﻊ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود اﻟﻣوظف داﺧل اﻟﺳﺟن‪ ،‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ وﺻل اﻻﺗﺑﺎع إﻟﻰ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ ،‬وﻧﻘﻠوا‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﺣدث ﻣﻊ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﺳﺗﺎء اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ)‪ ،(٦٧‬وﻟﻛن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن ذﻟك ﻛﺎن ﻣن‬
‫اﻟذﻛﺎء ﺑﺣﯾث ﻟم ﯾرد دﺧول ﺣرب ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﻣﻊ اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﻟوردات ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ وﺟوﯾﯾن‬
‫‪ Guienne‬أﺧﺑروﻩ ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﻔﻌﻠﻪ اﻷﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻛل ﯾوم‪ ،‬ﻓدﺧل اﻟﺣرب ﺑﻐﯾر رﺿﺎ ﺑﻌد ﺗزاﯾد اﻟﺷﻛﺎوي ﻣن‬
‫رﻋﺎﯾﺎﻩ اﻟﻔﻘراء ﺿد اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز‪ ،‬ﻓﻘرر اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس إﻋﻼن اﻟﺣرب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار)‪.(٦٨‬‬
‫أرﺳل ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ﺟﯾﺷﺎ ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن إﻟﻰ ﺟوﯾﯾن ﺳﻧﺔ ‪١٣٦٩‬م ﻟﻣﺣﺎﺻرة‬
‫إﯾرل ﺑﻣﺑروك ‪ Pemberoke‬ﻗﺎﺋد اﻟﺣﺎﻣﯾﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﺎﺻر اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻗﻠﻌﺔ ﺟوﯾﯾن‪ ،‬وﺻﻣد‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﺣﺗﻰ وﺻﻠﺗﻬم اﻻﻣدادات ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة اﻟﺳﯾر ﺟون ﺷﺎﻧدوس‪ ،‬اﻟذي ﺗﺣرك ﻣن ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻗد ﺗﻧﺎﻣﻰ إﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻣﻬم أﻧﺑﺎء وﺻول اﻟﺳﯾرﺟون ﺷﺎﻧدوس‪ ،‬وﻛﺎﻧوا ﻗد اﺟﺗﺎﺣوا اﻟﻘﻠﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺻﺑﺎح ﻋن طرﯾق ﻋﯾوﻧﻬم وﺟواﺳﯾﺳﻬم‪ ،‬واﻧﺳﺣب اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﺑﻌد أن ﺣﺻﻠوا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻐﻧﺎﺋم‬
‫واﻷﺳرى‪ ،‬وﺣزن اﻟﺳﯾرﺟون ﺷﺎﻧدوس ﻟﻌدم ﻣواﺟﻬﺗﻬم وﻫروﺑﻬم)‪.(٦٩‬‬
‫ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻋﺎد اﻟﺳﯾر ﺷﺎﻧدوس‪ ،‬وﺟد أن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻗد اﺳﺗوﻟوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﻘدﯾس ﺳﺎﻟﻔن ‪Saint‬‬
‫‪ ،Salvin‬وﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﺣت ﺣﻛﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر ﻓﻲ إﻗﻠﯾم ﺑوﯾﺗو ‪ ،Poitou‬ﻓﺄرﺳل إﻟﻰ ﺑوﯾﺗو ﻟﻛن ﯾرﺳﻠوا ﻟﻪ‬

‫)‪Maurice Keen, England, p. 199; Charles. T. Wood, The Black prince, p. 399; Tout, (٦٤‬‬
‫‪Op. Cit, p. 408; Seward, Op. cit, p. 110.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٥‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, pp. 191, 192.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٦‬‬
‫‪Seward. D, Op. Cit, p. 110.‬‬
‫)‪(٦٧‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 192.‬‬
‫)‪Jordan, W.C., The Middle Ages, An Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, New York, 1996, p. 172; (٦٨‬‬
‫‪Ainsworth. P, Froissart (1337-1404), In Jay Ruud, Guy de Chatillon Count of Blois,‬‬
‫;‪Encyclopedia of Medieval literature, 2006, p. 244; Lynn Thorndike, Op. cit, p. 522‬‬
‫‪Tout. F; Op. Cit, p. 408; Edward. D. English Op. Cit, P. 235; Dana Carleton Munro, Op.‬‬
‫‪Cit, p. 420, Seward. D, Op. Cit, p. 111.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, pp. 193, 194; Leon Lacabane, Op. Cit, p. 555; Tout, Ibid, (٦٩‬‬
‫‪p. 409; Helen Nicholson, Op. Cit, p. 111.‬‬
‫أﻛﺑر ﻋدد ﻣن اﻟﺑﺎروﻧﺎت واﻟﻔرﺳﺎن اﻟﻣﺣﺎرﺑﯾن‪ ،‬ﻓﺟﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ رأس اﻟﻘوات اﻟﺳﯾر ﺟوﯾﺷﺎرد دي اﻧﺟل‬
‫‪ ،Guichard D' Angle‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﻟوﯾس ﻫﺎرﻛورت ‪ Louis Harcourt‬وﻟورد دي ﺑوﻧس ‪Lord‬‬
‫‪ ،de Pons‬وﻟورد ﺑﺎرﺗﯾﻧﺎي ‪ ،Lord Partenay‬وﻟورد ﺑوﯾﺎن ‪ ،Lord Poyanne‬وﻟورد ﺗﺎﻧﺎي‬
‫ﺑوﺗون ‪ ،Tannay Bouton‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﺟﯾوﻓري دارﺟﯾﻧﺗون ‪ ،Geoffery D' Argeenton‬واﻟﺳﯾر‬
‫ﻣوﺑﯾرﻧﻲ ﻟﯿﻨﯿﺮس ‪ Mauburny of Linieres‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﺗوﻣﺎس ﺑﯾرﺳﻲ ‪،Thomas Percy‬‬
‫واﻟﺳﯾر ﺑودوﯾن دي ﻓرﯾﻔﯾل ‪ ،Baudwin De Freville‬واﻟﺳﯾر رﯾﺗﺷﺎرد ﺑوﻧﺷﺎردون ‪Richard‬‬
‫‪ ،Pontchardon‬واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﻬم ﺛﻼﺛﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻣن ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ اﻟرﻣﺎح‪ ،‬ورﺣﻠوا ﻣن ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ ﺣﺗﻰ وﺻﻠوا ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﻘدﯾس ﺳﺎﻟﻔن ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺗﺻف اﻟﻠﯾل ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎ)‪ ،(٧٠‬وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺳﻣﻊ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز‬
‫اﻟﺑوق ﻋﻠﻣوا أن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﺗﺟﺳﺳوا ﻋﻠﯾﻬم‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻣوا ﺑﺎﻻﻣدادات اﻟﺗﻲ وﺻﻠﺗﻬم‪ ،‬ﻟذﻟك اﻧﺳﺣب‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز وﻗرروا اﻟﻌودة ﻷﻧﻬم ﻓﺷﻠوا ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺄة اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬وﺣزن اﻟﺳﯾرﺷﺎﻧدوس ﺑﺳﺑب ﻓﺷل‬
‫اﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎدوا إﻟﻰ ﺷوﻓﯾن ‪ Chavigny‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬر ﻛرﯾوس ‪ ،Creuse‬وطﻠب ﺷﺎﻧدوس ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻠوردات اﻟﻌودة ﺑرﺟﺎﻟﻬم إﻟﻰ اﻟدﯾﺎر‪ ،‬وظل ﻫو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﺎ رﺣل ﻋﻧﻪ ﻓرﺳﺎن ﺑوﯾﺗو‪ ،‬ﺛم طﻠب‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾر ﺗوﻣﺎس ﺑﯾرﺳﻲ اﻟرﺣﯾل وﻣﻌﻪ ﺣواﻟﻲ ﺛﻼﺛﯾن ﻣن رﻣﺎة اﻟﺳﻬﺎم‪ ،‬وﻋﺑر اﻟﺟﺳر ﻓﻲ ﺷوﻓﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫ﻣﺗﺧذاً اﻟطرﯾق إﻟﻰ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‪ ،‬وﻋﺎد اﻟﺳﯾر ﺷﺎﻧدوس ﻟﻣﻧزﻟﻪ)‪.(٧١‬‬
‫ﻋﻘب ﻋودة اﻟﺳﯾرﺷﺎﻧدوس ﻟﻣﻧزﻟﻪ دﺧل ﻋﻠﯾﻪ أﺣد ﻋﯾوﻧﻪ‪ ،‬وأﺧﺑرﻩ أن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﺳﯾﺗوﺟﻬون‬
‫إﻟﻰ ﺧﺎرج ﺑوﯾﺗو‪ ،‬وأﻛد أﻧﻪ رﺣل ﻣﻌﻬم ﻣن ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﻘدﯾس ﺳﺎﻟﻔن‪ ،‬وﺳﺄﻟﻪ ﺷﺎﻧدوس ﻋن أي طرﯾق‬
‫ﺳﻠﻛوﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺄﺧﺑرﻩ أﻧﻪ ﻻ ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ أن ﯾﺟزم ﺑﺎﻟﻔﻌل‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﻻ ﯾوﺟد ﻏﯾر اﻟطرﯾق ﻧﺣو ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‪ ،‬وأﺧﺑرﻩ‬
‫أن أﻋداد اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻛﺑﯾرة‪ ،‬وﻫم ﺗﺣت ﻗﯾﺎدة اﻟﺳﯾر ﻟوﯾس دي ﺳﺎﻧت ﺟوﻟﯾﺎن ‪Louis De Saint‬‬
‫‪ ،Julian‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﺷﺎرول اﻟﺑرﯾﺗوﻧﻲ ‪ ،Charuel The Breton‬وﻟﻛن اﻟﺳﯾر ﺷﺎﻧدوس أﺧﺑرﻩ أﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻟن ﯾﺗﻘدم ﻫو ورﺟﺎﻟﻪ ﻧﺣوﻫم ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻠﯾﻠﺔ)‪.(٧٢‬‬
‫وﻓﻲ اﻟﺻﺑﺎح ﻗرر ﺷﺎﻧدوس اﻟﺗوﺟﻪ إﻟﻰ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗف ﺣوﻟﻪ اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن‪ ،‬ورﺣﻠوا إﻟﻰ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‪،‬‬
‫وﻋﺑروا اﻟﻧﻬر‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌد ﻓرﺳﺦ وأﺣد أﻣﺎﻣﻬم‪ ،‬ووﺻل اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون إﻟﻰ ﺟﺳر ﻟوﺳﺎك‬
‫‪ ،Lussac‬وﻛﺎن ذﻟك ﺻﺑﺎح أول ﯾﻧﺎﯾر واﻟﺷﻣس ﻣﺷرﻗﺔ‪ ،‬وﺣﺎول اﻟﺳﯾرﺗوﻣﺎس ﺑﯾرﺳﻲ اﻟﺳﯾطرة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﺳر وداﻓﻊ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺿد اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬اﻟﯾن ﻗرروا ﻫم واﻟﺑرﯾﺗون ﻣﻬﺎﺟﻣﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺳﯾرﺗوﻣﺎس‪ ،‬واﻟﺳﯾطرة‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﺳر‪ ،‬ﻓﺟﺎء ﻣن ﺧﻠﻔﻬم اﻟﺳﯾرﺷﺎﻧدوس ﺑراﯾﺗﻪ اﻟﻔﺿﯾﺔ‪ ،‬واﻗﺗرب ﻣن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﻪ اﻟﻔﺎرس‬
‫اﻟﺷﺟﺎع ﺟﺎك أف أﻟﯾري ‪ Jakes of Alery‬وﻣﻌﻪ أرﺑﻌﯾن ﻣن ﺣﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﻣﺎح‪ ،‬وﺻﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌد‬

‫)‪(٧٠‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 195.‬‬
‫)‪(٧١‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 196.‬‬
‫)‪(٧٢‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 196.‬‬
‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﺛﻣﺎن ﻣﯾل ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳر‪ ،‬وﻫﻧﺎ ﻓر اﻟﻐﻠﻣﺎن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬وأﺧذوا ﺟﯾﺎد ﺳﺎدﺗﻬم وﺗرﻛوﻫم ﻛﻣﺷﺎة‬
‫ﺧوﻓﺎ ﻣن اﻟﺳﯾرﺷﺎﻧدوس)‪.(٧٣‬‬
‫أﺻﺑﺢ اﻟﺟﯾش اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﻣﺣﺎﺻ ار ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺳر ﻟوﺳﺎك‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﻣﯾﻧﻪ ﺟﯾش اﻟﺳﯾرﺗوﻣﺎس ﺑﯾرﺳﻲ‪،‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ ﯾﺳﺎرﻩ ﺟﯾش اﻟﺳﯾرﺷﺎﻧدوس‪ ،‬وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻗﺎم اﻟﺑرﯾﺗون ﺑﻘﺗل أﺣد ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ اﻟدروع وﯾدﻋﻰ ﺳﯾﻣﻛﯾن‬
‫دودال ‪ ،Simkin Dodale‬أﺷﻌل اﻟﺳﯾر ﺷﺎﻧدوس اﻟﺣﻣﺎﺳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻔوس ﺟﻧودﻩ وﺑدأت اﻟﻣﻌرﻛﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وأﺣرز اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻧﺻراً ﻛﺑﯾراً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن)‪ ،(٧٤‬وﻟﻛن ﺳﻘط ﺷﺎﻧدوس ﺻرﯾﻌﺎً ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾد أﺣد ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟدروع وﯾدﻋﻰ ﺟﺎك أف ﺳﺎن ﻣﺎرﺗﯾن ‪ ،Jaques of Saint Martin‬اﻟذي طﻌﻧﻪ ﺑﺳﯾﻔﻪ أﺳﻔل‬
‫ﻋﯾﻧﯾﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﺗﻘدم إﻟﯾﻪ ﻋﻣﻪ إدوارد ﻛﻠﯾﻔورد ‪ Edward Clifford‬وﺣﻣﻠﻪ ﻓوق ﺟوادﻩ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻻ ﯾﺄﺧذﻩ‬
‫اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون)‪.(٧٥‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫد اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن ﻣﺻرع ﺷﺎﻧدوس‪ ،‬وﺗﺄﺛروا ﻛﺛﯾ ار ﻣن ﻫذا اﻟﻣﺷﻬد وﺑﻌد اﻧﺗﻬﺎء اﻟﻘﺗﺎل‪ ،‬واﻧﺗﺻﺎر‬
‫اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي ﺣﻣﻠﻪ اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن وﻋﻠﻰ رأﺳﻬم اﻟﺳﯾرﺟون ﻛﻼﻧﻔو ‪ ،John Clanvowe‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﺑرﺗرام أف‬
‫ﻛﺎﺳﯾل ‪ ،Bertram of Casselis‬إﻟﻰ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‪ ،‬ووﺿﻌوا ﺟﺛﻣﺎﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺻن ﻣورﺗﯾﻣﯾر‬
‫‪ ،Mortimer‬ﺑﻌد أن ﻧﺎل اﻟﺗﻘدﯾر واﻻﺣﺗرام ﻣن اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز وﻣن أﻋداﺋﻪ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن)‪.(٧٦‬‬
‫‪Limoges‬‬
‫)‪(٧٧‬‬
‫وﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺎﻫدة ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ Limoges‬ﻟﻠﺳﯾطرة اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ ً‬ ‫ﺧﺿﻌت ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج‬
‫‪١٣٦٠‬م)‪ ،(٧٨‬ووﻟﻲ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود أﺳﻘف اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺑﻌد ﻫزﯾﻣﺔ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻋﻧد ﺟﺳر‬
‫ﻟوﺳﺎك‪ ،‬ﻗرر اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ ،‬وﻗﺎﺋد اﻟﺟﯾش ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن أن ﯾﺳﺗﻌﯾدوا‬
‫ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج ﻣرة أﺧرى‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎم ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ﺑﺣﺻﺎر اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‪ ،‬واﺑﺗﻬﺞ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻟﻘدوﻣﻪ‪،‬‬
‫ﻏﯾر أن أﺳﻘف اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ رﻓض ﺗﺳﻠﯾﻣﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑداﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن اﺿطر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻬﺎﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟدوق‬
‫ﺑﯾري ‪ ،Duke de Berry‬ودوق ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ ‪ ،Duke de Bretagne‬ودوق ﺑورﺑون ‪Duke de‬‬

‫)‪(٧٣‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. I, p. 197; Tout, Op. Cit, p. 412.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart, Ibid. Vol. 1, p. 197; Helen Nicholson, Op. Cit, p. 111; Tout. F. Ibid, p. (٧٤‬‬
‫‪412; Seward, D., Op. Cit, p. 111; David Whetham, Op. Cit, p. 204; Deborah. A. Fraioli,‬‬
‫‪Op. Cit, p. 133.‬‬
‫)‪(٧٥‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 197.‬‬
‫)‪(٧٦‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 199.‬‬
‫)‪ (٧٧‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻟﯾﻣوج ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬر اﻟﻔﯾن أﺣد رواﻓد ﻧﻬر اﻟﻠوار ﻓﻲ وﺳط ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Michael, T. Davis, Limoges, Medieval France, An. Encyclopedia, New York and‬‬
‫‪London, 1995, p. 550; Janet. L. Nelson, Medieval Politices and Modern Mentalities,‬‬
‫‪Cambridge, 2006, p. 279.‬‬
‫)‪James, P. Andrews, Op. Cit, p. 380; Bradburg. J, Op. Cit, p. 93; Craig Tayor, Op. (٧٨‬‬
‫;‪Cit, p. 85; Karl – Heinz Ziegler, Op. Cit, p. 149; Angus Mackay, Op. Cit, p. 159‬‬
‫‪Ormrod w.M, Op. Cit, p. 210.‬‬
‫‪ ،Bourbon‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﺟﺎي دي ﺑﻠوا ‪ ،Guy De Blois‬واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻠوردات اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬ودﺧﻠوا‬
‫ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج)‪.(٧٩‬‬
‫أﻣﺿﻰ اﻟﻠوردات ﺛﻼﺛﺔ أﯾﺎم ﻓﻲ ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬ﺛم ﻗرروا اﻟﻌودة إﻟﻰ ﺑﻼدﻫم‪ ،‬وﻣدﻧﻬم‪ ،‬وﺣﺻوﻧﻬم‬
‫ﻟﻠدﻓﺎع ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻣوا أن اﻟﺳﯾر روﺑرت ﻧوﻟز ‪ Robert Knolles‬ﻗﺎد ﺟﯾﺷﺎ ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪(٨١‬‬
‫ﺑﯾﻛﺎردي وﺻﺎر ﯾﻬدد ﺑواﺑﺎت ﺑﺎرﯾس)‪ ،(٨٠‬أﻣﺎ اﻟﺳﯾر ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ﻓظل ﻓﻲ ﻟﯾﻣوزﯾن‬
‫‪ Limousin‬وﻣﻌﻪ ﻋدد ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن ﺣﺎﻣﻠﻲ اﻟرﻣﺎح‪ ،‬وﺳﯾطر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻠﻌﺔ اﻟﻠورد ﻣﯾﻠﻔﺎك ‪،Melvak‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧت ﻗد اﺳﺗردﻫﺎ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون‪ .‬وﻗﺑل أن ﯾرﺣل دوق ﺑﯾري ﻣن ﻟﯾﻣوج ﺗرك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺳﯾر‬
‫ﺟون ﻓﯾﻠﻣور ‪ ،John De Villemur‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﻫوج دي ﻻورش ‪ ،Hugh De La roch‬وروﺟر‬
‫ﺑوﻓورت ‪ ،Roger Beaufort‬وﻣﻌﻬم ﻣﺎﺋﺔ رﺟل ﺑﺄﺳﻠﺣﺗﻬم‪ ،‬ﺛم رﺣل إﻟﻰ ﺑﯾري‪ ،‬ورﺣل دوق‬
‫ﺑورﺑون‪ ،‬وﻣﻌﻬﻣﺎ اﻟﻠوردات إﻟﻰ دﯾﺎرﻫم)‪.(٨٢‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻋن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻓﻌﻧدﻣﺎ ﺑﻠﻐﺗﻪ اﻷﻧﺑﺎء ﺑﺄن ﻟﯾﻣوج ﺻﺎرت ﺗﺣت ﺳﯾطرة اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬وأن‬
‫أﺳﻘف ﻟﯾﻣوج اﻟذي ﻛﺎن ﯾﻌﺗﺑرﻩ رﻓﯾﻘﺎ ﻟﻪ‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ﻣﺣل ﺛﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻪ ﻣﺛل واﻟدﻩ‪ ،‬ﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋد اﻷول‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻟﻛﻲ ﯾﺳﺗوﻟوا ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‪ ،‬وﻛذﻟك رﺟﺎل اﻟﻛﻧﯾﺳﺔ اﻟذﯾن ﻟم ﯾﻛوﻧوا ﻋﻧد ﺣﺳن ظﻧﻪ ﺑﻬم‪،‬‬
‫ﻓﺄﻗﺳم اﻷﻣﯾر ﺑروح واﻟدﻩ‪ ،‬اﻟذي ﻟم ﯾﺳﺑق ﻟﻪ أن ﺣﻧث ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﻘﺳم‪ ،‬أن ﯾﻘوم ﺑﺎﺳﺗرداد ﻟﯾﻣوج ﻣرة‬
‫أﺧرى‪ ،‬وأن ﯾﺟﻌل ﺳﻛﺎﻧﻬﺎ اﻟﺧوﻧﻪ واﻟﻣﺧﺎدﻋﯾن ﯾدﻓﻌون ﺛﻣﻧﺎً ﻏﺎﻟﯾﺎً ﺟزاء ﺧداﻋﻬم وﺧﯾﺎﻧﺗﻬم ﻟﻪ)‪.(٨٣‬‬
‫رﺣل اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻣن ﻛوﺟﻧﺎك ‪-Cognac‬ﺟﻧوب ﻏرب ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ‪-‬وﻣﻌﻪ أﻟف وﻣﺎﺋﺗﯾن ﻣن‬
‫ﺣﻣﻠﺔ اﻟرﻣﺎح واﻟﻔرﺳﺎن واﻟﻣﺳﺎﻋدﯾن‪ ،‬وأﻟف ﻣن رﻣﺎة اﻟﺳﻬﺎم‪ ،‬وأﻟف ﻣن اﻟﻣﺷﺎة‪ ،‬وﺑﺻﺣﺑﺗﻪ أﺧوﯾﻪ‬
‫)‪(٨٤‬‬
‫‪ ،Earl of Cambridge‬واﻟﺳﯾر‬ ‫دوق ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر ‪ ،Duke of Lancaster‬واﯾرل ﻛﺎﻣﺑردج‬
‫ﺗوﻣﺎس ﻓﯾﻠﺗون ‪ ،Thomas felton‬وﻛﺎﺑﺗﺎل دي ﺑوش ‪ Captal De Buch‬ﻓﻲ ﺑﯾرﺟﯾراك‬

‫)‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 200; Austin, Op. Cit, p. 436; Tony Jaques, Op. Cit, Vol (٧٩‬‬
‫‪2, p. 588; Seward, Op.cit, p. 112; Tout, Op.cit, p. 412.‬‬
‫)‪Gallaro, Op. Cit, p. 395; Hardy, Op. Cit, pp. 454-455; Tout, Op. Cit, p. 412; (٨٠‬‬
‫‪Whetham, Op. Cit, p. 201; Keen, England, p. 201; Seward, Op. Cit, p. 111, Holmes, Op.‬‬
‫‪Cit, p. 210; John France, p. 308; Jamieson, Op. Cit, p. 99.‬‬
‫)‪ (٨١‬ﺗﻘﻊ ﻟﯾﻣوزﯾن ﺷﻣﺎل اﻛوﯾﺗﯾن ‪ Aquitaine‬ﯾﺣدﻫﺎ ﺑﯾري ‪ Berry‬وﻻﻣﺎرش ‪ La March‬ﻣن اﻟﺷﻣﺎل‪ ،‬وﺑوﺗﯾو‬
‫‪ Poitou‬واﻧﺟوﻣوا ‪ Angoumois‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐرب‪ ،‬واوﻓﯾرن ‪ Auvergne‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷرق‪ ،‬وﺑﯾرﺟورد ‪ Perigord‬وﻛﯾورﺳﻲ‬
‫‪ Quercy‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻧوب‪.‬‬
‫‪George, T. Beech, Limousin, Medieval France, an, Encyclopedia, New York and‬‬
‫‪London, 1995, p. 1042.‬‬
‫)‪(٨٢‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 200.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 200; Austin, Op. Cit, p. 437; Tony Jaques, Op. Cit, Vol. 2, (٨٣‬‬
‫‪p. 588; Seward, Op. Cit, p. 112.‬‬
‫)‪(٨٤‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 200, Austin, Ibid, p. 437.‬‬
‫‪ Bergerac‬ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻘدﻣﺔ ﺿد اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن واﻟﺳﻛﺎن داﺧل اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‪ .‬وﻛﺎن ﻣﻊ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬
‫أﯾﺿﺎ اﻟﺳﯾر ﺟوﯾﺷﺎرد دي أﻧﺟل ‪ ،Guichard D' Angle‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﻟوﯾس ﻫﺎرﻛورت ‪Louis‬‬
‫‪ ،Harcourt‬وﻟورد أف ﺑون ‪ ،Lord of Pons‬واﻟﻠورد أف ﺑﺎرﺗﯾﻧﺎي ‪،Lord of Partenay‬‬
‫وﻟورد دي ﺑوﯾﺎن ‪ Lord De Poyanne‬وﻟورد أف ﺗﺎﻧﺎي ‪ ،Lord of Tannay‬وواﻟﺳﯾر‬
‫ﺑﯾرﺳﯾﻔﺎل أف ﻛوﻟون ‪ ،Perceval of Culoyne‬اﻟﺳﯾر ﺟودﻓري دي أرﺟﻧﺗون ‪Godfrey‬‬
‫‪Lord of‬‬ ‫‪ ، D'Argenton‬وﻓرﺳﺎن ﻣن ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ وﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟورد أف ﻣوﻧﺗﻔﯾراﻧت‬
‫‪Lord‬‬ ‫‪ ،Montferant‬وﻟورد أف ﺟوﻣوﻧت ‪ ،Lord of Gaumont‬وﻟورد ﻻﻧﺟوﯾران‬
‫‪Langoiran‬واﻟﺳﯾر اﯾﻣﯾري أف ﺗﺎﺳت ‪ ،Aymery of Tastes‬وﻟورد أف ﺑوﻣﯾﯾﻪ ‪Lord of‬‬
‫‪ ،Pommiers‬وﻟورد اف ﻣوﺳﯾدان ‪ ،Lord of Mussidan‬وﻟورد ﻟﯾﺳﺑﺎر ‪،Lord Lesparre‬‬
‫وﻟورد ﺟﯾروﻧد ‪ ،Lord Geronde‬واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن)‪.(٨٥‬‬
‫رﺣل ﻣﻊ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود أﯾﺿﺎ ﻋدد ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن اﻟﻠوردات اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز‪ ،‬ﻣﺛل اﻟﺳﯾر ﺗوﻣﺎس ﺑﯾرﺳﻲ‬
‫‪William‬‬ ‫‪ ،Thomas Percy‬وﻟورد روس ‪ ،Lord Ros‬وﻟورد وﻟﯾﺎم ﺑوﺷﺎﻣب‬
‫‪ ،Beauchamp‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﻣﯾﺷﯾل دي ﻻﺑول ‪ ،Michael. De Lapol‬واﻟﻠورد ﺳﺗﯾﻔن ﻛوﺳﯾﻧﺟﺗون‬
‫‪Richard of‬‬ ‫‪ ،Lord Stephen Cosigton‬واﻟﺳﯾر رﯾﺗﺷﺎرد أف ﺑوﻧﺗﺷﺎردون‬
‫‪ ،Pontchardon‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﺑودوﯾن أف ﻓرﯾﻔﯾل ‪ ،Baudwin of Freville‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﺳﯾﻣون ﺑورﻟﻲ‬
‫‪John‬‬ ‫‪ ،Simon Burley‬واﻟﺳﯾر داﺟورﯾﺳﯾس ‪ ،D'Aghorisses‬واﻟﺳﯾرﺟون دﯾﻔرو‬
‫‪ ،Devereux‬واﻟﺳﯾر وﯾﻠﯾﺎم أف ﻧﯾﻔل ‪ ،William ov Nevill‬واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن واﻟﻠوردات‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﺳﯾر ﯾوﺳﺗﺎك دي أوﺑرﯾﻛورت ‪ ،Eustace D' Aubrecourt‬وﻣن اﻟرﻓﻘﺔ أﯾﺿﺎ‬
‫‪Naudan of‬‬ ‫اﻟﺳﯾر ﺑﯾردوﻛﺎس داﻟﺑرت ‪ ،Perducas D' Albert‬وﻧودان أف ﺑﺎﺟﯾران‬
‫‪ ،Bageran‬وﺑرﻧﺎرد دي وﯾﺳت ‪ ،Bernard De Wist‬واﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن‪ .‬وذﻫب ﻛل ﻫؤﻻء‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺎرﺑﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻧظﯾم ﺟﯾد)‪.(٨٦‬‬
‫ﻛﺎن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻣرﯾﺿﺎً آﻧذاك‪ ،‬وﻟم ﯾﺳﺗطﻊ اﻟﺻﻌود ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﻬوة ﺟوادﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺣﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺟواد أﺻﻐر‪ ،‬وﺳﻠك طرﯾق ﻟﯾﻣوزﯾن‪ ،‬ﺑﻬدف اﻟوﺻول إﻟﻰ ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ وﺻل إﻟﻰ ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬أﻗﺳم‬
‫ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﻟن ﯾرﺣل ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﺳﺗرد اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن)‪ .(٨٧‬وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﻋﻠم أﻫل ﻟﯾﻣوج ﺑﻘدوم ﻗوات اﻷﻣﯾر‬
‫اﻷﺳود ﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﺧوف ﻣداﻩ)‪.(٨٨‬‬

‫)‪(٨٥‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 200.‬‬
‫)‪(٨٦‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 2, p. 200.‬‬
‫)‪(٨٧‬‬
‫‪Austin, Op. Cit, p. 437; Seward, Op. Cit, p. 112.‬‬
‫)‪(٨٨‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 200.‬‬
‫أدرك اﻷﺳﻘف‪ ،‬وﻣواطﻧﻲ ﻟﯾﻣوج اﻟﺧطﺄ اﻟﻛﺑﯾر اﻟذي ارﺗﻛﺑوﻩ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﺑﻌد ﻓوات اﻷوان‪ ،‬وﻟذﻟك‬
‫ﻫدأ ﻣن ﻗوﺗﻬم وذﻋرﻫم اﻟﺳﯾرﺟون ﻓﯾﻠﻣور ‪ ،John Villemur‬واﻟﺳﯾر ﻫوج دي ﻻورش ‪Hugh‬‬
‫‪ ،De La Roch‬وروﺟر ﺑوﻓورت ‪ ،Roger Beaufort‬وﻫم ﺳﺎدة اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ وﻗﺎدﺗﻬﺎ)‪ ،(٨٩‬ﻓﻘﺎﻟوا‬
‫ﻷﻫل اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ "ﻻ ﺗﺧﺎﻓوا ﻓﻧﺣن أﻗوﯾﺎء ﺑﻘدر ﻛﺎف ﻟردع ﻗوة وﺧﺳﺎرة اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻻﻋﺗداء ﻟن‬
‫ﯾؤذﯾﻧﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻧﺣن ﻟدﯾﻧﺎ اﻟﻣزﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣؤن واﻟﻌﺗﺎد واﻟﺳﻼح ﻟﺻد اﻟﻌدو")‪.(٩٠‬‬
‫أدرك اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود أﻧﻪ ﻟن ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ إﺳﺗرداد ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج ﺑﺳﻬوﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﺟوم ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻋﻠم ﻫو ورﺟﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻘوة وﻋدد رﺟﺎل اﻟﺣرب اﻟﻣداﻓﻌﯾن ﻋن ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬وﻋﻧدﺋذ ﻓﻛر ﻓﻲ طرﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫أﺧرى ﻟﻠﺳﯾطرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺣﺎﺻرﻫﺎ ﻣن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻟﺟﻬﺎت)‪ .(٩١‬ظل اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﺣواﻟﻲ ﺷﻬر‬
‫أو أﻛﺛر أﻣﺎم أﺳوار ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬وأﻣر اﻟﺣﻔﺎرﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺟﯾﺷﻪ ﺑﺣﻔر ﻧﻔق ﺗﺣت أﺳوار ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬وطوال ﻫذﻩ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺗرة ﺷرع اﻟﺣﻔﺎرون ﻓﻲ أﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺣﻔر)‪ ،(٩٢‬وﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻔﺗرة ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﻫﻧﺎك أي ﻣﻧﺎوﺷﺎت أو ﻗﺗﺎل‬
‫ﺑﯾن اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن‪ ،‬وﺣﺎول أﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﯾﻣوج إﻋﺎﻗﺔ أﻋﻣﺎل اﻟﺣﻔر ﺑﺷﺗﻰ اﻟطرق‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﻓﺷﻠت ﻣﺣﺎوﻻﺗﻬم ﻓﻲ‬
‫ذﻟك‪ ،‬وﺑﻌد ﺣواﻟﻲ ﺷﻬر أﺑﻠﻎ اﻟﺣﻔﺎرون اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﺑﺈﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﻔر‪ ،‬وﯾﻣﻛن دﺧول أو‬
‫اﻗﺗﺣﺎم وﺗﺣطﯾم اﻷﺳوار‪ ،‬واﻟدﺧول إﻟﻰ اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ دون اﻟﺗﻌرض ﻷي ﺧطر‪ ،‬ﻣﻣﺎ أدﺧل اﻟﺳﻌﺎدة‬
‫واﻟﺳرور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود وﻗﺎل" أﺗﻣﻧﻰ أن ﯾﺗﺣﻘق ﻫذا ﻓﻲ وﻗت ﻣﺑﻛر")‪.(٩٣‬‬
‫اﺷﻌل اﻟﺣﻔﺎرون اﻟﻧﯾران داﺧل اﻟﺣﻔر‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﺻﺑﺎح اﻟﯾوم اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺗم ﺗدﻣﯾر ﺟﺎﻧب ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﺳور اﻟذي ﻣﻸ اﻟﺣﻔر)‪ ،(٩٤‬وﻋﻧدﺋذ ﻓرح اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻓرﺣﺎً ﺷدﯾداً‪ ،‬وﻛﺎﻧوا ﺣﯾﻧﺋذ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻣل أﺳﻠﺣﺗﻬم‪،‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ اﺳﺗﻌداد ﺗﺎم ﻟدﺧول اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎم اﻟﻣﺷﺎة ﺑﺄﻗﺗﺣﺎم ﺑواﺑﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج وﺗﺣطﯾﻣﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﺗﺣطﯾم ﻛل‬
‫اﻟدﻓﺎﻋﺎت واﻟﺣواﺟز‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن ذﻟك ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟﻪ اﻟﺳرﻋﺔ‪ ،‬وﺑﺷﻛل ﻣﻔﺎﺟﺊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺣﯾث ﻟم ﯾﺳﺗطﻊ أﻫل ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻟﯾﻣوج اﻟﻘﯾﺎم ﺑﺄي ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ)‪.(٩٥‬‬
‫اﻧدﻓﻊ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬ودوق ﻻ ﻧﻛﺳﺗر‪ٕ ،‬واﯾرل ﻛﺎﻣﺑردج‪ٕ ،‬واﯾرل ﺑﻣﺑروك ‪ ،Pembroke‬واﻟﺳﯾر‬
‫ﺟوﯾﺷﺎرد داﻧﺟل‪ ،‬وﻛل اﻷﻣراء وﻣﻌﻬم رﺟﺎﻟﻬم‪ ،‬ودﺧﻠوا اﻟﻣدﯾﻧﺔ وﻣﻌﻬم ﻛل اﻟﻣﺷﺎة‪ ،‬وﻗﺎم اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬

‫)‪(٨٩‬‬
‫‪Austin, Op. Cit, p. 437.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٠‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 200.‬‬
‫)‪(٩١‬‬
‫‪Andrews, Op. Cit., p. 384; Tierney, B., Sources of the Middle Ages, Vol. 1, New‬‬
‫‪York, 1999, p. 277, Austin, Op. Cit, p. 437; Arthur, Op. Cit, p. 142; Whetham, Op. Cit,‬‬
‫‪p. 203; Seward, Op. Cit, p. 112; Edward. D. English, Op. Cit, p. 235.‬‬
‫)‪Tierney, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 277; Marilyn Stokstad, Medieval castles, London, 2005, p. (٩٢‬‬
‫‪30, Austin, Ibid, p. 437; Seward, Ibid, p. 112, Tony Jaques, Op. Cit, Vol. 2, p. 588.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٣‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 201, Austin, Ibid, p. 438.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٤‬‬
‫‪Tierney, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 277; Stokstad, Op. Cit, p. 30; Seward, Op. Cit, p. 112.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol.1, p. 201; Andrews, Op.Cit, p. 384; Tierney, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. (٩٥‬‬
‫;‪277; Maurice Keen, Medieval Warfare, Oxford, 1999, p. 183; Austin, Op.Cit, p. 438‬‬
‫‪Wood, Edward the Black Prince, p. 399; Tony Jaques, Op. Cit, Vol. 2, p. 588; Seward,‬‬
‫‪Ibid, p. 112.‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺳرﻗﺔ واﻟﺳﻠب واﻟﻧﻬب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧطﺎق واﺳﻊ‪ ،‬وﻗﺎﻣوا ﺑﺗﻧﻔﯾذ اﻷواﻣر اﻟﺻﺎدرة ﻟﻬم ﻣن اﻷﻣﯾر‬
‫اﻷﺳود ﺑذﺑﺢ اﻟرﺟﺎل واﻟﻧﺳﺎء واﻷطﻔﺎل)‪ ،(٩٦‬وﻫذا ﯾﺗﻧﺎﻗض ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔروﺳﯾﺔ وﯾﺗﻔق ﻣﻊ اﻟوﺣﺷﯾﺔ‬
‫واﻟﻬﻣﺟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫وﻣن اﻟﻣﺷﺎﻫد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺟﻌﻠﻧﺎ ﻧﺷﻌر ﺑﺎﻟﺷﻔﻘﺔ واﻟﺣزن اﻟﺷدﯾد‪ ،‬ﻣﺷﻬد اﻟرﺟﺎل واﻟﻧﺳﺎء واﻷطﻔﺎل‬
‫وﻫم ﺟﺎﺛون ﻋﻠﻰ رﻛﺑﻬم أﻣﺎم اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬وﻫم ﯾﻠﺗﻣﺳون ﻣﻧﻪ اﻟرﺣﻣﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﯾﺗﻘذ ﻏﺿﺑﺎً وﻏﯾظﺎً‪ ،‬وﻟم ﯾﻠﺗﻔت إﻟﯾﻬم‪ ،‬وﻟم ﯾُ ﻌر ﺗوﺳﻼﺗﻬم أي اﻫﺗﻣﺎم‪ ،‬ﺑل أﻣر ﺑﻘﺗﻠﻬم ﺟﻣﯾﻌﺎً ﺑﻼ‬
‫ﺷﻔﻘﺔ أو رﺣﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﺗﻰ اﻟﻔﻘراء ﻟم ﯾرﺣم ﺗوﺳﻼﺗﻬم‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﻏم ﻣن أﻧﻬم ﻟم ﺗﺻدر ﻋﻧﻬم أﯾﺔ ﺧﯾﺎﻧﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وذﺑﺢ ﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟﯾوم أﻛﺛر ﻣن ﺛﻼﺛﺔ آﻻف ﻣن اﻟرﺟﺎل واﻟﻧﺳﺎء واﻷطﻔﺎل‪ ،‬ﺑﻌد أن ﻗطﻌت‬
‫رﻗﺎﺑﻬم)‪" ،(٩٧‬ﻓﻠﯾرﺣﻣﻬم اﻟرب‪ ،‬ﻷ ﻧﻧﻲ أؤﻣن ﺑﺄﻧﻬم ﺷﻬداء")‪.(٩٨‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻋن ﻓرﺳﺎن ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬اﻟﺳﯾرﺟون ﻓﯾﻠﻣور‪ ،‬واﻟﺳﯾرﻫوج دي ﻻورش‪ ،‬وروﺟرﺑوﻓورت‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد‬
‫ﺷﺎﻫدوا ﻣﺎ ﺣل ﺑﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج ﻣن اﻟﺧراب واﻟدﻣﺎر واﻟﻘﺗل‪ ،‬وﻗﺎل ﺑﻌﺿﻬم ﻟﻶﺧر أﻧﻬم ﺳوف ﯾﻣوﺗوا‬
‫دﻓﺎﻋﺎً ﻋن ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬وﻗﺎل اﻟﺳﯾر ﺟون ﻓﯾﻠﻣور ﻟروﺟرﺑوﻓورت "أﻧﻪ ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﯾﻧﺎ أي ﻧﺿﺣﻲ ﺑﺣﯾﺎﺗﻧﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻟﻔرﺳﺎن اﻟﺑواﺳل دﻓﺎﻋﺎً ﻋن اﻟوطن")‪.(٩٩‬‬
‫إﺗﻔق اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ أن ﯾﻠﺗﻘوا ﻋﻧد اﻟﺳور اﻟﻘدﯾم ﻟﻠﺑﻠدة‪ ،‬ورﻓﻊ اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ أﻋﻼﻣﻬم‪ ،‬وﻛﺄن ﻋددﻫم‬
‫ﺣواﻟﻲ ﺛﻣﺎﻧﯾن رﺟﻼً‪ ،‬وﺣﺿر إﻟﻰ ﻫذا اﻟﻣﻛﺎن دوق ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر‪ٕ ،‬واﯾرل ﻛﺎﻣﺑردج وﻗواﺗﻬم‪ ،‬وأﺣرزوا‬
‫ﻧﺻ ار ﺳرﯾﻌﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘوات اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﯾث ﻟم ﯾﺳﺗطﯾﻊ ﻓرﺳﺎن ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ اﻟﺻﻣود أﻣﺎم ﻓرﺳﺎن اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز‪،‬‬
‫وﺳرﻋﺎن ﻣﺎ وﻗﻌوا ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳر وذﺑﺣوا‪ .‬أﻣﺎ دوق ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر ﻓﻘد ﻗﺎﺗل ﯾداً ﺑﯾد ﻟﻔﺗرة طوﯾﻠﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﺳﯾرﺟون ﻓﯾﻠﻣور‪ ،‬اﻟذي ﻛﺎن ﻓﺎرﺳﺎ ﻗوﯾﺎ‪ ،‬وﺷﺟﺎﻋﺎً‪ ،‬ﺑﯾﻧﻣﺎ ﻗﺎﺗل إﯾرل ﻛﺎﻣﺑردج ﺿد ﻫوج دي‬
‫ﻻورش‪ ،‬واﯾرل ﺑﻣﺑروك ﺿد روﺟرﺑوﻓورت‪ ،‬وﻟﻘد ﻗﺎﺗل اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺑﺑﺳﺎﻟﺔ ﺟﻌﻠت‬
‫اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ ﯾُ ﺛﻧﻰ ﻋﻠﯾﻬم وﯾﻌﺟب ﺑﻬم)‪ .(١٠٠‬وﻓﻲ ذﻟك اﻟوﻗت ﺣﺿر اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود راﻛﺑﺎ ﻋرﺑﺗﺔ اﻟﺣرﺑﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺣرﺑﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﺷﺎﻫد ذﻟك اﻟﻧزال وﻫو ﻣﺳرور‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ أن ﻗرر اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن اﻟﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺗرك ﺳﯾوﻓﻬم واﻻﺳﺗﺳﻼم‪،‬‬

‫)‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 201; Davis, Op. Cit, p. 1041; Keen, Medieval warfare, p. (٩٦‬‬
‫;‪183; Austin, Ibid, p. 438; Bohna, Op. Cit, p. 599; Tony Jaques, Ibid, Vol. 2, p. 588‬‬
‫‪Marten and Carter, Op. Cit, p. 171.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 201; Keen, Medieval Warfare, Ibid, p. 183; Austin, Ibid, (٩٧‬‬
‫‪p. 438; Tony Jaques, Ibid, Vol. 2, p. 588; Edward. D. English, Op. Cit, p. 235; Marten‬‬
‫‪and Carter, Ibid, p. 171; Seward, Op. Cit, p. 112.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٨‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 201; Austin, Ibid, p. 439.‬‬
‫)‪(٩٩‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 201.‬‬
‫)‪(١٠٠‬‬
‫‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 202; Whetham, Op. Cit, p. 203.‬‬
‫وطﺎﻟﺑوا دوق ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر ﺑﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺗﻬم ﺣﺳب ﻣﺎ ﯾﻘﺗﺿﯾﻪ ﺣق اﻟﺳﻼح‪ ،‬وﻟم ﯾﻛن دوق ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر ﯾرﻏب‬
‫ﻓﻲ أﻛﺛر ﻣن ذﻟك‪ ،‬وﻫﻛذا وﻗﻊ اﻟﻔرﺳﺎن اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳر)‪.(١٠١‬‬
‫وﻫﻛذا ﺗﻌرﺿت ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج ﻟﻠﺳﻠب واﻟﻧﻬب واﻟﺳرﻗﺔ واﻟدﻣﺎر واﻟﺧراب‪ ،‬ورﺣل اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻐﻧﺎﺋم واﻷﺳرى‪ ،‬وﺗوﺟﻬوا إﻟﻰ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻛوﺟﻧﺎك‪ ،‬وأﺻدر اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود أواﻣر ﻟﻛل رﺟﺎﻟﻪ وﺟﻧودﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟرﺣﯾل ﺑﻌدﻣﺎ ﺣﻘق ﻣﺂرﺑﻪ‪ ،‬واﻧﺗﻘم ﻣن ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج‪ ،‬واﺳﺗوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻌد أن ﺷﻌر‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣرض اﻟﺷدﯾد‪ ،‬وﺣزن ﻋﻠﯾﻪ أﺧوﺗﻪ واﻟﺷﻌب اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي ﺣ ًزﻧﺎ ﺷدﯾداً )‪.(١٠٢‬‬
‫أﻣﺎ ﻋن أﺳﻘف ﻟﯾﻣوج ﻓﻘد دﺧل ﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﺟﻣﺎﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻗﺻرﻩ‪ ،‬وﻗﺑﺿوا ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‪ ،‬وأﺣﺿروﻩ‬
‫ﻟﻸﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود اﻟذي ﻛﺎن ﻣﺗﻠﻬﻔﺎً ﻟرؤﯾﺔ اﻷﺳﻘف وﻫو ﻣﻘطوع اﻟرأس‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن اﻷﺳﻘف ﻓﻲ ﺧوف وﻓزع‬
‫ﻛﺑﯾر ﻣﻣﺎ ﺳوف ﯾﺣدث ﻟﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﯾد اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن طﻠب دوق ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر ﻣن أﺧﯾﻪ اﻷﻣﯾر‬
‫اﻷﺳود أن ﯾﻌطﯾﻪ ﺣق اﻟﺗﺻرف ﻓﻲ اﻷﺳﻘف ﻟﯾﻘﺗﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘﺎم اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﺑﺗﺳﻠﯾم اﻷﺳﻘف إﻟﻰ دوق‬
‫)‪(١٠٣‬‬
‫أن ﯾﺗدﺧل ﻹﻧﻘﺎذ اﻷﺳﻘف‪،‬‬ ‫ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر‪ ،‬وﻟﻛن ﻛﺎن ﻟﻸﺳﻘف أﺻدﻗﺎء طﻠﺑوا ﻣن اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻓﯾﻧون‬

‫)‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 202, Tierney, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 278; Barrel, A. D, The (١٠١‬‬
‫‪Papacy, Scotland and Northern England 1342-1378, Cambridge, 1995, p. 158.‬‬
‫)‪Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 202; Andrews, Op. Cit, p. 384; Austin, Op. Cit, p. 439; (١٠٢‬‬
‫;‪Bohna, Op. Cit, p. 599; Edward. D. English, Op. Cit, p. 235; Arthur, Op. Cit, p. 142‬‬
‫‪Tout, Op. Cit, p. 413; Ormrod, Op. Cit, p. 380; Fraioli, Op. Cit, p. 89, Marten and‬‬
‫‪Carter, Op. Cit, p. 173.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٣‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٣٠٥‬م‪ ،‬ﺗم اﺧﺗﯾﺎر رﺟل ﻓرﻧﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﺻب اﻟﺑﺎﺑوﯾﺔ ﻫو ﻛﻠﯾﻣﻧت اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ‪-١٣٠٥) Clement V‬‬
‫‪١٣١٤‬م(‪ ،‬وﺑدأت اﻟﺑﺎﺑوﯾﺔ وﻛﺄﻧﻬﺎ ﺻﺎرت أداة ﺑﯾد ﻓﯾﻠﯾب اﻟراﺑﻊ )‪ (١٣١٤-١٢٨٥‬ﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻷن ﻛﻠﯾﻣﻧت ﻟم ﯾﻐﺎدر‬
‫ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬إذ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺑﺎﺑوﺗﯾﻪ ﺑداﯾﺔ ﻧﻔﻲ طوﯾﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺎﺑوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ روﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد اﺗﺧذ اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ اﻟﺟدﯾد ﻣﻘر ﻟﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ أﻓﯾﻧون‬
‫‪ Avignon‬ﺑدﻻ ﻣن روﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺿﻔﺔ اﻟﺷرﻗﯾﺔ ﻟﻧﻬر اﻟرون‪ ،‬وظﻠت ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ أﻓﯾﻧون ﻣﻘر ﻟﻠﺑﺎﺑوﯾﺔ ﻣﻧذ ﻋﺎم ‪١٣٠٥‬م‪،‬‬
‫وﺣﺗﻰ ﻋﺎم ‪١٣٧٧‬م‪ ،‬وﻗد أطﻠق ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻔﺗرة اﺳم اﻷﺳر اﻟﺑﺎﺑﻠﻲ ‪ ،Cabtivity Babylonish‬ﺑﺳﺑب اﻻﻋﺗﻘﺎد‬
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋد آﻧذاك ﺑﺄن إﻗﺎﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﺎﺑوات ﻓﻲ اﻓﯾﻧون ﻛﺎﻧت إﺟﺑﺎرﯾﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ‪ ،‬وذﻟك ﺗﺷﺑﯾﻬﺎ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺑﺳﺑﻲ ﺑﻧﻲ‬
‫اﺳ راﺋﯾل ﻣن ﻗﺑل اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻛﻠداﻧﻲ ﻧﺑوﺧذ ﻧﺻر‪ٕ ،‬واﺟﺑﺎرﻫم ﻋﻠﻰ اﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﺑل‪ ،‬وﺗرﺗب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳر اﻟﺑﺎﺑﻠﻲ ٕواﻗﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑﺎﺑوات ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ أﻓﯾﻧون ﻧﺗﺎﺋﺞ وﺧﯾﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺑﺎﺑوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد ﺧﺳرت اﻟﺑﺎﺑوﯾﺔ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﺗﻬﺎ اﻟﻣﻌﻧوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وادﻋﺎﺋﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺳﯾﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﻛﻧﺎﺋس اﻟﻌﺎﻟم‪ ،‬وﻓﻘدت اﻟﺷﻌوب اﻷورﺑﯾﺔ ﺛﻘﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﺑﺎﺑوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻷن اﻟﻣﻌﺎﺻرﯾن ﻧظروا إﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﺑوات اﻓﯾﻧون ﻛﺻﻧﯾﻌﻪ ﻟﻣﻠوك‬
‫ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬وﻟذﻟك ﺣﺎول ﺑﻌض اﻟﺑﺎﺑوات اﻟﻌودة إﻟﻰ روﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛن ﻣﺣﺎوﻻﺗﻬم أدت إﻟﻰ اﻧﻘﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﻧﯾﺳﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﺛوﻟﯾﻛﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وأطﻠق‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫذا اﻻﻧﻘﺳﺎم " اﻻﻧﺷﻘﺎق اﻟدﯾﻧﻲ اﻷﻛﺑر" وﺣﺎول اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ أورﺑﺎن اﻟﺧﺎﻣس )‪ (١٣٧٠-١٣٦٢‬اﻟﻌودة إﻟﻰ روﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻟﻛﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻣﺎ ﻟﺑث وأن ﻋﺎد أﻓﯾﻧون‪ ،‬ﺛم ﺣﺎول ﺧﻠﯾﻔﺗﻪ ﺟرﯾﺟوري اﻟﺣﺎدي ﻋﺷر )‪ (١٣٧٨-١٣٧٠‬وﻧﺟﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌودة إﻟﻰ روﻣﺎ‬
‫‪١٣٧٧‬م‪ ،‬ﺛم ﻣﺎ ﻟﺑث وأن ﺗوﻓﻰ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ‪ .‬وﻗد اﺳﺗﻐل أﻫﺎﻟﻲ روﻣﺎ وﻓﺎة ﺟرﯾﺟوري اﻟﺣﺎدي ﻋﺷر‪ ،‬ﻓﺿﻐطوا‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺟﻠس اﻟﻛرادﻟﺔ وأﺟﺑروﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺗﯾﺎر ﺷﺧص إﯾطﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﺻب اﻟﺑﺎﺑوي ﺑﺎﺳم أورﯾﺎن اﻟﺳﺎدس )‪،(١٣٨٩-١٣٧٨‬‬
‫ﻟﻛن اﻟﻛرادﻟﺔ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﯾن‪ ،‬ﺑﺗﺣرﯾض ﻣن ﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ ،‬رﻓﺿوا اﻧﺗﺧﺎب أورﺑﺎن اﻟﺳﺎدس‪ ،‬واﻧﺗﺧﺑوا ﺷﺧص‬
‫ﻣوال ﻟﻔرﻧﺳﺎ ﯾدﻋﻰ ﻛﻠﯾﻣﻧت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻊ )‪ (١٣٩٤-١٣٧٨‬واﺷﺗرطوا ﻋﻠﯾﻪ أن ﯾﻘﯾم ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ أﻓﯾﻧون‪.‬‬
‫ وﺗﺄﺛر دوق‬،‫ﻓﺑﻌث اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ إﻟﻰ دوق ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر ﯾﺳﺗﻌطﻔﻪ ﺑﻛﻠﻣﺎت رﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﺳﻠﻣﻪ أﺳﻘف ﻟﯾﻣوج‬
.(١٠٤)‫ وﻗﺎم ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل اﻷﺳﻘف إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ أﻓﯾﻧون‬،‫ﻻﻧﻛﺳﺗر ﺑذﻟك‬
‫ﻋﻠم ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ﺑﻣﺎ ﺣل ﺑﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج ﻣن اﻟﺧراب واﻟدﻣﺎر واﻟﺧوف واﻟﻔزع اﻟذي أﺻﺎب‬
،‫ وﻟذﻟك ﻋﻘد اﺟﺗﻣﺎع ﻟﻛل اﻟﻧﺑﻼء واﻷﺳﺎﻗﻔﺔ‬،‫أﻫﻠﻬﺎ ﺑﻌد ﻣذﺑﺣﺔ ﻟﯾﻣوج اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬
‫ اﻟذي ﺗﻧﺎزل ﻋن‬Moreau De Fiennes ‫ ﻣﺛل اﻟﺳﯾر ﻣورو دي ﻓﯾﯾن‬،‫وﻛﺑﺎر رﺟﺎل اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ‬
،‫ وﻫو ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن‬،‫ اﻟذي اﺧﺗﺎرﻩ اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻊ‬،‫ﻣﻛﺎﻧﺗﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﯾﺎدة ﻟﻠﻔﺎرس اﻟﺷﺟﺎع اﻟﻣﻐﺎﻣر‬
(١٠٥)
.(‫ )ﻗﺎﺋد ﻋﺎم ﻟﻠﺟﯾوش‬Connetable De France ‫واﺗﻔﻘوا ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧﺗﯾﺎرﻩ ﻛوﻧﺳﺗﺎﺑل ﻟﻔرﻧﺳﺎ‬
‫ ﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬،‫ﺳﺎءت أﺣوال اﻷﻗﺎﻟﯾم اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﺎزﻟت ﻋﻧﻬﺎ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ إﻟﻰ إﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﺑﻣﻘﺗﺿﻰ ﻣﻌﺎﻫدة ﺑرﯾﺗﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫ واﻧﺗﺷﺎر اﻟﻌﺻﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘوم ﺑﻌﻣﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﺳﻠب واﻟﻧﻬب ﻓﺷﻛﺎ اﻷﻫﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻣﻠك ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‬،‫ﻛﺛرة اﻟﺿراﺋب‬
‫ وﻋودﺗﻪ إﻟﻰ‬،‫ اﻟذي اﻧﺗﻬز ﻓرﺻﺔ ﻣرض اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬،‫ ﻣﻣﺎ أزﻋﺞ اﻟﻣﻠك اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﻲ‬،‫ﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس‬
‫ واﺳﺗطﺎع ﻗﺎﺋد اﻟﺟﯾوش ﺑرﺗراﻧد دي‬،‫ ﻓﻧﻘض اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻫدة‬،‫ وﻛﺑر ﺳن اﻟﻣﻠك أدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‬،‫اﻧﺟﻠﺗرا‬
،(١٠٦)‫م‬١٣٧٢ ‫ ﻓﺎﺳﺗوﻟﻰ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑواﺗﯾﯾﻪ‬،‫ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن اﺳﺗرداد ﻛﺛﯾر ﻣن ﺑﻼد اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‬
‫ ﻣن‬،‫ ﻓﻘد اﺳﺗطﺎع اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺎدة‬،‫وﺗﻌرض اﻟﺟﯾش اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي ﻟﻌدة ﻫزاﺋم ﻓﻲ أﻗﻠﯾم ﺟﺎﺳﻛوﻧﻲ‬
‫ واﺣﺗﻠوا ﻣن ﺟدﯾد اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧوا ﻗد‬،‫ وﻣن ﻋدم ﻣﻘدرة اﻟﻘﺎدة اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز‬،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻔوﺿﻰ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
‫م ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة اﺑﻧﻪ ﺣﻧﺎ أﻣﯾر‬١٣٧٣ ‫ ﻛﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ ﻟذﻟك أرﺳل إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺣﻣﻠﺔ ﻋﺳﻛرﯾﺔ ﺳﻧﺔ‬.‫ﺗﺧﻠوا ﻋﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ وﺗوﻏﻠت ﻓﻲ وﺳط ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ﺣﺗﻰ وﺻﻠت إﻟﻰ ﺑوردو‬،‫ وﻧزﻟت ﻓﻲ ﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ‬،John of Gaunt ‫ﺟﻧت‬

Stephen Reed Cattley, M. A, The Acts and Monuments of John Foxe, London, 1837,
pp. 766, 767; Daniel, P. Kidder, The lives of the popes from 100 to 1853, New York,
1853, pp. 273-276; Flix Digonnet, "Le palais des popes d'Avignon," In Bibtiotheque de
l'ecole des chartes, tome LXIV, Paris, 1908, De Montmorency, J.E.G, Thomas Tempis
His Age and book, London, 1906, p. 7 ff.; Joseph Mccabe, A history of the popes,
London, 1939, p. 385, Donald Lognn, F., A history of the Church in the Middle ages,
London and New York, 2002, p. 308; Margaret, Denesly, A history of the Medieval
Church, 590-1500, London and New York, 1925, p. 175; Thomas, M. I. Bicki, Avignon
papacy, Medieval France an Encyclopedia, New York and London, 1995, pp. 166-169.
(١٠٤)
Froissart, Op. Cit, Vol. 1, p. 202, Tout, Op. Cit, p. 413.
(١٠٥)
Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, pp. 202, 203; Guessard. M, Op. Cit, p. 442; Dictionnaire
Historique portatif, p. 444; Laviss, E, Histoire de France, p. 67; Allmand, C., The De Re
Militari of Vegetius in the Middle Ages, and the Renissance, In., Corinne Saunders,
Francois le Saur, Neil Thomas, Writing war, Medieval Literary Responses to warfare,
Great Britain, 2004, p. 26, Sample, Op. Cit, p. 204.
Froissart, Ibid, Vol. 1, p. 204; Jean Claude Faucon, La Chanson de Bertarand du (١٠٦)
Guesclin du Cuvelier, trans. by Deborah A. Fraioli, Vol. 1, Toulouse, 1990, pp. 440-
446, In Deborah, A. Fraioli, Joan of Arc and the Hundred Years war, U.S.A, 2005, p.
133; Andrews, Op. cit, p. 386; Tout. F, Op. Cit, p. 418; Potter, Op. cit, p. 107; Sample,
Ibid, p. 204; Fraioli, Op. Cit, p. 133.
‫ﻣﺗﻌﺑﺔ دون أن ﺗﺷﺗﺑك ﻣﻊ اﻟﻘوات اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌرﻛﺔ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﺔ)‪ ،(١٠٧‬ﺑل اﻋﺗﻣدت اﻟﻘوات اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫وﻗﺎدﺗﻬﺎ ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن‪ ،‬وﻟوﯾس دوق اﻧﺟو‪ ،‬وﻟوﯾس دوق ﺑورﺑون ﻋﻠﻰ وﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺟﺂت‪ ،‬واﻟﻛﻣﺎﺋن‪،‬‬
‫وﺗﻘطﯾﻊ أوﺻﺎل اﻟﺣﻣﻠﺔ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ‪ ،‬واﻻﺳﺗﯾﻼء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻣﯾﺎت ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﺣﯾل‪ ،‬ورﺷوة اﻟﺣراس‬
‫ﺑﺈرﺳﺎل اﻟﻣﺎل واﻟﻌﺎﻫرات اﻟﺟﻣﯾﻼت إﻟﯾﻬم‪ ،‬وﻛﺎن دوق ﺑورﺑون أﺳرع ﻫؤﻻء ﺟﻣﯾﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ اﺳﺗﺧدام‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾﻠﺔ واﻟﺳﯾﺎﺳﺔ ﻹﺳﻘﺎط اﻟﻘﻼع اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ)‪.(١٠٨‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟك اﻧدﻓﻌت اﻟﻘوات اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ ﺑﻘﯾﺎدة ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن ودون اﻧﺟو‪ ،‬واﺳﺗوﻟت ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻌدﯾد ﻣن اﻟﻣدن اﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﺣت ﺳﯾطرة اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٣٧٤‬م ﻣﺛل ﻻرول ‪،La Reole‬‬
‫وﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﻘدﯾس ﺳوﻓور ‪ St. Sauver‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ ﻧورﻣﺎﻧدي‪ ،‬وﺣﺎول ﻛﺑﺎر اﻟﻘﺎدرة اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز إﻧﻘﺎذ‬
‫اﻟﻣوﻗف ﻏﯾر أﻧﻬم ﻟم ﯾﺣﻘﻘوا ﻧﺟﺎﺣﺎً ﻋﺳﻛرﯾﺎً وﻓﺷﻠوا ﻓﻲ اﻟدﻓﺎع ﻋﻧﻬﺎ)‪.(١٠٩‬‬
‫وﻫﻛذا اﺳﺗطﺎع ﺟوﯾﺳﻛﻠﯾن وﺻﺣﺑﻪ ﺑﺄﺳﺎﻟﯾﺑﻬم أن ﯾﺟﻠوا ﺟﯾوش اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﻓﻲ ﻏﯾﺑﺔ ﻣﻠﻛﻬﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺟوز‪ ،‬ووﻟدﻩ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود اﻟﻣرﯾض ﻋن ﺟﻣﯾﻊ اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ – ﻋدا ﺑﺎﯾون ‪Bayonne‬‬
‫وﺑوردو وﻛﺎﻟﯾﻪ – وذﻟك ﺑﻌد اﻟﺣﻣﻼت اﻟﻣوﻓﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗﺎﻣوا ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻧذ ﻋﺎم ‪ ١٩٦٩‬وﺣﺗﻰ ﻋﺎم‬
‫‪. (١١٠)١٣٧٥‬‬
‫وﺑﻌد أن أﻧﻬﻛت اﻟﺣرب اﻟﻘوﺗﯾن اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزﯾﺔ واﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﺳﺗﻣﻊ ﻛل ﻣن اﻟﻘوﺗﯾن ﻟﻧداء‬
‫اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎﺟرﯾﺟوري اﻟﺣﺎدي ﻋﺷر )‪١٣٧٥-١٣٧٠‬م( ﻣن أﺟل إﺣﻼل اﻟﺳﻼم‪ .‬وﯾﺑدو أن اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻟم ﯾﻛن‬
‫وﺣدﻩ ﯾدﻋو ﻟﻠﺳﻼم‪ ،‬ﺑل ﻛﺎﻧت اﻟراﻫﺑﺔ اﻟﺳوﯾدﯾﺔ ﺑﯾرﺟﯾﺗﺎ ‪ Birgitta‬ﻫﻲ أﯾﺿﺎ ﺗدﻋو إﻟﻰ اﻟﺳﻼم‬
‫ورﻓض اﻟﺣروب ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﯾن‪ ،‬ووﺟﻬت اﻟﻠوم ﻟﺣﻛﺎم ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ واﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣرب ﻓﯾﻣﺎ‬
‫ﺑﯾﻧﻬﻣﺎ)‪.(١١١‬‬

‫)‪Andrews, Op. Cit, p. 385; James C. Owens, John of Gaunt (1340-1399), In. (١٠٧‬‬
‫‪Clayton. J. Drees, The Late Medieval Aage of crisis and Renewal (1300-1500), A‬‬
‫‪Biographical Dictionary, London, 2001, pp. 259-260; Holmes, Op. Cit, p. 197, Lynn‬‬
‫‪Thorndike, Op. cit, p. 522; Waug, Op. Cit, p. 191, Keen, England, pp. 200, 201,‬‬
‫‪Ormrod, Op. Cit, p. 380.‬‬
‫)‪ (١٠٨‬ﻧظﯾر ﺣﺳﺎن ﺳﻌداوي‪ ،‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار وﺣﺿﺎرﺗﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺻور اﻟﻘدﯾﻣﺔ واﻟوﺳطﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ اﻟﻧﻬﺿﺔ اﻟﻣﺻرﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫‪ ،١٩٥٨‬ص ‪.١٤٦‬‬
‫)‪Thomas Streissyuth, Op. Cit, p. 108, Allmand, Op. Cit, p. 26, Neil Jamieson, Op. (١٠٩‬‬
‫‪Cit, p. 102; Autrand, Op. Cit, P. 427, Seward, p. 114.‬‬
‫)‪Joyce E. Salisburg, Europe, In James L. Fitzismmons and Joyce. E. Salisburg, The (١١٠‬‬
‫‪Green Wood Encyclopedia of Global Medieval life and Cutlure, Vol. 1, London, 2009,‬‬
‫‪p. 118; Stephenson C, Medieval Hisotry, Europe From the second to sixteenth Century,‬‬
‫‪New York and London, 1962, p. 491; Munro, Op. Cit, p. 420; Thorndike , Op. Cit, p.‬‬
‫‪522; Thomas streissyuth. Ibid, p. 108.‬‬
‫)‪ (١١١‬ﺑﯾرﺟﯾﺗﺎ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ اﺑﻧﻪ أﺣد اﻟﻧﺑﻼء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳوﯾد وﯾدﻋﻰ ‪ Ulf Gudmarson‬وﻫو رﺟل ﻗﺎﻧون‪ ،‬وﻣن ﻧﺎﺣﯾﺔ واﻟدﺗﻬﺎ‬
‫ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗﻧﺗﺳب إﻟﻰ اﻟﺑﯾت اﻟﻣﻠﻛﻲ اﻟﺳوﯾدي‪ ،‬ﺗزوﺟت وﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻧﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ ﻋﺷر ﻣن رﺟل ﻗﺎﻧون ﯾدﻋﻰ ‪Birger‬‬
‫وﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟك اﺳﺗﺟﺎب ﻛل ﻣن إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث وﺷﺎرل اﻟﺧﺎﻣس ﻟﻧداء اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﺟرﯾﺟوري اﻟﺣﺎدي‬
‫ وﺑﻌد اﻟﺗوﻗﯾﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻬدﻧﺔ ﻛﺎن‬.(١١٣)‫م‬١٣٧٥ Bruges(١١٢)‫ وﺗم اﻟﺗوﻗﯾﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫدﻧﻪ ﺑروﺟز‬،‫ﻋﺷر‬
‫ وﺣزن‬.‫م‬١٣٧٦ ‫ وﺗوﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﯾوم اﻷﺣد اﻷول ﻣن اﺑرﯾل‬،‫اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻗد اﺷﺗد ﻋﻠﯾﻪ اﻟﻣرض‬
‫ وﻗد‬.(١١٤)‫ ودﻓن ﻓﻲ ﻛﻧﯾﺳﺔ وﯾﺳﺗﻣﻧﺳﺗر ﺑﻠﻧدن‬،ً‫ ﻓﻘد اﻋﺑﺗروﻩ ﻓﺎرﺳﺎ ﺷﺟﺎﻋﺎً وﻧﺑﯾﻼ‬،‫ﻟﻣوﺗﻪ اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾز‬
‫( ﺑﺄﻧﻪ " ﻓﻲ‬١٦١٦-١٥٦٤) William Shakespeare ‫وﺻﻔﻪ اﻟﺷﺎﻋر اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي وﻟﯾم ﺷﻛﺳﺑﯾر‬
‫اﻟﺣرب ﻟم ﯾﻛن اﺳداً ﻣﻔﺗرﺳﺎً ﺑل ﻛﺎن أﻛﺛر اﻓﺗراﺳﺎ ﻣن اﻷﺳد – وﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﻠم ﻟم ﯾﻛن ﺣﻣﻼً ودﯾﻌﺎ ﺑل‬
.(١١٥)"‫أﻛﺛر وداﻋﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺣﻣل‬

،‫ ﻓﺎﻧﺧرطت ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠك اﻟرﻫﺑﻧﺔ ﺣﯾث اﻛﺗﺳﺑت أداﺋﻬﺎ وأﻓﻛﺎرﻫﺎ‬،‫م‬١٣٤٤ ‫ وﺗوﻓﻲ زوﺟﻬﺎ‬،‫ واﻧﺟﺑت ﺛﻣﺎﻧﯾﺔ أﺑﻧﺎء‬،Persson
‫ ووﺟﻬت‬،‫ ورﻓﺿت اﻟﺣروب ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣﺳﯾﺣﯾﯾن‬،‫ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺗدﻋو إﻟﻰ اﻟﺳﻼم‬،‫وﻛﺎﻧت ﺗؤﯾد ﻋودة اﻟﺑﺎﺑﺎ ﻣن اﻓﯾﻧون إﻟﻰ روﻣﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﻠوم ﻟﺣﻛﺎم ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ واﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺣرب ﻓﯾﻣﺎ ﺑﯾﻧﻬﻣﺎ‬
Cattley, Op. Cit, p. 778; Bridget Morris, Birgitta Saint (1302-1373), In Emmerson R.
K., Key figures In Medieval Europe, An Encyclopedia, New York and London, 2006, p.
76; Ulmann, W, Ashort History of the papacy in the Middle Ages, London and New
York, 1974, p. 190; Bardsley, S., Womens Roles in the Middle ages, London, 2007, p.
117; Liz. H. Mcary, Authority and The Femal Body in the writings of Julian of Norwich
and Margery Kempe, Great Birtain, 2004, pp. 45, 46; Meyer, A., Apapal Monarchy, In.
Carol Lansing and Edward. D. English, A companion to the medieval world, United
Kingdom, 2009, p. 389; Sonok, Bridget of Sweden 1303-1373), in Clayton. J. Drees,
pp. 70-71; Dyson, Medieval Rules and Political Ideology, in Carol Lansing and Edward.
D. English, p. 364.
،‫ وﻛﺎﻧت ﻣرﻛز ﺗﺟﺎري ﻛﺑﯾر ﻟﺗﺟﺎرة وﺳط وﺷﻣﺎل أورﺑﺎ‬،‫( ﺗﻘﻊ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﺑروﺟز ﻋﻠﻰ ﺧﻠﯾﺞ ﺿﯾق ﺑﺟﺎﻧب ﺑﺣر اﻟﺷﻣﺎل‬١١٢)
‫ وﻛﺎﻧت ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺎت ﺗﺟﺎرﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار وأﻟﻣﺎﻧﯾﺎ وﻓرﻧﺳﺎ ٕواﯾطﺎﻟﯾﺎ‬،‫ واﺷﺗﻬرت ﺑﺄﺳواﻗﻬﺎ‬،‫وﻣرﻛز ﻟﺻﻧﺎﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﻼﺑس‬
.‫ وﺑﻌض اﻟﺑﻠدان اﻹﺳﻼﻣﯾﺔ‬،‫واﺳﺑﺎﻧﯾﺎ‬
Jordan W.C, Bruges, The middle Ages, An Encyclopedia, Vol.1, New York, 1996, p.
III.
Lacabane, Op. Cit, p. 70, Labande. E.R, Bruges, in., New Cathdic Encyclopedia, (١١٣)
Vol. 6, 1967, p. 499; Davis. R.R, Lords and Lordship in the British Isles in Late
Medieval ages, Oxford, New York, 2009, p. 129; Munro, Op. Cit, p. 420, Holmes. G,
Op. Cit, p. 197; Ormrod. W. N, Op. Cit, p. 380, Tout. F, Op. Cit, p. 418, Philip. J.
Potter, Op. Cit, p. 107, Seward, Op. Cit, p. 115.
St. Alphonsus. M. Ligouri, The History of Heresies and their Refutation or the (١١٤)
Triumph of Church, trans. by the Rev. John. T. Mullock, of the order of St. Francis,
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494.
Curtis Perry, and John Watkins, Shakespeare and the middle Ages, Oxford, 2009, p. (١١٥)
2; Fraioli, Op. Cit, p. 88, Seward, Op. Cit, p. 113.
‫ﺑﻌد وﻓﺎة اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬ﺣزن ﻋﻠﯾﻪ واﻟدﻩ إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﺣزﻧﺎ ﺷدﯾدا‪ ،‬وأﺻﺎﺑﻪ اﻟﯾﺄس ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾﺎة‪ ،‬ﺑﻌد أن وﺟد ﻛل ﻣﺎ ﺣﺻل ﻋﻠﯾﻪ ﻗد ﻛﻠﻔﻪ ﺛﻣﻧﺎً ﺑﺎﻫظﺎً ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣن اﻟﺟﻬد ٕواراﻗﺔ اﻟدﻣﺎء‬
‫واﻷﻣوال‪ ،‬وﺣل ﻣﺣل اﻟدراﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻘل اﻟواﻋﻲ واﻟﺣﻛﻣﺔ‪ ،‬طﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻣﯾﺎء ﻟﻌﺷﯾﻘﺗﻪ اﻟطﻣوﺣﺔ أﻟﯾس ﺑﯾرﯾﻪ‬
‫‪ ، Alice perres‬وﻫﻲ إﻣرأة ﻋرﻓت ﺑﺎﻟذﻛﺎء‪ ،‬واﻟﺟﻣﺎل‪ ،‬وﻟﻛﻧﻬﺎ ﻛﺎﻧت ﺳﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﺳﻣﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺗوﻓﻰ ﺑﻌد‬
‫وﻓﺎة اﺑﻧﻪ ﺑﺳﻧﺔ واﺣدة ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎم ‪١٣٧٧‬م)‪ ،(١١٦‬وﺗوﻟﻰ اﻟﻌرش اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي ﻣن ﺑﻌدﻩ ﺣﻔﯾدﻩ رﯾﺗﺷﺎرد‬
‫)‪(١١٧‬‬
‫‪.(١٣٩٩-١٣٧٧) Richard II‬‬ ‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫وﻧﺳﺗﻧﺗﺞ ﻣن ﻫذﻩ اﻟدراﺳﺔ أن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود ﻧﺟﺢ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻣﻼﺗﻪ اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓرﻧﺳﺎ‪ ،‬ﻏﯾر أﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺗﺟﺎوز ﻓﻲ ﺣﻣﻠﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻟﯾﻣوج ﺑﻣﺎ ﯾﺗﻧﺎﻓﻰ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔروﺳﯾﺔ وﯾﺗﻔق ﻣﻊ اﻟوﺣﺷﯾﺔ واﻟﻬﻣﺟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬
‫إﻟﻰ أﻧﻪ ﻟم ﯾﺳﺗطﻊ ﺗﺛﺑﯾت اﻟﺣﻛم اﻹﻧﺟﻠﯾزي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻘطﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ اﺳﺗوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻘد‬
‫اﺳﺗﻐل اﻟﻔرﻧﺳﯾون ﻋودﺗﻪ إﻟﻰ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار واﺳﺗوﻟوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻌظم اﻷراﺿﻲ‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻﺔ وأن اﻟﻘﺎدة اﻻﻧﺟﻠﯾز ﻟم‬
‫ﯾﻛوﻧوا ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻔس اﻟﻘدر ﻣن اﻟﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟﻌﺳﻛرﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑﺣﯾث ﻓﺷﻠوا ﻓﻲ اﻟدﻓﺎع ﻋن اﻷراﺿﻲ اﻟﺗﻲ اﺳﺗوﻟﻰ‬
‫ﻋﻠﯾﻬﺎ اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود‪.‬‬

‫)‪Dictionaire Historique Portatif, Op. Cit, p. 444; Claire Valente, The Theory and (١١٦‬‬
‫‪Practice of Revolt in Medieval England, Great Britain, 2003, p. 167; Judson, Knight,‬‬
‫;‪Middle ages Almanac, U.S.A, 2001, p. 215, James Bothwell, Op. Cit, pp. 31-51‬‬
‫‪Stephenson, Op. Cit, p. 494.‬‬
‫)‪ (١١٧‬ﻫو اﺑن اﻷﻣﯾر اﻷﺳود وﻛوﻧﺗﯾس أف ﻛﻧت ‪ ،(١٣٨٥-١٣٢٩) Contess of Kent‬وﻟد ﻋﺎم ‪ ١٣٦٧‬ﻓﻲ ﺑوردو‬
‫وﺗوﻟﻰ اﻟﺣﻛم ﺑﻌد وﻓﺎة ﺟدﻩ إدوارد اﻟﺛﺎﻟث‪ ،‬وﻫو ﻓﻲ ﺳن اﻟﺗﺎﺳﻌﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺎدﯾرت اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ ﺑﯾد أوﺻﯾﺎء ﺿﻌﺎف‪ ،‬وأدت ﺳﯾﺎﺳﺗﻪ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻌﺳﻔﯾﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧﺷوب اﻟﺛورات ﺿدﻩ‪ ،‬وﺟﺎء اﻟدور ﻋﻠﻰ اﻧﺟﻠﺗ ار ﻟﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن وﯾﻼت ﻏزو اﻷﻋداء ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪Kathryn Kerby- Fulton, Op. Cit, p. 117; Valente, Ibid, p. 167; Bohna, Op. Cit, p. 599.‬‬
 ،.‫ﻣﺧﺗﺻرات ﻣﺳﺗﺧدﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣواﺷﻲ اﻟﺑﺣث‬
R.H. G.F., Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France.
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