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Adjustment of Angular Misclosure

Adjustment of angular misclosure

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JEAN DE DIEU MUVARA
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65 views11 pages

Adjustment of Angular Misclosure

Adjustment of angular misclosure

Uploaded by

JEAN DE DIEU MUVARA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ADJUSTMENT OF ANGULAR MISCLOSURE

The angular misclusure for an interior angle of the traverse is


the difference between the sum of the observed angles and the
geometrically correct total for the plolygon or the sum of the
interior angles of a closed polygon.

The sum (∑) of interior angle of a closed traverse should


be: ∑=(n-2)1800 or ∑=(2n-4)900

Where n is the number of sides, or angles, in the polygon. This


formula is easily derived from known facts. The sum of the
angles in a triangle is 180°; in a rectangle, 360°; and in a
pentagon, 540°.

Thus, each side added to the three required for a triangle


increases the sum of the angles by 180°, if the direction about a
traverse is clockwise when observing angles to the right, exterior
angles will be observed. In this case, the sum of the exterior
angles will be ∑= (n+2)1800

Example

01.For the traverse of Figure below, the observed interior angles


are given in Table. Compute the adjusted angles.
Solution

The computations are best arranged as shown in Table. The first


part of the adjustment consists of summing the interior angles
and determining the misclosure according to Equation above,
which in this instance, as shown beneath column 2, is +11”. The
remaining calculations are tabulated, and the rationale for the
procedures follows.

ADJUSTEMENT OF ANGLES

 For work of ordinary precision, it is reasonable to adopt


corrections that are even multiples of the smallest recorded digit
or decimal place for the angle readings.
 Thus in this example, corrections to the nearest 1” will be
made.

 The method above consists of subtracting 11”/5=2.2” from


each of the five angles.

 However, since the angles were read in multiples of 1”,


applying corrections to the nearest tenth of a second would give
a false impression of their precision.

 Therefore, it is desirable to establish a pattern of corrections to


the nearest 1”, as shown in Table .

 First multiples of the average correction of 2.2” is tabulated in


column (3).

 In column (4), each of these multiples has been rounded off to


the nearest 1”. As shown in Table above.  First multiples of the
average correction of 2.2”is tabulated in column (3).

 In column (4), each of these multiples has been rounded off to


the nearest 11”.

 The adjusted interior angles obtained by applying these


corrections are listed in column (6).

 As another check, they must total exactly the true geometric


value of (2n-4)1800 , or 540000’00”in this case.
2. The angles at the stations of a closed traverse ABCDEFA were
observed as given below:

Adjust the angular error in the observations,

SOLUTION

Adjustment of angular error The sum of the internal angles of a


polygon having n sides is (2n - 4). 90°, therefore for six sides
polygon.

Σ Internal angles = (2 × 6 – 4) × 90° = 720°

Σ Observed internal angles = 719°56′00′′

Total error = 719°56′00′′ – 720° = – 4′


Total correction = 4′ or 240′′

Hence the correction to each angle

The corrected included angles are given in the following table:


LEARNING OUTCOME 3. PERFORM INTERSECTION
COMPUTATIONS

Introduction to intersection Intersection is a process of locating


and coordinating a point from at least two existing control
stations by observing horizontal directions at the control points.

Application

 Coordinating new control points. Could be high or inaccessible


points

 Surveying detail in inaccessible positions

 Point location in industrial measurement system

Establish points location If two control points A and B are known,


a third point C as shown in Figure below can be located in a
number of ways.
a) Set out distance AC and BC

b) Set out distance AD and then perpendicular distance DC

c) Set off angle θ1 and θ2

d) Set off angle θ and distance AC

e) Set off angle θ and distance BC

3.1. 2 . Monumentation of point

Control surveys are performed to establish a monumented


reference system for a facility mapping project. These fixed
horizontal control points and vertical benchmarks are then used
as starting points for supplemental topographic site plan
mapping.
 Horizontal control survey methods

Horizontal positions of permanent monuments around a facility


or project site can be established by a number of survey
techniques. These include traditional traverse, triangulation, or
trilateration surveys from an established geodetic network on an
installation.

 Vertical control survey methods.

As with horizontal control densification, a number of survey


methods can be used to bring vertical control from an
established datum into a project site. These include
trigonometric leveling (e.g. a total station), differential (spirit)
leveling, and differential GPS techniques. Since most facility
mapping projects require fairly accurate elevations relative to a
local network, traditional differential leveling is still the most
effective and reliable method of transferring elevations.

3.1. COMPUTATION OF UNKNOWN COORDINATES BY


SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE METHOD

3.2.1 Compute distances angles Computations involving


coordinates are performed in a variety of surveying problems.
The length and direction (azimuth or bearing) of a line can be
calculated from the coordinates of its end pointsR
The three types of intersection problems noted above are
conveniently solved by forming a triangle between two stations
of known position from which the observations are made, and
then solving for the parts of this triangle. Two important
functions used in solving oblique triangles are (1) the law of
sines, and (2) the law of cosines. The law of sines relates the
lengths of the sides of a triangle to the sines of the opposite
angles. For Figure above, this law is

Equation 1

Where AB, BC, and AC are the lengths of the three sides of the
triangle ABC, and A, B, and C are the angles. The law of cosines
relates two sides and the included angle of a triangle to the
length of the side opposite the angle. In Figure above the
following three equations can be written that express the law of
cosines:

Equation 2

 Coordinate form of equation s for a line and circle Straight line


AB is referenced in a plane rectangular coordinate system.
Coordinates of end points A and B are and . Length AB and
azimuth of this line in terms of these coordinates are

(Equation 3)

(Equation3

Where ∆X is XB-XA, ∆Y is YB-YA, C is 00 if both ∆X and ∆Yare


greater than zero, ; C is 180° if ∆Y is less than zero, and C is
360° if ∆X is less than zero, and is ∆Y greater than zero

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