ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

ME8693 / HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER LTPC

3 2 0 4
OBJECTIVES
• To understand the mechanisms of heat transfer under steady & transient conditions.
• To understand the concepts of heat transfer through extended surfaces.
• To learn the thermal analysis and sizing of heat exchangers and to understand the
basic concepts of mass transfer. (Use of standard HMT data book permitted)

UNIT I CONDUCTION 9
General Differential equation of Heat Conduction– Cartesian and Polar Coordinates – One
Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction –– plane and Composite Systems – Conduction
with Internal Heat Generation – Extended Surfaces – Unsteady Heat Conduction – Lumped
Analysis –Semi Infinite and Infinite Solids –Use of Heisler’s charts.

UNIT II CONVECTION 9
Free and Forced Convection - Hydrodynamic and Thermal Boundary Layer. Free and
Forced Convection during external flow over Plates and Cylinders and Internal flow
through tubes.

UNIT III PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS 9

Nusselt’s theory of condensation - Regimes of Pool boiling and Flow boiling. Correlations
in boiling and condensation. Heat Exchanger Types - Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient –
Fouling Factors -Analysis – LMTD method - NTU method.

UNIT IV RADIATION 9
Black Body Radiation – Grey body radiation - Shape Factor – Electrical Analogy –
Radiation Shields, Radiation through gases.

UNIT V MASS TRANSFER 9

Basic Concepts – Diffusion Mass Transfer – Fick’s Law of Diffusion – Steady state
Molecular Diffusion– Convective Mass Transfer – Momentum, Heat and Mass Transfer
Analogy –Convective Mass Transfer Correlations.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
TEXT BOOK:
1. Yunus A. Cengel, "Heat Transfer A Practical Approach", Tata McGraw Hill, 2010
REFERENCES:
1. Holman, J.P., "Heat and Mass Transfer", Tata McGraw Hill, 2000
2. Ozisik, M.N., "Heat Transfer", McGraw Hill Book Co., 1994.
3. Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, "Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer",
JohnWiley & Sons, 1998.
St. Joseph’s College of Engineering 1
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

ME8693/ HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER

COURSE OUTCOMES
On completion of this course the student will be able:

C310.1 To understand the conductive heat transfer principle and its applications.
C310.2 To understand the convective heat transfer principle and its applications.
C310.3 To analyze the phase change heat transfer problems and sizing of heat exchangers.
C310.4 To understand the radiation heat transfer principle & its applications
C310.5 To understand the basic concepts of mass transfer in analogous to heat transfer.

MAPPING BETWEEN CO, PO AND PSO WITH CORRELATION LEVEL 1/2/3

ME8693 PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
C310.1 3 3 2 3 3 - 1 - 1 1 1 3 3 2
C310.2 3 3 2 2 3 - 1 - 1 1 1 3 3 2
C310.3 3 3 3 3 3 - 1 1 2 2 1 3 3 3
C310.4 3 3 3 3 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 3 2
C310.5 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 - 1 1 1 3 3 2

RELATION BETWEEN COURSE CONTENT WITH Cos

UNIT-1 CONDUCTION
Sl. Knowledge Course
Topics
No. level Outcomes
Introduction to Conduction heat transfer and Fourier’s law
1. U,An C310.1
of heat conduction
General Differential equation of Heat Conduction in C310.1
2. U,An
Cartesian Coordinates
General Differential equation of Heat Conduction in Polar C310.1
3. U, An, Ap
Coordinates
One Dimensional Steady State Heat Conduction in slab, C310.1
4. U, Ap
cylinder and sphere
Introduction to conduction resistance, conduction C310.1
5. U,An,Ap resistance and heat transfer in composite slab, cylinder and
sphere
6. U,An,Ap Problems on composite slab, cylinder and sphere C310.1
7. U,An,Ap Heat generation in solids and related problems C310.1
Significance of critical radius of insulation and Expressions C310.1
8. U,An,Ap
were derived for slab, cylinder and sphere
Introduction to Fins/Extended Surfaces and numerical C310.1
9. U,An,Ap
problems on this topic
Introduction Unsteady Heat Conduction, Lumped Analysis C310.1
10. U,An,Ap
and numerical problems on this topic
Semi Infinite and Infinite Solids and numerical problems C310.1
11. U,An,Ap
on this topic
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 2
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

UNIT-2 CONVECTION

Sl. Knowledge Course

Topics
No. level Outcomes
Introduction to convection and types of convection,
1. U, An,Ap C310.2
Newton’s law of cooling
Explanation about forced and natural convection, C310.2
2. U, An,Ap
Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer concepts
Dimensionless numbers were discussed related to C310.2
3. U, An,Ap
convective heat transfer
Forced convection during flow over flat plates and cylinder, C310.2
4. U, An,Ap
Internal flow through tubes
Numerical problems on Forced convection during flow C310.2
5. U, An,Ap
over flat plates and cylinder, Internal flow through tubes
Free convection during flow over flat plates and cylinder, C310.2
6. U, An,Ap
Internal flow through tubes
Numerical problems on Free convection during flow over C310.2
7. U, An,Ap
flat plates and cylinder, Internal flow through tubes
Content beyond the syllabus: Analogy between heat and C310.2
8. U, An,Ap
momentum transfer

UNIT-3 PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

Sl. Knowledge Course

Topics
No. level Outcomes
Introduction to phase change heat transfer, boiling and C310.3
1. U, An
condensation process
Types of boiling, Pool boiling and Flow boiling, regimes of C310.3
2. U, An,Ap
pool boiling and Correlations in boiling
Numerical problems on boiling to find mass of liquid C310.3
3. U, An,Ap
vaporized and heat energy supplied
Types of condensation process, Film and Drop-wise C310.3
4. U, An,Ap
condensation and Correlations in condensation
Numerical problems on condensation to find mass of fluid C310.3
5. U, An,Ap
condensed and heat energy removed
Introduction to heat exchangers, classifications, Overall C310.3
6. U, An,Ap
Heat Transfer Coefficient and Fouling Factors
Problems on heat exchanger based on Lograthamic Mean C310.3
7. U, An,Ap
Temperature Difference method
Problems on heat exchanger based on Effectiveness- C310.3
8. U, An,Ap
NTU(Number of Transfer Unit) method
Content beyond the syllabus: Introduction to compact heat C310.3
9. U, An,Ap
exchangers

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 3

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

UNIT-4 RADIATION

Sl. Knowledge Course

Topics
No. level Outcomes
Introduction to Radiation heat transfer and Thermal
1. U, An C310.4
radiation wavelength ranges
C310.4
2. U, An Principle laws and subsidiary laws of thermal radiation
C310.4
3. U, An Concept of Black body radiation and Grey body radiation
Shape Factor and algebraic rules to find fraction of energy C310.4
4. U, An,Ap
intercepted by the surfaces, Numerical problems
Explanation about analogy between radiation heat transfer C310.4
5. U, An,Ap
and electrical energy and Numerical problems
Concept of radiation shield between parallel plates and C310.4
6. U, An,Ap
Numerical problems
Introduction to gas radiation and Numerical problems by C310.4
7. U, An,Ap
using graphical chart
Content beyond the syllabus: Interaction of radiation with C310.4
8. U, An,Ap
conduction and convection

UNIT -V MASS TRANSFER

Sl. Knowledge Course

Topics
No. level Outcomes
Introduction to mass transfer and its application, Fick’s law
1. U, An C310.5
of diffusion
Concept of Equimolar counter diffusion, isothermal C310.5
2. U, An
evaporation and diffusion mass transfer
Numerical problems on Equimolar counter diffusion, C310.5
3. U, An,Ap
isothermal evaporation and diffusion mass transfer
C310.5
4. U, An,Ap Analogy between heat transfer and mass transfer
Introduction to convective mass transfer and its C310.5
5. U, An
classifications
Dimensionless numbers for mass transfer and Numerical C310.5
6. U, An,Ap
problems solved, Convective Mass Transfer Correlations

Ap – Apply, An – Analyze, U – Understand, E – Evaluate, C - Create

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 4

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

UNIT – I: CONDUCTION
PART A - C311.1
1. Write three-dimensional heat conduction equation for cylindrical coordinates.
𝜕2 𝑇 1 ∂T 1 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝑞 1 ∂T
[ + . + + ]+ = .
𝜕2 𝑟 𝑟 ∂r 𝑟 2 𝜕2 ɸ2 𝜕2 𝑧 2 𝑘 α ∂t

2. State newton’s law of cooling? [NOV / DEC 2021]

The rate equation for the convective heat transfer between a surface and an adjacent
fluid is prescribed by Newton’s law of cooling
Q = hA (Ts - T)
Where, A – Area exposed to heat transfer in m2, h - heat transfer coefficient in W/m2K
Ts – Temperature of the surface in K, T - Temperature of the fluid in K
3. List down the three types of boundary conditions. [NOV / DEC 2021]
• constant surface temperature
• constant heat flux
• convection surface condition
4. Define coefficient of thermal conductivity [MAY/JUNE 2011]
The amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area, and unit thickness in unit
time when the difference in temperature between the faces causing heat flow is unit
temperature difference. It is denoted by a symbol ‘k’ (W/mK or W/moC).
5. What are the assumptions carried out during steady state conduction heat transfer
analysis? [MAY/JUNE 2011]
• Temperature is uniform over the cross section
• Heat transfer by a conduction only
• No heat escapes from the sides
• Material is Isotropic.
6. What are the two mechanism of heat conduction in solids? [NOV/DEC 2011]
By lattice vibration (the faster moving molecules or atoms in the hottest part of a body
transfer heat by impacts some of their energy to adjacent molecules).
By transport of free electrons (Free electrons provide an energy flux in the direction of
decreasing temperature)

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 5

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

7. What is fin? What are the different types of fin profile?[NOV/DEC ‘11] [APR/MAY ’23]
It is possible to increase the heat transfer rate by increasing the surface of heat transfer.
The surfaces used for increasing heat transfer are called extended surfaces (fins).
Different types of fin profile are
* Longitudinal rectangular fin * Longitudinal triangular fin
* Circumferential rectangular fin * Circumferential triangular fin
8. Write the three-dimensional heat transfer Poisson and laplace equation in
cartesian co-ordinates. [MAY/JUNE 2012]
𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇
Laplace Equation: + + =0
𝜕2 𝑥 2 𝜕2 y2 𝜕2 𝑧 2

𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝜕2 𝑇 𝑞
Poisson Equation: [ + + ]+ =0
𝜕2 𝑥 2 𝜕2 y2 𝜕2 𝑧 2 𝑘
9. Write any two examples of heat conduction with heat generation. [MAY/JUNE ‘14]
i) Resistance heater wires - resistance heating in wires is conversion of electrical energy
to heat and heat energy is conducted along the wire
ii) A nuclear fuel rod - Heat is generated in rod and conducted along it.
10. What is meant by transient heat conduction? [APRIL/MAY 2015]
Conduction of heat in unsteady state refers to the transient conditions wherein the heat
flow and the temperature distribution at any point of the system vary continuously with
time.
11. What is thermal diffusivity? [APRIL/ MAY 2015]
Thermal diffusivity is defined as the ratio of the ability of material to conduct thermal
energy relative to its ability to store thermal energy.
𝑘
Thermal diffusivity α = in m2/s
ρ𝐶𝑝

12. Will the thermal contact resistance be greater for smooth or rough plain surface?
Why? [NOV / DEC 2015]
Thermal contact resistance is observed to decrease with decreasing surface roughness.
When two such surfaces are pressed against each other, the peaks will form good
material contact but the valleys will form voids filled with air. As a result, an interface
will contain numerous air gaps of varying sizes that act as insulation because of the low
thermal conductivity of air. Thus, an interface offers some resistance to heat transfer.
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 6
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

13. State Fourier’s Law of conduction. Why negative sign is used? [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
[APR/MAY 2023]
Fourier’s law of heat conduction states that the rate of heat transfer through a solid body
of thickness (∆x) is directly proportional to the temperature difference between the
surfaces and area (A) normal to the heat flow direction and inversely proportional to the
thickness (∆x) of the body.
dT
Q = - KA
dx

Where, ∆T = Final temperature (T2 ) – initial temperature( T1)

∆T always negative. To compensate this, a negative sign is introduced in the equation.
14. What is meant by critical thickness of insulation [NOV / DEC 2016]
The addition of insulation always increases the conductive thermal resistance. But when
the total thermal resistance is made of conductive thermal resistance and convective
thermal resistance, the addition of insulation in some cases may reduce the convective
thermal resistance due to increase in surface area, as in the case of a cylinder and sphere,
and the total thermal resistance may actually decrease resulting in increased heat flow.
The thickness up to which heat flow increases and after which heat flow decreases is
termed as Critical thickness, and corresponding insulation is termed as Critical thickness
of insulation. For cylinder, Critical radius, rc = k/h,
Where, k - Thermal conductivity of insulating material,
h - Heat transfer coefficient of surrounding fluid.
15. What are heisler charts? [NOV / DEC 2017]
Heisler charts are a graphical tool for the evaluation of temperature distribution and heat
flow in one dimensional transient conductive heat transfer. These charts are developed
for three simple geometric shapes, namely infinite rectangular plates, long cylinder and
sphere.
16. State the assumptions of Fourier law of heat conduction. [MAY / JUNE 2016]
• Steady state process and there is uniform heat generation
• Thermal conductivity for each material is constant in every direction
• The radiation effects from material to ambient were neglected

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 7

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

17. What is meant by lumped capacity analysis? [NOV/DEC 2020], [April/May 2021]
In heat transfer analysis, some bodies are observed to behave like a "lump" whose entire
body temperature remains essentially uniform at all times during a heat transfer process.
The temperature of such bodies can be taken to be a function of time only. Heat transfer
analysis which utilizes this idealization is known as the lumped system analysis. It is
applicable when the Biot number (the ratio of conduction resistance within the body to
convection resistance at the surface of the body) is less than or equal to 0.1.
18. What is the difference between thermodynamics and heat transfer [MAY/JUNE ‘16]
Thermodynamics Heat transfer
It deals with the amount of energy in It deals with the rate of energy transfer thus, it
form of heat or work during a process gives idea of how long a heat transfer occur.
and only considers the end states in Heat transfer deals with time and non-
equilibrium. It will not give equilibrium phenomena. Heat can only transfer
information about how long it will when there is a temperature gradient exists in a
take to reach to the final state in body and which is indication of non-
equilibrium. equilibrium phenomena.
19. What are various modes of heat transfer? Give examples. [NOV/DEC 2020]
• Conduction – Heat transfer within the material
• Convection – Cooling hot metal by air
• Radiation – Heat transfer from a Electrical lamp
20. Define fin effectiveness and fin efficiency. [NOV / DEC 2018]
Fin Efficiency Fin Effectiveness
It is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer It is defined as the ratio of heat transfer
rate from the fin to the ideal heat transfer rate rate with fin to the heat transfer rate
from the fin, if the entire fin were at base without fin.
Qactual Qwith fin
temperature. ηfin = εfin =
Q Ideal Q without 𝑓𝑖𝑛

21. What are the factors affecting the thermal conductivity? [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
(i) Thickness of material (ii) Surface area of material, (iii) Temperature difference
(iv) Structure of Material, (v) Density of Material.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 8

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

22. What is thermal time constant? [April/May 2019]

It is a measurement of the time required for the thermistor to respond to a change in the
ambient temperature. (Or) The time required for a thermistor to change 63.2% of the
total difference between its initial and final body temperature when subjected to a step
function change in temperature, under zero power conditions.
23. Consider two finned surfaces that are identical except that the fins on the first
surface are formed by casting or extrusion whereas they are attached to the second
surface afterwards by welding or tight fitting. For which case do you think the fins
will provide greater enhancement in heat transfer? Why? [April/May 2019]
Welding or tight fitting introduces thermal contact resistance at the interface, and thus
retards heat transfer. Therefore, the fins formed by casting or extrusion will provide
greater enhancement in heat transfer.
24. Distinguish between conduction and convection heat transfer. [APRIL / MAY 2017]
Conduction is the energy transfer across the system boundary by a mechanism of
intermolecular interaction due to temperature difference. Whereas convection is the
energy transfer across the system boundary by a mechanism of bulk movement of fluid
due to the temperature difference. Convection requires fluid medium for heat transfer.
25. When do you recommend fins? [APRIL / MAY 2021]
When the surface temperature and fluid Temperature are fixed by design considerations,
there are two ways to increase the rate of heat transfer: to increase the convection heat
transfer coefficient h or to increase the surface area As. Increasing h may require the
installation of a pump or fan, or replacing the existing one with a larger one, but this
approach may or may not be practical. Besides, it may not be adequate. The alternative
is to increase the surface area by attaching to the surface extended surfaces called fins
made of highly conductive materials.
PART B - C311.1
1. The rate of heat generation in slab of thickness 160 mm with thermal conductivity of
k = 180 W/m⁰C is 1.2 x 106 W/m3. If the temperature of the each surface of solid is
120⁰C. Determine (i) The temperature at the mid and quarter planes. (ii) The heat flow
rate and temperature gradient at the mid plane [NOV/DEC 2017]
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 9
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

2. A cylinder 1m long and 5cm in diameter is placed in an atmosphere at 45⁰C. It is

provided with 10 longitudinal straight fins of material having k=120 W/m K. The height
of 0.76 mm thick fin is 1.27cm from the cylinder surface. The heat transfer co-efficient
between the cylinder and atmospheric air is 17 W/m2 K. Calculate the heat transfer and
the temperature at the end of the fins with the surface temperature of cylinder is 150⁰C.
[NOV / DEC 2020]
3. i) Differentiate between conductivity and conductance.
ii) A steel pipe line of thermal conductivity 50 W/mK, of inner diameter 100 mm and
outer diameter 110 mm is to be covered with two layers of insulation each having a
thickness of 50 mm. the thermal conductivity of the first insulation material is 0.06
W/mK and that of the second insulating material is 0.12 W/mK. Find the loss of heat
per meter length of pipe and the interface temperature between the two layers of
insulation when the temperature of the inside tube surface is 250oC and that of the
outside surface of the insulation is 50oC. [NOV / DEC 2021]
4. i) Explain different types of fin profile.
ii) A metallic sphere of radius 10 mm is initially at a uniform temperature of 400 oC. It
is heated treated by first cooling it in air (heat transfer coefficient h=10 W/m2K) at 20oC
until its central temperature reaches 335 oC it is then quenched in a water bath at 20oC
with h=6000 W/m2K until the center of the sphere cools from 335oC to 50oC. Find the
time required for cooling in air and water for density = 3000kg/m3. Specific heat =1000
J/kg K; k= 20 W/mK; thermal diffusivity = 6.66 X 10-6 m2/s. [APRIL / MAY 2015]
5. (i) Consider 1.2 m high and 2 m wide double pane window consisting of two 3 mm
thick layers of glass (k=0.78 W/m K) separated by a 12 mm wide stagnant air space
(k=0.026 W/m K). Determine the steady rate of heat transfer through this double pane
window and temperature of its inner surface when the room is maintained at 240C.
While the outdoor temperature is -5oC take the convection heat transfer co-efficient of
inner and outer surface of the window to be 10W/m2 K and 25 W/m2K respectively. (ii)
Derive the general 3-D heat conduction equation Cartesian co-ordinate.
[April/May 2022]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 10

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

6. i) Determine the minimum depth at which one must place a water main below the soil
surface to avoid freezing. The soil is initially at a uniform temperature of 200C. In severe
winter condition it is subjected to temperature of -150C for a period of 60 days. Use the
following properties of soil: Density=2050 kg/3, C= 1840 J/kg K, k= 0.52 W/m K.
7. (ii) A steel pipe with 50mm OD is covered with two layers of insulation. The inner layer
is 7.5mm thick and has a k=0.3 W/m K and top layer is 20 mm thick and k=0.12 W/m
K. The pipe wall is 3150C and the outside air temperature is 250 C. Determine the surface
temperature and heat loss per meter length for 10 minutes. Take the convective heat
transfer co-efficient between air and the surface as 16 W/m2K [NOV / DEC 2016]
8. A body of an electric motor is 360mm in diameter and 240mm long. It dissipates 360W
of heat and its surface temperature should not exceed 550C. Longitudinal fins of 15mm
thickness and 40mm height are proposed. The heat transfer co-efficient is 40 W/m2K
when the ambient temperature 300C. Determine the number of fins required, if ‘k’ of
the fin material is 40 W/m K. (ii) Derive an expression for critical radius of insulation
for a cylindrical system. [NOV / DEC 2016]
9. (i) Write short notes on i) heat transfer with extended surface, ii) critical radius of
insulation. (ii) A flat furnace wall is conducted of 114 mm layer of sil – o – gel brick
with thermal conductivity of 130 W/m K backed by a 229 mm layer of common brick
of conductivity 1.38 W/mK. The temperature of inner face of the wall is760⁰C and the
outer face is 76.6⁰C. Determine what is the heat loss through composite wall? What is
the temperature interface between refractory brick and common brick? [MAY/ JUNE ‘16]
10. Calculate the critical radius of insulation for asbestos (K 0.172 W/mK) surrounding a
pipe and exposed to air at 300 K with h = 2.8 W/m K Calculate the heat loss from a 60
mm diameter pipe, covered with & without the critical radius of insulation.
[NOV/ DEC 2018]
11. i) A hollow sphere inner radius 10 cm and outer radius 20 cm is considered. The inner
surface is uniformly heated at constant rate 1.6 x 105 W/m2 with an electric heater, while
the outer surface is maintained at zero temperature. Calculate inner surface temperature.
Take k = 40 W/m⁰C. (ii) Discuss the critical thickness of insulation. How critical radius
of insulation calculated for cylinder and sphere? [NOV/DEC 2017]
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 11
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

12. A fin 5 mm thick and 45 mm long as its base on a plane which is maintained at 125⁰C.
The ambient temperature is 25⁰C. The conductivity of fin material is k = 55 W/m⁰C and
the heat transfer coefficient is h = 145 W/m2⁰C. Determine, (i) Temperature at the end
of the fin, (ii) Middle of the fin, (iii) Heat dissipated by the fin per meter width.
13. A thick wood piece is initially at a uniform temperature of 20⁰C. Suddenly the surface
temperature is raised to 120⁰C. Calculate the temperature 2 cm from the surface at 2
and 20 min, after the exposure. Assume α = 0.8 x 10-7 m2/s and k = 0.15 W/m⁰C.
14. (i) Circumferential aluminum fins (k = 200 W/mK) of rectangular profile (1.5cm wide
x 1cm thick) are fitted onto a 2.5 cm diameter tube. The fin base temperature is 170⁰C
and the ambient air temperature is 25⁰C. Estimate the heat loss per fin. The heat transfer
coefficient may be taken as h = 130 W/m2 K. (ii) The ground at a particular location is
covered with snow pack at - 10⁰C for a continuous period of three months, and the
average soil properties at that location are k = 0.4 W/mK, and α = 0.15 x 10 -6 m2/s.
assuming an initial uniform temperature of 15⁰C for the ground, determine the
minimum burial depth to prevent the water pipes from the freezing. [APRIL/MAY 2017]
15. A copper wire of 10 mm diameter is covered with10 cm thick plastic insulation. The
plastic insulation is exposed to air at 35⁰C with h = 8 W/m2K. The K for Cu and plastic
are 400 W/m⁰C and 0.5 W/m⁰C. The resistivity is 3 x 103ohms mm. The plastic
insulation temperature should not exceed 180⁰C. i) Determine heat transfer rate and
current carrying capacity. [MAY/ JUNE 2016]
16. Aluminum fins of rectangular profile are attached on a plane wall with 5 mm spacing.
The fins have thickness y = 1 mm, l = 10 mm and k = 200 W/mK, Twall = 200°C and
the fins dissipate heat by convection into the ambient air at 40°C with heat transfer
coefficient h = 50 W/m2K. Determine the heat loss. [NOV/ DEC 2018]
17. A 12 cm diameter long bar initially at a uniform temperature of 40oC is placed in a
medium at 650oC with a convective coefficient of 22 W/m2K. Calculate the time
required for the bar to reach 255oC. Take k = 20W/mK, ρ = 580 kg/m3 and c = 1050
J/kg K. [April/May 2022] [APR/MAY 2023]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 12

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

18. An average convective heat transfer coefficient for flow of 90°C air over a flat plate is
measured by observing the temperature time history of a 40 mm thick copper slab (p
=9000 kg/m3 c = 0.38 kJ/kg°C; K = 370 W/m°C) exposed to 90°C air. In one test run
the initial temperature of the plate was 200°C, and in 4.5 min the temperature decreased
by 35°C. Find the heat transfer coefficient. Neglect internal thermal resistance.
[April/May 2019]
19. A furnace wall consists of 200 mm layer of refractory bricks, 6 mm layer of steel plate
and 100 mm layer of insulation bricks. The maximum temperature of the wall is 150°C
on the furnace side and the minimum temperature is 40°C on the outermost side of the
wall. An accurate energy balance over the furnace shows that the heat loss from the wall
is 400 W/m2. It is known that there is a thin layer of air between the layers of refractory
bricks and steel plate. Thermal conductivities for the three layers are 1.52, 45 and 0.138
W/m°C respectively. Find the temperature of the outer surface of the steel plate.
[April/May 2021]
20. Determine the heat flow for (i) rectangular fins and (ii) triangular fin of 20 mm length
and 3 mm base thickness. k = 45 W/m K. h = 100 W/m2K, Tb = 120°C, surrounding
fluid temperature = 35°C. Determine also the fin effectiveness. [April/May 2021]

21. To defrost ice accumulated on the outer surface of a car windshield, warm air is blown
over the inner surface of the windshield. Consider windshield thickness is 5 mm and its
thermal conductivity is 1.4 W/mK. The outside ambient temperature is -10°C and the
convection h = 200 W/m2 K, while the ambient temperature inside the car is 25°C.
Determine the value of the heat transfer coefficient for the warm air blowing over the
inner surface of the windshield necessary to cause the accumulated ice to begin melting.
[April/May 2019]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 13

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

PART C - C311.1
1. The interior of a refrigerator having inside dimensions of 0.5 m x 0.5 m base area and
1m height is to be maintained at 6°C. The wall of the refrigerator are constructed of two
mild steel sheet 3 mm thick (k = 46.5 W/m°C) with 5 mm glass wool insulation between
them. If the average heat transfer coefficient at the outer and inner surfaces are 11.6
W/m2°C and 14.5 W/m2°C respectively. calculate i) the rate at which heat must be
removed from the interior to maintain the specified temperature in the kitchen at 25°C,
ii) the temperature on the outer surface metal sheet. [NOV/DEC 2017]
2. A mild steel tank of wall thickness 12 mm contains water at.95 C The thermal
conductivity of mild steel is 50 W/m C and the heat transfer coefficients for the inside
and outside the tank are 2850 and 10 W/m°C respectively. If the atmospheric
temperature is 15°C, Circulate (i) The rate of heat loss per m2 of the tank surface area.
(ii) The temperature of the outside surface of the tank [NOV/ DEC 2018]
3. A uniform sheathing of plastic insulation (k 0.18 W/m. C) is applied to electric cable of
8 mm diameter. The convective heat transfer coefficient on the surface of bare cable as
well as insulated cable was estimated as 12.5 W/(m2°C) and a surface temperature of
45°C was observed when the cable was directly exposed to ambient air 20°C. Determine
(i) the thickness of insulation to keep the wire as cool as possible and (ii) the surface
temperature of insulated cable if the intensity of current flowing through the conductor
remains unchanged. [NOV/DEC 2020]
4. A spherical electronic device of 10 mm diameter generates 1 W. It is exposed to air at
20°C with a convection coefficient of 20 W/m2K. Find the surface temperature. The
heat transfer consultant advices to enclose it in a glass like material of k = 1.4 W/mK,
to a thickness of 5 mm all around to reduce the temperature. Investigate the problem
and also find the thickness to obtain 50°C surface temperature. [April/May 2021]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 14

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

UNIT – II: CONVECTION

PART A - C311.2
1. Define Critical Reynold’s number. What is its typical value for flow over a flat
plate and flow through a pipe? [NOV / DEC 2021]
The Reynolds number at which there is a transition from laminar to turbulent flow is
called as critical Reynolds number. Critical Reynolds number for flow over a flat plate
and flow through pipes are 5 x 105 and 2300.
2. Differentiate viscous sub layer and buffer layer. [MAY/JUNE 2014]
The very thin layer next to the wall where the viscous effects are dominant is the laminar
sub layer or viscous sub layer. The velocity profile in this layer is nearly linear, and the
flow is streamlined. Next to the laminar sub layer is the buffer layer, in which the
turbulent effects are significant but not dominant of the diffusion effects.
3. Why heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is much less than those in
forced convection? [MAY/JUN 2016]
The convection heat transfer coefficient will usually be higher in forced convection and
lower in free convection since heat transfer coefficient depends on the fluid velocity,
and free convection involves lower fluid velocities.
4. How does laminar flow differ from turbulent flow? [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

It is a fluid flow in which the fluid layers It is a fluid flow in which the fluid layers
move parallel to each other and do not cross each other and do not move parallel
cross each other. to each other.
The laminar flow generally occurs in the The turbulent flow occurs when the fluid
fluid flowing with low velocity. flows with high velocity.
It occurs in the small diameter pipes in It occurs in large diameter pipes in which
which fluid flows with low velocity. fluid flows with high velocity.
Shear stress in laminar flow depends Shear stress in the turbulent flow depends
only on the viscosity of the fluid and upon the density of the fluid.
independent of the density.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 15

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

5. Differentiate hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer. [APRIL/MAY 2021]

Hydraulic boundary layer is an imaginary curve which is the locus of the all point where
the velocity of the fluid affected by the viscosity effect is about 99%of the free stream
velocity (U∞). Thermal boundary layer is the imaginary curve formed by collecting all
points where temperature difference between the free steam fluid (T∞) and the surface
(Ts) is about 1%.
6. Why heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is much less than those in
forced convection? [MAY/JUN 2016] [APR/MAY 2023]
The convection heat transfer coefficient will usually be higher in forced convection and
lower in free convection since heat transfer coefficient depends on the fluid velocity,
and free convection involves lower fluid velocities.
7. What is meant by velocity boundary layer thickness? [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
The region of the flow above the plate bounded by δ in which the effects of the viscous
shearing forces caused by fluid viscosity are felt is called the velocity boundary layer.
The boundary layer thickness, δ, is typically defined as the distance y from the surface
at which u = 0.99 V.
8. Differentiate free and forced convection. [MAY/JUN 2016]
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from temperature
gradients, the mode of heat transfer is said to be free convection and if the fluid motion
is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or fan, the type of heat
transfer is known as forced convection.
9. How Reynolds and Colburn analogies differ with each other. [APRIL/MAY 2017]
The Reynolds analogy is interesting because it suggests a very simple relation between
different transport phenomena. This relation is found to be accurate when Prandtl and
Schmidt numbers are equal to one. This is applicable for mass transfer by means of
turbulent eddies in gases. In this situation, we can estimate mass transfer coefficients
from heat transfer coefficients or from friction factors. Chilton and Colburn, using
experimental data, sought modifications to the Reynold’s analogy that would not have
the restrictions that Prandtl & Schmidt numbers must be equal to one. This analogy is
valid for gases and liquids within the range of 0.6 < Sc < 2500 and 0.6 < Pr < 100.
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 16
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

10. Define Grashoff number and explain its significance in free convection heat
transfer. [NOV/DEC 2020] [APR/MAY 2023]
It is defined as the ratio of product of inertia force and buoyancy force to the square of
Inertia force  Buyoyancy force
viscous force. Gr =
(Viscous force)2

Reynolds number categorizes the flow as laminar. transition and turbulent flow in
forced convection cases. Grashoff number does the same in natural convection.
It represents how dominant is the buoyancy force which is responsible for
the convection comparing to the viscous forces
11. Name four dimensions used for dimensional analysis. [NOV/DEC 2014]
Most commonly using dimensions are: Length (L), Mass (M), Time (T), Discharge (Q).
12. For a heated horizontal plate in quiescent air, do you expect heat transfer to be
larger for the top or bottom surface? Why? [April/May 2019]
For a hot horizontal-plate the flow is associated with the upper surface, from which
parcels of warm fluid are discharged. This will cause the heat transfer to be larger at the
upper surface.
13. Define the term thermal boundary layer. [NOV/DEC 2013] [MAY/JUN 2012]
Thermal boundary may be defined (similar to velocity boundary) as the distance from
the surface to the point where the temperature is within 1% of the free stream fluid
temperature (Tf ).
14. What is Dittus- Boelter equation? When does it apply? [APRIL/MAY 2021]
The Dittus-Boelter equation (for turbulent flow) is an explicit function for calculating
the Nusselt number. It is easy to solve but is less accurate when there is a large
temperature difference across the fluid. It is tailored to smooth tubes, so use for rough
tubes (most commercial applications) is cautioned. The Dittus-Boelter equation is:
Nu = 0.023 (Re) 0.8 (Pr) n
Where, n = 0.4 for heating of fluids, n = 0.3 for cooling of fluids
• The Dittus-Boelter equation is valid for, 0.6 ≤ Pr ≤ 160, Re≥10000, L/D ≥ 10
• The Dittus-Boelter equation is a good approximation where temperature
differences between bulk fluid and heat transfer surface are minimal.
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 17
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

15. What is the need of identification of new dimensionless Grashoff number in case
of free convection. [NOV/DEC 2016]
The ratio of the Grashoff number to the square of the Reynolds number may be used to
determine if forced or free convection may be neglected for a system, or if there's a
combination of the two. If the ratio is much less than one, then free convection may be
ignored. If the ratio is much greater than one, forced convection may be ignored.
Otherwise, the regime is combined forced and free convection.
Gr/Re2 >> 1, forced convection may be ignored
Gr/Re2 = 1, combined forced and free convection
Gr/Re2 << 1, free convection may be neglected
16. What is flow separation? What causes it? What is the effect of flow separation on
the drag coefficient? [NOV / DEC 2021]
At sufficiently high velocities, the fluid stream detaches itself from the surface of the
body. This is called separation. It is caused by a fluid flowing over a curved surface at
a high velocity (or by adverse pressure gradient). Separation increases the drag
coefficient drastically
17. What is meant by Newtonian and non – Newtonian fluids? [APRIL MAY 16]
The fluids which obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Newtonian fluids and
fluids does not obey the Newton’s Law of viscosity are called Non – Newtonian fluids.
18. Define boundary layer thickness. [APRIL/MAY 2010]
The thickness of the boundary layer has been defined as the distance from the surface
at which the local velocity or temperature reaches 99% of the external velocity or
temperature.
19. List the parameters that influence the heat transfer coefficient. [NOV/DEC 2011]
The parameters that influence heat transfer coefficient are characteristic length L, fluid
velocity u, fluid viscosity µ, conductivity k, specific heat capacity Cp and density ρ.
20. Define Nusselt and Prandtl number. [NOV/ DEC 2011]
Nusselt number is defined as the ratio of convective heat transfer to conductive heat
transfer. It can be expressed as Nu = hL/k
Prandtl number is the ratio between momentum diffusivity and thermal diffusivity.
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 18
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

21. State the characteristics of a boundary layer. [NOV/ DEC 2018]

(i) A boundary layer refers to the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of bounding
surface where the effects of viscosity are significant. (ii) It is free of momentum
Disturbance. (iii) It determines the aerodynamic drag and lift of flying vehicle.

22. What are the dimensionless parameters used in forced and free convection heat
transfer analysis? [MAY/JUN 2012]
Dimensionless parameters used in forced and free convection heat transfer analysis are
Grashoff number, Reynolds number, Stanton number, Prandtl number, Rayleigh number.
23. Define Reynods number. [NOV/DEC 2015]
Reynolds number is defined as the ratio of inertia force to viscous force.
Inertia force
Re =
Viscous force

24. A 15 cm long yatch sailing at 15km/hr in sea water (ρ = 1000 kg/m3, µ = 1.3 X 10 -3
kg/ms). Calculate the Reynolds number and state the type of flow. [NOV/DEC 2010]
Velocity = 15 km/hr = 15000/3600 = 4.167 m/s
Reynolds number (Re) = (ρvd / µ)
= (1000 x 0.15 x 4.167) / 1.3 x 10-3
= 480807 < 5 x 105 - Laminar flow
25. What is the usefulness of Rayleigh number in free convection? [April/May 2019]
Rayleigh number (Ra)= Grashof number * Prandtl number.
If, Ra < 10^9 Laminar flow. Ra > 10^9 Turbulent flow.
(i) The important use of the Rayleigh number is to characterize the laminar to turbulence
transition of a free convection boundary layer flow.
(ii) It gives you a dimensionless number which easily predicts the critical temperature
gradient for establishing a natural convection circulation.
PART B - C311.2
1. Air at 20oC, 1m/sec flows over a flat plate of 2 m x 1m maintained at 400C.Determine
(i) boundary layer thickness at 40 cm from leading edge (ii) boundary layer thickness at
2 m from leading edge (iii) localized heat transfer co-efficient at 2 m (iv) average heat
transfer co-efficient from leading to 2 m length. [MAY/JUNE 2016]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 19

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

2. 1000 kg/h of cheese at 1500C is pumped through a tube of 7.5cm dia. After passing
through an unheated length of about 50 diameters, it passes through a 1.2m length of
tube maintained at 900C.Calculate the heat transfer co-efficient and mean temperature
of cheese leaving the heated section. For cheese k=1.55 W/m K, Cp=2.85 kJ/kg K,
ρ=1100 kg/m3 and µ=56400kg/h-m. [MAY/JUN 2016]
3. (i) Explain three-layer model for internal convection in tubular flow.
(ii) A fluid of kinematic viscosity equal to 15 x 10-6 m2/s flows with an average velocity
of 10 m/s in a square duct of 0.08 x 0.08 m cross section. What is the Reynolds number
based on the hydraulic diameter? Is the flow laminar or turbulent? What is Nusselt
number if the flow is fully developed and prandtl number is 0.7. [MAY/JUNE 2016]
4. (i)Explain about thermal boundary layer past a flat plate. (ii) Consider the flow of air at
atmospheric pressure and 300K parallel to flat plate 2 m long. The velocity of air far
away from the plate is 10m/sec. The plate surface is held at constant temperature of
400K. Determine the heat transfer coefficient at the trailing edge of the plate using the
Colburn analogy? Data: Properties at film temperature are: density 0.995 kg/m3,
kinematic viscosity 20.92 x10-6 m2/s, k = 0.03 W m-1K-1, pr = 0.7. [MAY/JUNE 2016]
5. Engine oil flows through a 50mm diameter tube at an average temperature of 1470C.
The flow velocity is 80 cm/s. Calculate the average heat transfer coefficient if the tube
wall is maintained at a temperature of 2000C and it is 2 m long. [APRIL/MAY 2017]
[APR/MAY 2023]
6. Air at 200C and at a pressure of 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at a velocity of 3m/s.
If the plate is 280 mm wide and at 560C calculate the following at x = 280 mm:
(i) Boundary layer thickness, (ii) Local friction coefficient, (iii) Average friction
coefficient, (iv) Thickness of the thermal boundary layer thickness, (v) Local convective
heat transfer coefficient, (vi) Average convective heat transfer coefficient, (vii) Rate of
heat transfer by convection, (viii) Total drag force on the plate, (ix) Total mass flow rate
through the boundary. [NOV/DEC 2016]
7. A heated sphere having a diameter of 30mm is maintained at a temperature of 900C and
is placed in water stream at 200C. The water flow velocity is 3.5 m/s. Calculate the heat
loss from the sphere. [NOV/ DEC 2020]
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 20
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

8. (i) A long 10cm diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is 1100C
passes through some open area that is not protected against the winds. Determine the
rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit length when the air is at 1atm and 100C and the
wind blowing across the pipe at a velocity of 8 m/s. [NOV / DEC 2021]
9. Consider a 0.6 m x 0.6 m thin square plate in a room at 300C. One side of the plate is
maintained at a temperature of 900C, while the other side is insulated. Determine the
rate of heat transfer from the plate by natural convection if the plate is: (1) Vertical, (2)
Horizontal with hot surface (a) facing up, and (b) facing down. [NOV/DEC 2016]
10. Air at a pressure of 8 kN/m2 and a temperature of 2500C flows over a flat plate 0.3m
wide and 1m long at a velocity of 8 m/s. If the plate is to be maintained at a temperature
of 780C estimate the rate of heat to be removed continuously from the plate.
11. Determine average heat transfer co-efficient over entire length from vertical plate of
height 2 m to surrounding air, if it is known that the surface temperature of the plate is
1050C. Assume the ambient temperature is 150C. (ii) A 10mm diameter spherical steel
ball at 2600C is immersed in air at 900C. Estimate the convective heat loss.
[NOV/DEC ‘20]
12. Find heat transfer coefficient when a liquid metal flows at the rate of 21.6 tons/hr
through a tube of inner diameter 0.1m. the liquid metal enters at 475K and is heated by
the tubes whose wall temperature is maintained at 515K. [NOV/DEC 2017]
13. A plate of size 2m x 1m (l x b) is kept horizontally in water and maintained at a
temperature of 200C. Find the heat transfer coefficient and the rate of heat transfer co
efficient if (i) the top surface of plate is maintained at 600C and (ii) the bottom surface
of the plate is maintained at 600C. [NOV/DEC 2017]
14. Air at atmospheric pressure and 2000C flows over a flat plate with a velocity of 5m/s.
The plate is 15 mm wide and is maintained at temperature of 1200C. Calculate the
thickness of hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers and local heat transfer
coefficient at a distance of 0.5m from the leading edge. Assume that flow is on one side
of the plate. Take ρ=0.815 kg/m3,µ=24.5 x 10-6 N s/m2,Pr=0.7, k=0.1042 kJ/m K.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 21

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

15. A vertical pipe 80 mm diameter and 2 m height is maintained at a constant temperature

of 120oC. The pipe is surrounded by still atmospheric air at 30oC. Find heat loss by
natural convection. [APRIL/ MAY 2022] [APR/MAY 2023]
16. A horizontal heated plate measuring 1.5 m x 1.1 m and at 215°C, facing upwards, is
placed in still air at 25°C. Calculate the heat loss by natural convection. The convective
film coefficient for free convection is given by the following empirical relation. h = 3.05
(Tf)1/4 W/m2 oC, Where Tf is the mean film temperature in degree kelvin. [NOV/ DEC ‘18]
17. Air at 273 K at 75 m/s flows over a plate having 45 cm length 62 cm wide. The plate is
maintained 90°C temperature. Assuming the transition of boundary layer takes place at
critical Reynolds number of 5 x 10 find the average values of friction coefficient and
heat transfer coefficient for the full length of the plate. Also get energy dissipation from
the plate. [April/May 2019]
18. a) Air at 27°C and atm pressure flows over a flat with a velocity of 2 m/s. Estimate (a)
the boundary layer thickness at a distance of 20 cm and 40 cm from the leading edge
and (b) the mass flow that enters the boundary layers between x = 20 cm and x = 40 cm.
Take μ of air at 27°C as 1.85×l 0–5kg/ms. Assume unit depth in z-directions. If the plate
is heated over its entire length to a temperature of 60°C, calculate the heat transfer in
(c) the first 20 cm of the plate and (d) the first 40 cm of the plate. (e) Compute the drag
force exerted on the first 40 cm of the plate. Air properties at 316.5 K are γ = 17.36×10–
6m2/s, k = 0.02749 W/m K, pr = 0.7 and Cp = 1.006 kJ/kg K. [April/May 2021]
19. Icebergs 1 km long by 0.8 km wide and 0.3 km thick at 0°C are proposed to be towed
to arid regions for obtaining supply of fresh water. If the average water temperature is
10°C and if the iceberg is to travel at 1.2 km/hour, determine the thickness of ice melted
per hour. The latent heat of ice is 334 kJ/kg. Assume that the iceberg is towed along the
1 km direction. [April/May 2021]
20. When 0.6 kg of water per minute is passed through a tube of 2 cm diameter, it is found
to be heated from 20°C to 60°C. The heating is achieved by condensing steam on the
surface of the tube and subsequently the surface temperature of the tube is maintained
at 90°C. Determine the length of the tube required for fully developed flow.
[APRIL/ MAY 2022]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 22

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

PART C - C311.2
1. Water at 40° F for a density of about 62.42 lbm/ft3 and µ = 3.74 lbm/ft.h is flowing in
a 0.15-inch diameter 30ft long pipe steadily at an average velocity of 3ft/s. Determine
the pressure drop and pumping power requirement to overcome this pressure drop.
2. Air is to be heated by passing it over a bank of 3 m long tube inside which steam is
condensing at 100°C. Air approaches the tube bank in the normal direction at 20°C and
1 atm with a mean velocity of 5.2 m/s. The outer diameter of the tubes is 1.6 cm, and
the tubes are arranged staggered with longitudinal and transverse pitch of 4 cm. There
are 20 rows in the flow direction with 10 tubes in each row. Determine the rate of heat
transfer and the rate of condensation of steam inside the tubes. [NOV/DEC 2020]
3. Wind blows at 20 kmph parallel to the wall of adjacent rooms. The first room extends
to 10 m and the next one to 5 m. The wall is 3.2 m high. The room inside is at 20°C and
the ambient air is at 40°C. The walls are 25 cm thick and the conductivity of the material
is 1.2 W/mK. On the inside convection coefficient has a value of 6 W/m2 K. Determine
the heat gain through the walls of each room. [April/May 2021]

UNIT – III: PHASE CHANGE HEAT TRANSFER AND HEAT EXCHANGERS

PART A - C311.3
1. What is burnout point in boiling heat transfer? Why is it called so?
[NOV / DEC 2021] [APR/MAY 2023]
The critical heat flux or burnout point is the point of maximum heat flux on the boiling
curve at which transition from nucleate to film boiling initiates. This point is also
boiling crisis because the boiling process beyond that point is unstable.
2. Differentiate between pool and flow boiling. [NOV/DEC 2020]
Pool boiling takes place for stationary fluid. Boiling of water in pot placed over burner
is example of pool boiling. Pool boiling further classified natural and forced boiling.
While in flow boiling, boiling takes place as flow proceed. External pump is used to
suck water over heated channel. Flow boiling further classified as diabatic boiling.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 23

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

3. Name the types of condensation and give one example for each type. [DEC 2016]
Film condensation,
Dropwise condensation
4. What are the different regimes involved in pool boiling? [MAY/JUNE 2014]
Four different boiling regimes are observed in pool boiling they are natural convection
boiling, nucleate boiling, transition boiling, and film boiling.

5. How heat exchangers are classified? [APRIL/MAY 2015]

Heat exchanger are classified on the basis of
1. Nature of heat exchange process:
(i) Direct contact (or open) heat exchangers. (Eg. Cooling towers)
(ii) Indirect contact heat exchangers.
(a) Regenerators, (b) Recuperators.
2. Relative direction of the fluid
(i) Parallel flow heat exchanger, (ii) counter-flow heat exchanger,
(iii) Cross-flow heat exchanger.
3. Design and constructional features
(i) Concentric tubes, (ii) Shell and tube,
(iii) Multiple shell and tube passes, (iv) Compact heat exchangers.
4. Physical state of fluids
(i) Condensers (ii) Evaporators.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 24

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

6. Write down the relation for overall heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger with
fouling factor. [NOV / DEC 2021]
Overall heat transfer coefficient in heat exchanger
𝐷𝑜
1 1 𝑅𝑓,𝑖 ln ( 𝐷𝑖 ) 𝑅𝑓,𝑜 1
=𝑅= + + + +
𝑈𝑂 𝐴𝑂 ℎ𝑖 𝐴𝑖 𝐴𝑖 2𝜋𝑘𝐿 𝐴𝑜 ℎ𝑜 𝐴𝑜
Where, Ai= πDiL and Ao= πDoL are the areas of inner and outer surfaces, and Rf,i and
Rf,o are the fouling factors of inner and outer surfaces.
7. Discuss the advantage of NTU method over LMTD method. [APRIL/MAY 2015]
The NTU method is more convenient (or at least used to be) than the LMTD method for
cases in which outlet temperature(s) are not known. Even though iterative calculations
for the LMTD method are not as cumbersome as they used to be without modern
computational equipment, the NTU method still provides accurate results for heat
exchangers.
8. Define effectiveness and NTU of a heat exchanger. [MAY/JUNE ‘16] [APR/MAY ‘23]
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
maximum possible heat transfer. ε=
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟

The Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method is used to calculate the rate of heat
transfer in heat exchangers (especially counter current exchangers) when there is
insufficient information to calculate the Log-Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD).
In heat exchanger analysis, if the fluid inlet and outlet temperatures are specified,
the LMTD method can be used; when inlet and outlet temperatures are not
available, NTU or Effectiveness method is used.
9. What is pool boiling? Give examples for it. [NOV/DEC 2014] [NOV/DEC 2017]
If heat is added to a liquid from a submerged solid surface, the boiling process referred
to as pool boiling. In this case the liquid above the hot surface is essentially stagnant
and its motion near the surface is due to free convection and mixing induced by bubble
growth and detachment.
Pool boiling: (a) completely submerged electrically heated coil in pool of liquid
(b) boiling of liquid in a kettle placed on stove.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 25

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

10. What are the assumptions made in Nusselt theory of condensation? [JUNE 2016]
• The film of the liquid formed flows under the action of gravity.
• The condensate flow is laminar, and the fluid properties are constant.
• The liquid film is in good thermal contact with the cooling surface and therefore,
the temperature at the inside of the film is taken equal to the surface temperature.
• Viscous shear and gravitational forces are assumed to act on the fluid; thus, normal
viscous force and inertia forces are neglected.
• The shear stress at the liquid-vapor interface is negligible.
• The heat transfer across the condensate layer is by pure conduction and
temperature distribution is linear.
• Condensing vapor is clean & free from gases, air, and non-condensing impurities.
• Radiation between vapor & liquid film; horizontal component of velocity at any
point in the liquid film; curvature of the film is considered negligibly small.
11. What is fouling and how does it affect the rate of heat transfer? [MAY/JUNE 2016]
• In a heat exchanger, during normal operation the tube surface gets covered by
deposits of ash, soot, dirt and scale etc. This phenomenon of rust formation and
deposition of fluid impurities is called fouling.
• Due to these surface deposits the thermal resistance is increased and eventually
the performance of the heat exchanger lowers. And it also impedes fluid flow,
accelerates corrosion and increases pressure drop across heat exchangers.
12. What are the factors on which overall heat transfer coefficient depends?
(i) The flow rate, (ii) The properties of the fluid,
(iii) The thickness of material, (iv) Surface condition of the tubes and
(iv) Geometrical configuration of the heat exchanger
13. What is meant by sub-cooled and saturated boiling? [NOV/DEC 2015]
Boiling is said to be sub-cooled (local) when the temperature of the main body of the
liquid is below the saturation temperature Tsat (i.e., the bulk of the liquid is subcooled)
and saturated (bulk) when the temperature of the liquid is equal to Tsat (the bulk of the
liquid is saturated).

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 26

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

14. Sketch the temperature variation of condenser and evaporator. [APRIL/MAY 2017]

15. What are the limitations of LMTD method? How is ε-NTU method superior to
LMTD method? [NOV/DEC 2015]
The LMTD cannot be used for determination of heat transfer rate and the outlet
temperature of the hot and cold fluids for prescribed fluid mass flow rates and inlet
temperatures when type and size of heat exchanger are specified. Effectiveness NTU is
superior for the above case because LMTD requires tedious iterations for the same.
16. What is compact heat exchangers? Give its applications [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
A special purpose heat exchangers have a very large transfer surface area per unit
volume of the exchanger is called compact heat exchangers. They are generally
employed when convective heat transfer coefficient associated with one of the fluids is
much smaller than that associated with the other fluid.
17. What do you understand by fouling and heat exchanger effectiveness?
Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces. The fouling
materials can consist of either inorganic or organic substance. The performance of heat
exchangers usually deteriorates with time as a result of accumulation of deposits on heat
transfer surfaces. The layer of deposits represents additional resistance to heat transfer
and causes the rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger to decrease. The net effect of
these accumulations on heat transfer is represented by a fouling factor Rf , which is a
measure of the thermal resistance introduced by fouling.
The heat exchanger effectiveness is defined as the ratio of actual heat transfer to the
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟
maximum possible heat transfer. ε =
𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 27

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

18. What are Fouling factor? [NOV/DEC 2020]

Chemical fouling, Biological fouling, Deposition fouling, Corrosion fouling these are
some of fouling factors.
19. How does boiling differs from evaporation? [NOV/DEC 2011]
BOILING EVAPORATION
Boiling implies a vaporization process Evaporation is a natural process, wherein the
that turns liquid into gas, when liquid changes its form to gas due to the
continuously heated. increase in temperature or pressure
Bulk Phenomenon Surface Phenomenon

Occurs only at boiling point. Occurs at any temperature.

It forms bubbles It does not form bubbles.

20. Consider film condensation on a vertical plate. Will the heat flux be higher at the
top or at the bottom of the plate? Why? [April/May 2019]
During film condensation on a vertical plate, heat flux at the top will be higher since the
thickness of the film at the top, and thus its thermal resistance, is lower.
21. What is meant by dropwise condensation? [NOV/ DEC 2018]
If the surface is nonwetting, then droplets form on the surface and these rolls down
individually. The vapour is in direct contact with the surface over most of the area and
heat transfer rates are much higher as there is very little resistance for heat flow between
the vapour and the surface. This is known as dropwise condensation.
22. Give examples for pool boiling and flow boiling. [NOV/DEC 2016]
Pool boiling: (a) completely submerged electrically heated coil in pool of liquid.
(b) boiling of liquid in a kettle placed on stove.
Flow boiling: (a) vapor and liquid flow in a pipe.
(b) adiabatic flow would be oil/gas flow in a pipeline.
23. Give the merits of drop wise condensation. [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
• The overall heat transfer coefficient is up to 10 times larger than in film wise
condensation.
• The rate of condensation is higher.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 28

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

24. Why counter current heat exchanger is more effective than cocurrent heat
exchanger. [NOV/DEC2016, April/May 2021]

Hence, in a cocurrent design, the temperature of the cold stream outlet, Tc,out is always
lesser than that of the hot stream outlet, Th,out. Therefore, the heat transfer is restricted
by the cold stream's outlet temperature, Tc,out. On the other hand, in a countercurrent
design, the restriction is relaxed and Tc,out Tc,out can exceed Th,out. Hence in this
design, the heat transfer is restricted by the cold stream's inlet temperature, Tc,in.
Therefore, to achieve greater heat recovery, a countercurrent design is preferred to that
of a cocurrent design.
25. Distinguish between drop wise and film-wise condensation. [April/May 2021]
Film condensation Dropwise condensation
The liquid condensates are deposited in The liquid condensates are deposited in the form
the form of a film or layer. of droplets of varying sizes.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is The overall heat transfer coefficient is up to 10
lower. times larger than in film wise condensation.

The rate of condensation is lower. The rate of condensation is higher.

It occurs on less polished and It requires a highly polished surface or the surface
uncontaminated surfaces. with promoters coating.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 29

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

26. Two fluids A and B exchange heat in a counter flow heat exchanger. Fluid A
enters at 420°C and has a mass flow rate of 1 Kg/s. Fluid B enters at 20°C and
has a mass flow rate of 1 Kg/s. € =75%. Determine the Texit fluid B.
[NOV/DEC 2019]
Because exit temperature of both the fluids is not given, effectiveness NTU method is
used, Ch = 1 x 1000 = 1000 = Cmin; Cc = 1 x 4000 = 40000 = Cmax
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 1000 𝐶ℎ (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇ℎ2 ) 1000(420 − 𝑇ℎ2 )
C= = = 0.25; € = 0.75 = = => Th2 = 120 oC
𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥 4000 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ) 1000 (420−20)
𝐶𝑐 (𝑇𝑐2 − 𝑇𝑐1 ) 4000(𝑇𝑐2 −20 )
€ = 0.75 = = => Tc2 = 95 oC
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 (𝑇ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑐1 ) 1000 (420−20)

PART B - C311.3
1. In a cross flow heat exchanger, both fluids unmixed, hot fluid with specific heat of 2300
kJ/kg K enters at 3800C and leaves at 3000C. Cold fluid enters at 250C and leaves at
2100C. Calculate the required surface area of heat exchanger. Take overall heat transfer
co-efficient as 750W/m2K. Mass flow rate of hot fluid is 1 kg/s. [APR/MAY 2023]
2. Derive the LMTD expression for counter flow heat exchanger with suitable
assumptions. [April/May 2021]
3. i) Hot water enters a counter flow heat exchanger at 950C.This hot water is used to heat
a cool stream of water from 8 to 400C.The flow rate of the cool water is 1.2 kg/s, and
that of the hot water is 2.7 kg/s. The U = 850 W/m2 0C. What is the area of the heat
exchanger and its effectiveness? (ii) Brief the types of heat exchangers. [NOV/DEC 2020]
4. i) A hot stream is cooled from 1200C to 300C while the cold stream temperature changes
from 20 to 600C. Find out the LMTD for both counter current and co-current
phenomenon. Justify how counter current is effective than co-current? (ii) What is flow
& pool boiling? Describe how heat transfer coefficient varies in regimes of pool boiling.
[NOV/DEC 2020]
5. Water is to be boiled at atmospheric pressure in a polished copper pan by means of an
electric heater. The diameter of the pan is 0.38 m and is kept at 115oC. calculate the
following: (i) Surface heat flux, (ii) Power required to boil the water, (iii) Rate of
evaporation, (iv) Critical heat flux. [APRIL/ MAY 2022] [APR/MAY 2023]
6. A vertical plate of 3.2 m high maintained at 540C is exposed to saturated steam at
atmospheric pressure. Calculate the heat transfer rate per unit width. [NOV/DEC 2017]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 30

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

7. A Counter flow heat exchanger is to heat air entering at 400°C with a flow rate of 6 Kg/s
by the exhaust gas entering at 800°C with a flow rate of 4 kg/s. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 100 W/mK and the outlet temperature of air is 5515°C. Specific heat of
air Cp for both air and exhaust gas can be taken as 1100 J/KgK, calculate (i) Heat
transfer area needed, (ii) Number of transfer units. [NOV/ DEC 2018]
8. Hot oil (Cp=2200 J/kg K) is to be cooled by water (Cp=4180 J/kg K) in a 2-shell pass
and 12 tube pass heat exchangers. The tubes are thin walled and made of copper with
diameter of 1.8cm. the length of each tube pass in the heat exchanger is 3m, and the
overall heat transfer co-efficient is 340 W/m2 K. Water flows through the tube at a total
rate of 0.1 kg/s and the oil through the shell at a rate of 0.2 kg/s. The water and oil enters
at temperatures 180C and 1600C respectively. Determine the rate of heat transfer in the
heat exchanger and outlet temperatures of water and oil. [April / May 2022]
9. A 2-Shell passes & 4-tube passes heat exchanger is used to heat glycerine from 200C to
500C by hot water which enters thin- walled 2 cm diameter tubes at 800C and leaves at
400C. The total length of the tube in the heat exchanger is 60m. The convection heat
transfer coefficient is 25 W/m2 K on the glycerine (shell) side and 160 W/m2 K on the
Water (tube) side. Determine the rate of heat transfer (i) Before any fouling and (ii)
After fouling with fouling factor of 0.0006 m2 K/W occurs on the outer surface of the
tubes. [NOV/ DEC 2018] [APR/MAY 2023]
10. A Teflon coated stainless steel surface maintained at a uniform temperature of 1060C is
used to boil water at atmospheric pressure. Determine the heat flux and critical heat flux
for nucleate boiling. Also find the heat flux for a water-brass system. [NOV/DEC 2017]
11. A parallel flow heat exchanger is used to cool 4.2 kg/min of hot liquid of specific heat
3.5 kJ/kg K at 1300C.A cooling water of specific heat 4.18 kJ/kg K is used for cooling
purpose at a temperature of 150C.The mass flow rate of cooling water is 17 kg/min.
Calculate (i) Outlet temperature of the both liquids (ii) effectiveness. [MAY/JUNE 2016]
12. Water at the rate of 0.5 kg/s is forced through a smooth 25 mm ID tube of 15m length.
The inlet water temperature is 100C and tube wall is at a constant temperature of 400C.
What is the exit water temperature? Average properties of water are: Cp=4180 J/kg 0C;
µ=0.8 x 10-3 Pa s; k=0.57 W/m 0C. [NOV/DEC 2016]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 31

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

13. A cross flow heat exchanger with both fluids unmixed is used to heat water flowing at
a rate of 20 kg/s from 25°C to 75 C using gases available at 300°C to be cooled to 180°C.
The overall heat transfer coefficient has a value of 95 W/(m2 K). Determine the area.
Also find the gas flow rate. Assume for gas, c = 1005 J/kg-K). [April/May 2019]
14. Saturated steam at a temperature of 65°C condenses on a vertical surface at 55°C.
Determine the thickness of the condensate film at locations 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 m from
the top. Also determine the condensate flow, the film Reynolds number, the local and
average values of convective heat transfer coefficients at these locations. [April 2021]
15. Water is boiled at 120°C in a polished stainless steel pressure cooker placed on top of a
heating unit. If the inner surface of the bottom of the cooker is maintained at a
temperature of 128°C, determine the boiling heat transfer coefficient. [April/May 2019]
16. Saturated steam at a temperature of 850C condenses on the outer surface of 256
horizontal tubes each of outer dia 1.3cm and arranged in a 16 x 16 array. Tube surfaces
are maintained at uniform temp of 750C. Determine total condensate rate based on
Nusselt’s theory. (i) Discuss the different types of processes for condensation of vapours
on a solid surface. (ii) What are the factors affecting Nucleate Boiling. [NOV/DEC ‘18]
17. Hot chemical products (Cph = 2.5 kJ/kg K) at 600oC and at a flow rate of 30 kg/s are
used to heat cold chemical products (Cp = 4.2 kJ/kg K) at 200oC and at a flow rate 20
kg/s in a parallel flow heat exchanger. The total heat transfer area is 50 m2 and the
overall heat transfer coefficient may be taken as 1500 W/m2 K. calculate the outlet
temperatures of the hot and cold chemical products. [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
PART C - C311.3
1. A Counter flow heat exchanger is to heat air entering at 400°C with a flow rate of 6 kg/s
by the exhaust gas entering at 800°C with a flow rate of 4 kg/s. The overall heat transfer
coefficient is 100 W/m2K and the outlet temperature of the air is 551.5°C. Specific heat
at constant pressure for both air and exhaust gas can be taken as 1100 J/kgK. Calculate
the heat transfer area needed and number of transfer units. [NOV/DEC 2017]
2. Briefly explain what are the factors considered while selecting the heat exchangers.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 32

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

UNIT- 4 RADIATION
PART A - C311.4
1. Name the Various laws used in radiation heat transfer analysis. [MAY/JUNE 2012]
(a). Stefen's Boltzmann law (b). Planck’s law
(c). Wien's displacement law. (d). Lambertz cosine law
2. What do you understand by specular and diffuse reflection? [NOV / DEC 2021]
In specular reflection the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence of the
radiation beam. In diffuse reflection, radiation is reflected equally in all directions.
(a) Specular radiation (b) Diffuse radiation

3. Define Radiation heat transfer. [NOV / DEC 2021]

Heat transfer by emission of internal energy from a body in the form of electromagnetic
waves is called radiation heat transfer.
4. State Stefan – Boltzmann law. [ MAY/ JUNE 2013] [APR/MAY 2023]
Stefan Boltzmann law states that the radiation energy emitted by a black body per unit
surface area is proportional to the fourth power of its temperature.
Eb = σb T4
Where σb = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2K4 is the Stefan Boltzmann constant
5. How radiation from gases differs from solids? [NOV/DEC 2013]
A participating medium emits and absorbs radiation throughout its entire volume thus
gaseous radiation is a volumetric phenomenon whereas solid radiation is a surface
phenomenon. Gases emit and absorb radiation at a number of narrow wavelength bands.
This is in contrast to solids, which emit and absorb radiation over the entire spectrum.
6. What are the applications of radiation shields? [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
(a) Nuclear power plant, (b) Insulation of cryogenic storage tanks,
(c) Shielding of thermocouple

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 33

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

7. State Planck’s law. [APRIL/MAY 2017] [APR/MAY 2023]

The relationship between the monochromatic emissive power of a black body and wave
length of a radiation at a particular temperature is given by the following expression, by
Planck, Ebλ(λ,T) = C1 / λ5 [ exp (C2 / λT) – 1]
Where, Ebλ– monochromatic emissive power (W/m2), λ – Wavelength in meter,
C1 = 0.374  10-15 W / m2, C2 = 14.4  10-3Mk
8. State Lambert’s cosine law for radiation. [APRIL/MAY 2017]
Lambert's cosine law states that the radiant intensity or luminous intensity observed
from an ideal diffusely reflecting surface or ideal diffuse radiator is directly proportional
to the cosine of the angle θ between the direction of the incident light and the surface
normal.
9. Define radiation intensity. [MAY/JUNE 2016]
It is defined as the rate of energy leaving a space in a given direction per unit solid angle
per unit area of the emitting surface normal to the mean direction in space. In = (Eb / π).
10. Differentiate black body and grey body. [APRIL/MAY 2022]
Black body is an ideal surface having the following properties. A black body absorbs
all incident radiation, regardless of wave length and direction. For a prescribed
temperature and wave length, no surface can emit more energy than black body.
If a body absorbs a definite percentage of incident radiation irrespective of their wave
length, the body is known as gray body. The emissive power of a gray body is always
less than that of the black body.
11. The effective temperature of a body having an area of 0.12 m2 is 527 C. Calculate
the wavelength of the maximum monochromatic emissive power. [NOV/DEC 2018]
From Wien’s displacement law,
2898 2898
λmaxT = 2898 µmK ➔ λmax = = = 3.622 µm
𝑇 800

12. State View factor? [NOV/DEC 2014]

Radiation heat exchange between surfaces depends on the orientation of the surfaces
relative to each other and this dependence on orientation and it is accounted by a factor
called view factor.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 34

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

13. What is the greenhouse effect? Why is it a matter of great concern among
atmospheric scientists? [NOV/DEC 2015]
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s
energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is
absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases. Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide,
nitrous oxide, ozone and some artificial chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC). It leads
to global warming of the earth.
14. What is mean by shape factor and mention its physical significance? [APRIL/ MAY ‘22]
Radiation shape factor of surface 1 to surface 2 (F1-2) is defined as the fraction of
leaving surface 1 which falls directly on surface 2. It is also called view factor or
geometry factor. View factor gives the fraction of radiation leaving a surface that can
be intercepted by another surface.
15. State Kirchoff’s law [APRIL/MAY 2015]
This law states that the ratio of total emissive power to the absorptivity is constant for
all surfaces which are in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings.
16. Define emissive power and monochromatic emissivity. [MAY/JUNE 2016]
• The emissive power is defined as the total amount of radiation emitted by a body
per unit time and unit area. It is expressed in W/m2.
• The energy emitted by the surface at a given length per unit time per unit area in all
directions is known as monochromatic emissive power.
17. Write down any two shape factor algebra. [MAY/JUNE 2014]
Summation rule: F21 + F22 = 1; Here, F22 = 0; Therefore, F21 = 1
Reciprocity rule: A1 F12 = A2 F21
F12 = (A2 F21) / A1
= D (1) / [π D / 2] = 2 / π => 0.64
Summation rule: F21 + F22 + F23= 1 (F21= F23 = 0.5) (symmetry)
Therefore F22 + F2 (1+3) = 1 (where, F22 = 0)
F2 (1+3) = 1
Reciprocity rule: A2F2 (1+3) = A (1+3)F (1+3)2
F (1+3)2 = F (1+3) surr
A2 / A (1+3) = a / 2b.
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 35
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

18. What are the properties of black body? [NOV/DEC 2020]

• It is an ideal emitter: at every frequency, it emits as much or more thermal radiative
energy as any other body at the same temperature.
• It is a diffuse emitter: the energy is radiated isotropically, independent of direction.
19. What is the crossed-strings method? For what kind of geometries is the crossed-
strings method applicable? [April/May 2019]
Crossed strings method is applicable for the channels and ducts that are very long in one
direction relative to the other directions. Such geometries can conveniently be
considered to be two-dimensional, since any radiation interaction through their end
surface is negligible. These geometries can subsequently be modeled as being infinitely
long View factor for the crossed strings method is expressed as

20. Distinguish between irradiation and radiosity. [NOV/DEC 2020]

Irradiation is defined as the total radiation incident upon a surface per unit time per unit
area. It is expressed in W/m2. It is denoted by G. Radiosity is defined as the rate at which
radiation energy leaves a unit area of the surface in all directions. It is denoted by J.

PART B - C311.4
1. A Calculate the following for an industrial furnace in the form of a black body and
emitting radiation at 2500 °C (i) Monochromatic emissive power at 1.2 µm length. ii)
Wave length at which the emission is maximum. iii) Maximum emissive power iv) Total
emissive power, and v) Total emissive power of the furnace if it is assumed as a real
surface with emissivity equal to 0.9 [NOV DEC 2014] [APR/MAY 2023]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 36

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

2. (i) What is view factor? (ii) State law of block body radiation. (iii) Two large parallel
plates are at temperature T1 = 500 K and T2 = 300 K, their emissivity are ε1 = 0.85 and
ε2 = 0.90. What is the radiant flux between the plates? The inner sphere of a liquid
oxygen container is 400 mm diameter, outer sphere is 500 mm diameter, both have
emissivity 0.05. Determine the rate of liquid oxygen evaporation at – 183°C, when the
outer sphere temperature is 20°C. The latent heat of evaporation is 210 kJ/kg. Neglect
losses due to other modes of heat transfer. [MAY/JUNE 2016]
3. Emissivities of two large parallel plates maintained at 800ᵒ C. And 300 ᵒ C are 0.3 and
0.5 respectively. Find the net radiant heat exchange per square meter for these plates.
Find the % reduction in heat transfer when a polished aluminum radiation shield of
emissivity of 0.05 is placed between them. Also find the temperature of shield.
4. A furnace is shaped like a long equilateral triangular duct, as shown in Figure. The width
of each side is 1 m. The base surface has an emissivity of 0.7 and is maintained at a
uniform temperature of 600 K. The heated left-side surface closely approximates a
blackbody at 1000 K. The right-side surface is well insulated. Determine the rate at
which heat must be supplied to the heated side externally per unit length of the duct in
order to maintain these operating conditions. [April/May 2019]
5. (i) Define the following terms: 1. Monochromatic emissivity 2. Gray body 3. Shape
factor. (ii)The spectral emissivity function of an opaque surface at 1000 K is
approximated as €λ 1 = 0.4, 0≤ λ < 2 µm,
€λ 2 = 0.7, 2µm ≤ λ < 6 µm
€λ 3 = 0.3, 6µm ≤ λ < ∞
6. Determine the average emissivity of the surface and the rate of radiation emission
from the surface in W/m2. [NOV DEC 2015]
7. Two parallel plates of size 1 m by 1m spaced 0.5 m apart are located in a very large
room, the walls of which are maintained at temperature of 27 °C. One plate is
maintained at a temp of 900°C and other at 400 °C. Their emissivities are 0.2 and 0.5
respectively. If the plates exchange heat between themselves and surroundings, find the
net heat transfer to each plate & to room. Consider only the plate surfaces facing each
other. [NOV / DEC 2021]
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 37
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

8. A cylindrical furnace whose height and diameter are 5 m contains combustion gases at
1200 K and a total pressure of 2atm. The composition of the combustion gases is
determined by volumetric analysis to be 80% N2, 8% H2O, 7% O2 and 5% CO2.
Determine the effective emissivity of combustion gases. [NOV / DEC 2016]
9. A large isothermal enclosure is maintained at 2500K. Determine i) emissive power of
radiation that emerge from a small aperture on the enclosed surface ii) wavelength
below which 10% of emission is concentrated iii) wavelength above which 10%
emission is concentrated iv) max spectral intensity and corresponding wavelength.
10. (i) Charge Coupled Device (CCD) image sensors, that are common in modern digital
cameras, respond differently to light sources with different spectral distributions. Te
incandescent light may be approximated as a black body at the effective surface
temperature of 2800 K. Determine the fraction of radiation emitted within the visible
spectrum wavelengths, from 0.40µm (violet) to 0.76 µm (red), for the incandescent
lighting source. (ii) A thin aluminium sheet with an emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is
placed between two very large parallel plates that are maintained at uniform
temperatures of T1=800 K andT2=500 K and have emissivities of ε1=0.2 and ε2=0.7
respectively. Determine the net rate of radiation heat transfer between the two plates
and compare the result to that without the shield. [NOV / DEC 2016]
11. Consider a cylindrical furnace with r =H=1m.The top (surface 1) and the base (surface
2) of the furnace has emissivities ε1=0.8 and ε2 =0.4 respectively, and are maintained at
uniform temperatures T1=700 K and T2=500 K. The side surface closely approximates
a blackbody and is maintained at a temperature of T3 = 400 K. Determine the net rate of
radiation heat transfer at each surface during steady operation and explain how these
surfaces can be maintained at specified temperatures. [APRIL MAY 2015]
12. Assuming the sun diameter is 1.4 x 109 m as a black body having a surface temperature
of 5750K and at a mean distance of 15 x 1010 m from the earth (diameter = 12.8 x 106
m). estimate i) energy emitted by the sun, ii) The emission received per m2 just outside
the atmosphere of the earth, iii) the total energy received by the earth if no radiation is
blocked by the atmosphere of the earth. [NOV /DEC 2020]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 38

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

13. (i) Two very large parallel plates are maintained at uniform temperature of T1 = 1000 K
and T2 = 800 K and have emissivity of €1 = €2 = 0.2 respectively. It is desired to reduce
the rate of radiation heat transfer between the plates to one – fifth by placing thin
aluminum sheets with an emissivity of 0.15 on both sides between the plates. Determine
the number of sheets that need to be inserted. [NOV DEC 2015]
14. (i) The filament of a round bulb is maintained at a temperature of 2000K and it is
assumed to be a black body. The transmissivity of the bulb glass is 0.92 in the visible
range ( 0.35 < λ < 0.75µm) of the radiation. Calculate the amount of energy transmitted.
(ii) the surface of double walled spherical vessel used for storing liquid oxygen are
covered with the layer of silver having a emissivity of 0.03. the temperature of the outer
surface of the inner wall is -153°C and the temperature of the inner surface of the outer
wall is 27°C. The sphere are 21 cm and 30 cm in diameter, with the space between them
evacuated. Calculate the radiation heat transfer through the walls into the vessel and the
rate of evaporation of the liquid oxygen if its rate of evaporation is 220kJ/kg.
15. Calculate the net radiant heat exchange per m2 area for two large parallel plates of
temperature 427°C and 27°C respectively. Emissivity of hot plate is 0.9 and cold plate
is 0.6. if the polished aluminium shield is placed between them, fine the percentage
reduction in the heat transfer if Emissivity of shield is 0.04. [APR/MAY 2022]
16. The filament of a 75 W light bulb may be considered a black body radiating into a black
enclosure at 70oC. The filament diameter is 0.10 m and length is 5 cm. Considering the
radiation, determine the filament temperature. [NOV/ DEC 2018]
17. In the given figure the areas A1and A2 are perpendicular but do not share the common
edge. Find the shape factor F1-2 for the arrangement shown. [APR/MAY 2023]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 39

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

18. The temperature of the filament of an incandescent light bulb is 2500 K Assuming the
filament to be a blackbody, determine the fraction of the radiant energy emitted by the
filament that falls in the visible range Also determine the wavelength at which the
emission of radiation from the filament peaks. [April/May 2019]
19. A furnace in the form of a cube of 2 m side has gas in it at 1500 K. The analysis of gas
is 16% CO2, 10% H20 and the rest are non-radiating gases. Determine the emissivity
of the gas body. The total pressure is 1 atm. [April/May 2021]
20. Two parallel plates 2m x 1m are spaced 1m apart. The plates are at a temperature of
727°C and 227°C and their emissivites are 0.3 and 0.5 respectively. The plates are
located in a large room the walls of which are at 27 °C. Determine the rate of heat loss
from each plate and the heat gain by the walls. [APR/MAY 2017]
21. Determine the shape factor from the floor of a furnace of 1m × 2m × 1.5m size to the
side surfaces and to the roof. [April/May 2021]

22. The sun emits maximum radiation at λ = 0.52 μm. Assuming the sun to be a black
body, calculate the surface temperature of the sun. Also calculate the
monochromatic emissive power of the sun’s surface. [April/May 2022]
PART C- C311.4
1. Critically analyze the concept of black body with suitable examples
2. Explain about radiation shield. What are the uses of radiation shield and what are their
applications? [NOV/DEC 2021]
3. Explain about the laws of radiation with their physical significance and their limitations

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 40

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

UNIT V: MASS TRANSFER

PART A - C311.5
1. What is mass transfer? [APRIL/ MAY 2016]
The process of transfer of mass as a result of the species concentration difference in a
mixture is known as mass transfer.
2. Give the examples of mass transfer. [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
Some examples of mass transfer. 1. Humidification of air in cooling tower 2.
Evaporation of petrol in the carburetor of an IC engine. 3.Transfer of water in dry air.
3. What do you mean by equimolar counter diffusion? [NOV/DEC 2018]
The total pressure is constant all through the mixture. Hence the difference in partial
pressures will be equal.
4. What is Eddy diffusion? [NOV/DEC 2017]
When one of the diffusion fluids is in turbulent motion, eddy diffusion takes place.
5. Define Schmidt Number. [NOV/ DEC 2016]
It is defined as the ratio of the molecular diffusivity of momentum to the molecular
diffusivity of mass.
Sc = Molecular diffusivity of momentum/ Molecular diffusivity of mass
6. How mass transfer takes place through diffusion and convection? [NOV/DEC 2021]
The transport of mass by laminar flowing fluids is known as mass transfer by‘diffusion’.
The rate of molecular diffusion of mass can be accelerated by the bulk motion of the
fluid. Mass can be between the boundary of a surface and a moving fluid (drying of
clothes, molecular diffusion of a sugar cube in a cup of coffee by stirring, etc.)
7. List out the various modes of mass transfer? [NOV/DEC 2017] [APR/MAY 2023]
There are basically two modes of mass transfer,
(i) Diffusion mass transfer, (ii) Convective mass transfer
8. Define Sherwood Number. [MAY/JUNE 2012] [APR/MAY 2023]
It is defined as the ratio of concentration gradients at the boundary.
ℎ𝑚 𝑥
𝑆𝑐 =
𝐷𝑎𝑏
hm= Mass transfer coefficient (m/s), Dab = Diffusion coefficient (m2/s), x = Length(m)
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 41
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

9. Define mass transfer coefficient. [NOV/DEC 2017]

The mass transfer coefficient is a diffusion rate constant that relates the mass
transfer rate, mass transfer area, and concentration change as driving force. It is given
by the equation,
hmass = mconv / [A (ρA,s - ρA,∞]
hmass - mass transfer coefficient, A - surface area, ρ - mass concentration
10. What is convective mass transfer? [NOV/DEC 2017]
Convective mass transfer is a process of mass transfer that will occur between surface
and a fluid medium when they are at different concentration.
11. State Fick’s law of diffusion. [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
The diffusion rate is given by the Fick’s law, which states that molar flux of an element
per unit area is directly proportional to concentration gradient.
(ma/A) = -Dab (dCa/dx)
Where, ma/A – molar flux kg mole/ s-m2, dCa/dx – concentration gradient kg/m3
Dab – diffusion coefficient of species m2/s
12. What is free convective mass transfer? [APRIL/MAY 2017]
If the fluid motion is produced due to change in density resulting from concentration
gradients, the mode of mass transfer is said to be free or natural convective mass
transfer. Example: Evaporation of alcohol.
13. Define forced convective mass transfer. [APRIL/ MAY 2016]
If the fluid motion is artificially created by means of an external force like a blower or
fan, that type of mass transfer is known as convective mass transfer.
Example: The evaluation if water from an ocean when air blows over it.
14. What is the driving force for (a) heat transfer (b) mass transfer?[NOV / DEC 2015]
Temperature gradient is the driving force for heat transfer, concentration gradient is the
driving force for mass transfer.
15. What is molecular diffusion? [NOV/DEC 2017]
The transport of water on a microscopic level as a result of diffusion from a region of
higher concentration to a region of lower concentration in a mixture of liquids or gases
is known as molecular diffusion.
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 42
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

16. Define molar concentration. [APRIL/MAY 2021]

Molar concentration, also called molarity, amount concentration or substance
concentration, is a measure of the concentration of a solute in a solution, or of any
chemical species, in terms of amount of substance in a given volume.
The Mass concentration is defined as the mass of a constituent divided by the volume of
the mixture. Thus, the mass concentration of a component in a mixture can be called
the density of a component in a mixture.
17. Write down the analogues terms in heat and mass transfer. [NOV/DEC 2021]
Schmidt number is analogues to Prandtl number.
Sherwood number is analogues to Nusselt number.
18. Define Schmidt and Lewis number. What is the physical significance of each?
The dimensionless Schmidt number is defined as the ratio of momentum diffusivity to
mass diffusivity Sc = ν/DAB, and it represents the relative magnitudes of momentum and
mass diffusion at molecular level in the velocity and concentration boundary layers,
respectively. The Schmidt number corresponds to the Prandtl number in heat transfer.
The dimensionless Lewis number is defined as the ratio of thermal diffusivity to mass
diffusivity Le = α / DAB and it represents the relative magnitudes of heat and mass
diffusion at molecular level in the thermal and concentration boundary layers,
respectively. A Lewis number of unity indicates that heat and mass diffuse at the same
rate, and the thermal and concentration boundary layers coincide.
19. Enumerate important aspects of Fick’s law of diffusion [MAY/JUNE 2016]
This is usually a good assumption for diffusion in solids; diffusion of chemicals in a
dilute solution, water, or other typical liquid solvents; and diffusion of dilute (trace)
species in the gas phase, such as carbon dioxide in air.
20. What are the attributes of Fick’s law of diffusion? [APRIL/MAY 2017]
The flux goes from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration, with
a magnitude that is proportional to the concentration gradient.
21. What is mass diffusivity? [April/May 2019]
Mass diffusivity is a proportionality constant between the molar flux due to molecular
diffusion and the gradient in the concentration of the species.
Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 43
ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

22. Indicate the limitation of Fick’s law [APRIL/MAY 2010]

Fick's law simply declares that the flow is proportional to the gradient of the
concentration. The statement is so intutive that its validity is not usually questioned.
However , Fick's law was tested on systems with very smooth variation of concentration
field. Inside the cells the heterogeneity of molecule distribution can be very high (ex:
due to inhomogeneous cage effect) and Fick's law may require some amendments.
23. What do you understand by steady state molecular diffusion? [APRIL/MAY 2009]
The diffusion process having constant mass diffusion rate over certain time period is
called steady state molecular diffusion. During such process, the concentration of
diffusion component in both mediums remains almost constant.
24. Write general mass diffusion equation [NOV/DEC 2015]
(ma/A) = -Dab (dCa/dx)
Where, ma/A – molar flux kg mole/ s-m2, dCa/dx – concentration gradient kg/m3
Dab - diffusion coefficient of species m2/s
25. Give examples for natural and forced mass transfer [Nov/Dec 2020]
Natural mass transfer - evaporation of water from a pond to the atmosphere
Forced mass transfer - separation of chemical components in distillation columns
26. Give an example of transient mass transfer similar to heat transfer in semi-infinite
body. [April/May 2021]
A thick wall can be modeled as a semi-infinite medium, because the variation of
temperature in the region near one of the surfaces, and the other surface is too far to
have any impact on the region, during a short period of time. (e.g. The Earth)
PART B – C311.5
1. A vessel contains a binary mixture of oxygen and nitrogen with partial pressures in the
ratio 0.21 and 0.79 at 15 C. The total pressure of the following mixture is 1.1 bar.
Calculate the following. i) Molar concentrations ii) Mass densities iii) Mass fractions
iv) Molar fractions of each species. [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
2. Explain different modes of mass transfer and derive the general mass diffusion
equation in stationary media. [MAY/JUNE 2014]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 44

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

3. Hydrogen gas is maintained at pressure of 2.4 bar and 1 bar on opposite sides of a plastic
membrane 0.3 mm thick. The binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the plastic is
8.6×10-8 m2/s and solubility of hydrogen in the membrane is 0.00145 kg mole / m3. Bar.
Calculate under uniform temperature conditions of 24 °C the following (1) Molar
concentration of hydrogen at the opposite faces of the membrane, and (2) Molar and
mass diffusion flux of hydrogen through the membrane. [NOV/DEC 2014]
4. (i) Write a note on convective mass transfer coefficients for liquid and gas
(ii) give a brief description of heat, momentum and mass transfer analogies.
5. A 3-cm dia Stefan tube is used to measure the binary diffusion coefficient of water vapour
in air at 20°C at an elevation of 1600 m where the atmospheric pressure is 83.5 kPa. The
tube is partially filled with water, and the distance from the water surface to the open end
of the tube is 40 cm. Dry air is blown over the open end of the tube so that water vapour
rising to the top is removed immediately and the concentration of vapour at the top of the
tube is 0. In 15 days of continuous operation at constant pressure and temperature, the
amount of water vapour that has evaporated is measured to be 1.23 g. Determine the
diffusion coefficient of water vapour in air at 20ᵒC & 83.5 kPa . [NOV/ DEC 2015]
6. (i) A thin plastic membrane separates hydrogen from air. The molecular concentration
of hydrogen in the membrane at the inner and outer surfaces is determined to be 0.045
and 0.002 kmol/m3, respectively. The binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in plastic
at the operation temperature is 5.3 x 10-10 m2/sec. Determine the mass flow rate of
hydrogen by diffusion through the membrane under steady condition if the thickness of
the membrane is (1) 2mm and (2) 0.5 mm.
(ii) Dry air at 15ᵒC and 92 kPa flows over a 2m long wet surface with a free stream
velocity of 4m/sec. Determine the average mass transfer coefficient. [NOV/ DEC 2015]
7. Dry air at 27 °C and 1 atm flows over a wet flat plate 50cm long at a velocity of 50 m/s.
Calculate the mass transfer coefficient of water vapor in air at the end of the plate.
[APR/MAY 2023]
8. Estimate the diffusion rate of water from the bottom of a tube of 10 mm diameter and
15 cm long into dry air 25oC. Take the diffusion coefficient of water through air as 0.235
x 10-4m2/s. [APRIL/ MAY 2022] [APR/MAY 2023]

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 45

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

9. Air at 25°C and 20% RH flows through a pipe of 25 mm ID with a velocity of 5.2 m/s.
The inside surface is constantly wetted with water and a thin water film is maintained
throughout. Determine the water evaporated per m2 surface area. [April/May 2021]
10. Two large vessels contain uniform mixture of air and sulphur dioxide at 1 atm and 273K,
but at different concentrations. Vessel 1 contains 80% air and 20% sulphur dioxide by
volume percentage whereas vessel 2 contains 30% air and 70% sulphur dioxide by mole
percentage. The vessels are connected by 10 cm inner diameter 1.8 m long pipe.
Determine the rate of transfer of air between these two vessels by assuming that a steady
state transfer takes place. The mass diffusivity of air and sulphur dioxide mixture at 1
atm and 273K IS 0.122 X 10-4 m2/s [NOV/DEC 2020]
11. The water in a 5m x 15m outdoor swimming pool is maintained at a temperature of
27°C. The average temperature and relative humidity are 37°C and 40% respectively.
Assuming a wind speed 2m/s in the direction of the long side of the pool, estimate the
mass transfer coefficient for the evaporation of water from the pool surface and the rate
of evaporation in kg/day [NOV/DEC 2020]
12. Hydrogen gas is maintained at a pressure of 2.4 bar and 1 bar on opposite sides of a
plastic membrane 0.3mm thick. The binary diffusion coefficient of hydrogen in the
plastic is 8.6 x 10-8 m2/s and the solubility of hydrogen in the membrane is 0.00145 kg
mole/m3bar. Calculate under uniform temperature condition of 24°C the following
(i) Molar concentration of hydrogen at the opposite face of the membrane, (ii) Molar
and mass diffusion flux of hydrogen through the membrane.
13. Oxygen is diffusing through stagnant carbon monoxide at 0°C and 760 mm of Hg
pressure under steady state conditions. The partial pressure of oxygen at two planes 3.5
mm apart is 90mm of Hg and 20 mm of Hg respectively. Calculate the rate of diffusion
of oxygen in gm – mole/s through cm2 area. Assume diffusivity of oxygen in carbon
monoxide = 0.17 cm2/s and gas constant = 82.06 cm2 atm/gm mole K. [NOV /DEC 2017]
14. A vessel contains a binary mixture of O, and N, with partial pressures in the ratio 0.21
and 0.79 at 288 K. The total pressure of the mixture is 1.1 bar. Find, (i) molar
concentrations, (ii) mass densities, (iii) mass fractions and (iv) molar fractions of each
species.

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 46

ME 8693 - Heat and Mass Transfer Department of Mechanical Engineering 2023 -2024

15. Hydrogen gas is maintained at 5 bar and 1 bar on opposite sides of a plastic membrane,
which is 0.3 mm thick. The temperature is 25°C and the binary diffusion coefficient of
hydrogen in the plastic is 8.7x10 m /s. The solubility of hydrogen in the membrane is
1.5 x 10 kg mol/ m bar. What is the mass flux of hydrogen by diffusion through the
membrane? [NOV/ DEC 2018]
16. Explain in detail the various modes of mass transfer [NOV/ DEC 2018]
17. Air at 20°C (ρ = 1.205 kg/m3; υ = 15.06 x 10 m/s; D = 4.166 x 10 m/s) flows over a tray
length = 320 mm, width = 420 mm) full of water with a velocity of 2.8 m/s. The total
pressure of moving air is 1 atm and the Partial pressure of water present in the air is
0.0068 bar. If the temperature on the water surface is 15°C, calculate the evaporation
rate of water. [APRIL/ MAY 2022]
18. Air at 200C and at 1 atm pressure flows with a velocity of 2.5 m/s inside a 12 mm
diameter tube. The inside surface of tube contains a deposit of naphthalene. Determine
the average mass transfer coefficient for the transfer of naphthalene from pipe surfaces
into air. Take v=15.7 x 10-6 m2/s for air and Dab= 0.62 x 10-4 m2/s. (ii) An open pan 20
cm in diameter and 8 cm deep contains water at 250C and exposed to dry atmospheric
air. If the rate of diffusion of water vapour is 23.7 x 10-7 kg/s, estimate the diffusion co-
efficient of water in air. [NOV/DEC 2016]
PART C - 311.5
1. Explain about the dimensionless numbers associated with the mass transfer and their
significance
2. Explain about the limitations of Fick’s law of diffusion.
3. The water in a 5m x 15m outdoor swimming pool is maintained at a temperature of
270°C. The average temperature and relative humidity are 37 °C and 40 % respectively.
Assuming a wind speed 2 m/s in the direction of the long side of the pool, estimate the
mass transfer coefficient for the evaporation of water from the pool surface and the rate
of evaporation in kg/day

Sri Ramkrishna College of Engineering 47