Redox Reactions

Redden oxidation
NHycloy At At g t HU t Nz H2O

Respiration

NWA
Combustion

The glass contains small particles of

and cull When the
Agu light is

strong Agt ions oxidise cut to aft

ie

Photochromalic Glasses Ag t cut Ag aft

Reflectslight from
the glam
and in low light cu t
Ag Agt cut

Rd reactions
are involved in
firecrackers
Batteries
involve corrosion
redox
reactions

sodium

te
Ageing involves oxidation
reactions

Loss of e
Oxidation Gain ofoxygen more E atom
Removal of H electroeve atom
Redd
Gain of e
Reduction Loss 0 more E N atom
of
Gain of H electroeve atom
 CLASSICAL IDEA OF REDOX REACTIONS

Addition is oxidation
of oxygen
2mg Is 021g 219g01s
oxidation
s t Oz g co lg
S s
Oz g 5021g

Ily lg 202 g co lg t 2420 l

21425 g t 02 g 25 s 21120 l
In this case
Has is getting oxidised

oxidation is gain of
tag Is Us g Mga s mn
E N atom

2 Fe cN
a t 1120 19
2IFe C as t 2 KOH la

d IPolassiumaoms
is lost
Potassium is an
gettingoxidised
ffitive deny

66 oxidation is the addition EN atom

defined as
of oxygen
to substance removal
a or
of It electropositive atom from
a substance
 Reduction is defined as removal of oxygen EN atom from
a substance or addition of HIE.P atom to a substance

2Hg0 s AT 2 Hg Il t 02 g

t H Ig 2 Fed 2 HU
2kHz ar ar t al

cheat Ig HzIg Utz Utz g

s
2kg4 Cag Shaz ag tlgz.az t Snay as
Reduction
of
reduce 2 2 HgUz
I or 1 I
EN added
EP Hg is
EP

D In the reactions given below identify the species undergoing

oxidation and reduction

Has 1g t Cl Ig 2 HU 1g t S s

3FegOy s t 8 Al s 9 Fe s t 4 03 Is

2Nals t Hz g 2 Natl s
 E N of sodium 0.93 Sodium gains more EN atom
H hence sodium is
E N
of Hydrogen 2 of
getting oxidised

Hydrogen gains E P atom of sodium hence Hydrogen

is
getting reduced

Redox Reactions in terms of electron transfer Reactions

2M Is Cl Ig 2Nd s

t t
reEofiddisingagent
cr u
ngfµ
2 Na s 1102 g Na 0 Is
2

2iatts oxidation loss of e

too Reduction Gain of e

yet 2Na 0 Naso

oxidised treduced

It is it gets reduced
ight e acceptor or

Reducing agent a is e donor or it gets oxidised

 Competitive Electron transfer Reactions

then
Hd

Tayo
we placed a strip 2h metal in ArcNOD lag
of
Blue colour is due to
Criss as ions
N
8Eo oa
2n s Cu as Zen as i T occur

o.it

X cu wife
EmxLHIIIzi
t de
zit se miss
soiiassa
cus

it AgcNODcae

25 R
Iag Csi m I
gag
t
oxidation
et 2Agt as cues Cu ag 2Agls
2n cu Ag
e
Retendency fun gu
I
 g
of 4 1
Oxidation Number
0 St S go.nl U l
Na U H U is a covalent molecule
charges are absolute traore
Les EN charges are partial
E N
whenever E N difference is
St S present b w bonding atom
A a B EN of A I

More E N of D 1
less E N
bond argues
att atom
B 1 lens E N
A
III of Ba
1
to
to more EN atom
More E M
z 4 2
I OHH 11 ON of DH Z O C O
H
ofl t I Th
o N EN L 2.5
of te
lur EN 4 I 0 4 I i i 2.2
City 462 4 Cay t 4 HU
Its an or
apparent charge developed over atom
of an
imaginary
element when it goes from its element.at free state to combined
state in molecules

In this method it is always assumed that there is a complete

less E atom to E No atom
of electrons from
transfer a N a more

Rules for calculation of Oxidation Number

1 Forelements in the free state uncombined O N O

O o o 0 o O o o o co o
Ha Uz Oz Pu S8 Na Mg Fe Al Mn

2 For single atom ions O N

charge on ion
4 oM I Mg ON 2 Nat 1 I
 g
Al 13 13 re 2 02 2 S2 2
1 l r

of F F
3 O N l Z
always
2 0 2 oxides
l
O F
fl l Peroxides
1 1
42 superoxide
Off
H 11 mostly
l Hydrides
alkali metals 1 always
alkaline earthmetals 12 always
At 13 always 5 Alas AlBrs MHz Allott
H2O ete
4 The algebraic sum
of the o N of all the atoms in a species is equal

to charge on that species

H2O
Neutral
NHz
NO
20g
Hasty
Mysoy
nidsouts
kzSOy Soy
Cason 1WSOY Rio N 13C 2 I M

Silly
HI stock Notation When O s of a metal in a compound is expressed in

Roman numeral in parenthesis after the symbolof the metal in molecular

formula

Aurous chloride A Ucl Au 1 U

9
2
Auric chloride Audz Au III Ug
Sn Stannog chloride Snuz Sn I Uz
4
Sn stannic chloride Sncly Sn E Cly

Using stock notation represent the following compounds

I 13 l Z 2 13 2
z I I 2 2 2 2 14 2
HAUUy 7120 Feo FezOg CUI Ciro Mno d Mn0z
I 1N 14C 17 0 In 131 21 0
N 13 n 13

HAU II Uy TI CI 0 Re I10 Fez II 0 UCI I CulIIO

3 e
Mn Ilo Mn E Oz rest
2
O O 14
Fe Fe t Ie
j C t O coz

Oxidation o N T during oxidation

Reduction o N t during reduction
are those compounds which can oxidise others
Oxidising Agent
reduce itself duringtothe chemical Rx Thesespecies show 1 in ON
7 5 6
9 KMnOy KsCr O HNOg Conc HzSOy

Reducing Agent are those compounds which can reduce others

oxidise itself during the chemical run There show 9 in o N

I 1 I 12
 I 12
ey KI NazSzorg NaBHy LintHy

How to identify whether a substance is an

oxidising or a reducing

agent n Group no
for p blockelements o N varies
from n lo fo n 18

9 15h group N family o N varies

from 1510
3 2T c5
NHz NO 14203 N Oz
N2O oixTF
gn o.N.T t
And m

t t t
OoS Max O S _min Osu is
Now it can only Now it can
only intermediate
brain e close e btw mind mas
ie ie
It It can show oxidation it can
can undergo Redzdiononly
behave as
ie only ie
Oxidisingagent Hong ox agent as
reducing agent sing well as Red agent

Types of Redox Reactions

Combination Reactions A B C
O
0 7o D
14 2
Cls 1 021g Oz g combustion
Lg
Red
0 g 12 3
3k9gIs 1 Nzlg Mg Nz Is
Red agent ox

4 1I 0
Red agent
4 2 1I 2
Hy g t 2021g Is coz1g t 24,01L
Red
O
 age
OX

Decomposition Reactions AB A B

I 2 electrolysis o o
2h20 l 2421g t 021g

1I I O o
2NaH s Is 2Nd Is t Hzlg

1 5 z
taunts I I o
D
2K60g Is 2kW s t 302cg I 1Mt L 6 D
n
Ox

Displacement Reactions A
X YZ XZ Y

Metal Displacement which

Useful in metical pecesses in

pure metals are obtained from their compounds in s

2
t
o TH 2
t
O
A
Cu Reduction
Cusoy Zn 2ns Oy
Zn oxidation
R.A
15 2 o O

2
5cg
R.A
4205 IV t 560
Ca
Reduction
Oxidation
4 I O O 12 1
Tilly t Ti t Ti Reduction
2mg 2kg6
RA Mg oxidation
13 2 O 13 2 0
Cryo t I Al Also t 2 Cr
R.A
e loss tendency 2n cu Ag
i Non metal Displacement Include hydrogen displacement d a raddy

occurring oxygen displacement electropositive

Highly
All alkali metals and
IS alkaline earth metals
some are
very good
reductants will displace It from cold water
R.A
IN a G t 242011 2NaOH ag 1 421g
cold water

Cals 1 2h20 l CalOH z lag 1 HzIg

less active EP metals g Be Mg re react with steam

to produce Hz g
t 2h20 g Mg OH z Is Hslg
Ng s steam
Pels t 3h20 g Fezozls 1 31121g
steam
active
also capable H
Many metals of displacing
are from azids

ZnIss t 2116 as 2h42 al t H Ig

MgIs SHU ai Mg42191 t Hz lg
re k t 244 ai reuse 191 t H
Ig
Hula used for
labpgionqH.IE
go
BE

X Metals activity order Ben hi hey

 f2
Halogens EN Interested in gaining e
Hz
Brz
Iz
Oxidising Power of Halogens 4 down the group
t
Fa U2 Bros Iz f

2h20 l t 2F g 4 HF as t 021g
Fluorine displaces oxygen

Us g t 2K Br 2 KU t Br A stronger 0 A
2 KU t Iz displaces the
92 IKI
Br t 2kt 2K Br I weaker O A
from its
ionic form
Layer Test

l
Fluorine is the strongest o0gAu ie we can't convert
o
F sF chemical Rah
by d
need electrolytic m
for this we

4 Disproportionation Reaction A redox rain in which same element

present in a particular compound is oxidized as well as reduced

simultaneously

This element is present in o's in the reaction

eg 24202 Cag 24,0 Il t Oz g

Py Is t 3OH lag 13420 l PH g t 3HzP0I

Sg s t 1201TCag 452 19 t 252032 as t 6h20

X OH die X XO X Ce Br I

X t OH conc x t
X0j X U Br 1

Identify disproportionation reactions

NH OH Nz t NHz
21 603 2kV t 3oz
4 KUO 312404 t KU

HzD0 PHz t HzP03

Which of the following species don't show disproportionation reaction

and why
45 605 605 605
 Reverse disproportionation is called Comproportination
of
I 5 o
9 I t 105 t Ht I t H2O

Paradox of fractional oxidation Number

2 12 O 2 2
Cz0z O c c C O avg
OS
of c 4 3
carbonsuboxide
T T
3k 121 27 0
n 4
3
Z
Z O
O O
l 2 t
NazsyOf Z 11
oS
H o s s s s o H avg offIce
1125406
o
4
2 z
I 14N 161 27 0
n 2.5

is it r0 2
Brzog h Il go
Br oS
of Br
16 3N
0 Br Bv 2
avg
181 27 0 K H X
20 O O 2
a
n
kg
2 13
Fezoy 3 Feo Fed
32 41 21 0
2 8 3
a

r
 IV z 2
425208 1 2 PS i I PS 1
H O O OO o H
H H Z
2 221 1 167 0 o O
Z z

Why do the following reactions proceed differently

Pbzoy 1 8 HU 3PbU t U t 4 H2O

and

Pbzoy t
411103 2Pb Nog Pbo t 2h20
2 14 pbt is less stable
Pbzoy is 2Pb0 Pboz
actually than Pbt2
Basic 0A
oxide good pb4t pbdt W
Ran with HCl can be split into 2 parts

Acid Bare Ren I Pbo UH I 2PbU t 2h20

4 I
IX O
Redox Ran Pbo 1 4 HU PbU t U t 2h20
Max o's of
Red s
is H NO
HNOz itself an
EA
hence Pbo d Huo don't react at all
2 5 2 15
Acid Bae Rl I Pbo IPb NOD t 21120
44m03
 BEng of RedoxReactions
i Oxidin Member Method

i method
2
Halton or

Write the net ionic equation for the reaction of with Nagso

in anIed soldiers to give ELI in and ion

Write the skeletal ionic equation

2 2 Ht
cryo Cag song ag Crt apt so Cag

Assign o N to elements undergoing either or red

16 y 13 6
2
Cryo ca t so Cag s Cr ai t Sof lay
OoA RA

Calculate the T
as
d as
t of O N d balance them
as

4 6
T cryo 3
Cag 35032 as 26 lag 350yd 19

Balance charge on both sides since its acidic medium

add test ions on the ref side

8Htt Cyo car t 3 so Cag 24 lag t 350yd tae

Balance H atoms H2O molecules

by adding
81Tcan t CraOf Lae t 350 can 2443can 350yd t
41101
Q Basic
Mnoy can Bilal Mno Iss t Broj as

f Ion Electron or
Half Readion Method

EE can t CraOf Ias

tf can Cr can acidic Media

Separate the equation into half reactions

ox.ba I Fe cap restcar
Red CrOf as Cr13 ag

Balance the atoms other than and H

Feat can re Cq
r 0yd Cag 2cg
as
ag
a

Balance oxygen
by adding water H by adding Ht amuedign
Ten

14h t cry0yd car Lcr as 7h20

Add E to balance the charge on both sides Balance the

run
e in both half
fest
ox Fe
je 3 6
Red 14thca t Crgof cant be Ics can 7h20

Add both half rich

 6 t 141ft t Crzof 2C 6 re
7110

Mn0519 t 1 can Mno Iss t Is bafeig.am

ox II Iz
Red MnOj MnOz

Balance 0 atoms
by adding H2O molecules
Mn
2 Ig Oj Mno 1 21120

To balance H atoms we add 4 Ht on the left side

25 Is
4th t Manoj Mno t 2h20
To balance Ht we add equal OH on both sides

4OH f 4H Mnoy Mno t 2h20 t 4OH

21420 t Manoj MnOz 4 OH

e or

25 12 21
3 3

Left 2110 t Minori Mno t 4 OH 3 2

GI t 2mn05 4h20 3I t 2mn02 8 OH

y
 16 12 4
1I 2 OH
Balance 50yd cu't so
Of Chas
4
2
Cuss soy 2cm t so so

Se lost
2
Cuss 450yd 26 5 SO t 2 OH
8 6

Cuss 1450ftH2O I Cu t 550,2 2011

12 2
i 2 3
H c N A B
1
howF N HighE M
3
2
l 5 Each coordinatebond contributes
H
z
O NEO
O
Z
12 to less F N atom when bond is
2 to more EN atom directed from
1I 3 2
low EN HighEN
H NIC
If coordinatebond u's EN atom to
fN atom
from high
then its contribution is nil
low
2 2
CEO
 Calculate Os underlined atom in the following compounds
of
D 141103
2 M 05
3 KI
U Kthnoy
5 K2MIOy
6 KgIEUAN y
7 NeiCco
8 1106
9 HEN
10 HNE
11
NIH
12 111141103

13 Krg Ee CN
o H
14 ECMO Hao soy H o Eg
l
15 NzHy U
2
16 CaOUz 2 Ca 2 l
O
ti O I
l z 11 i i
177 H o s o o H
142 05
fz c6
z
18 H2S g 0
2
O

19
2 11 6
H O s Ol oI SIl toy
NazsyOf Il
oz
oz
207 King 2
o
O H O l
21 CrOs Cr
I 1 610 I
 o l 5
Balance I I t 105 alkaline medium
0 01
I I 21 t

210 275

1201T 612 101 t 2105 6110 I

added 12

Of Balance Py Hypo PH alkaline medium

By By 4HzP0z t 4PHz

Ue lostx3
4Py 12HzPOz t 4 PH

6420 Py 3HzP0z 1 PH I
E 2 Balancei
6 Ht 3
I
D GH OH 1 Cr 0yd 24 t SHUO

811 3 CatsOH 1 Cryo Lcr 3 Hyo t 7420

2 3 4 0
2 Sn OH j Biton OH Sncote 1 Bi
3

OH t 3Snl0H
j t 3
2 Bi OH 3sn 0tDf t2Bi
I
3 6

0 15 15 4
31 I t NOT 2105 NO Alkaline
1 10
e
gain

4110 1 Is 1101405 2105 t 101402 t 8011 I

o l 1I
4 U 1 KOH KU t KOU t H2O

o
U t U I 24
1
Ice 26 t 26 1

t as a at

U2 t KOH KU t KOU t H2O

H
4202 t 12 1
5J 14103 H2O
6 H2O t KMnOy Mno t KOH t
02 t H2O

7 Mostly t AgNOz 1 KOH Nz t Ag 1 KNO H2O

i

8 Has 1 HMO NO 1 S t H2O

g MnOy t 0yd coz Mn
ft Redox Reactions as the basis Titrations
for

Titrant solution whose conc is known and is taken in Barrette

Titrate Analyte Solution whose conc is unknown is taken in Beaker

Equivalence Point Eq of titrant Eg oftitrate

End Point When colour change is observed

Itoh ii

Beaker
canyon

Titration
of Calef
a withkMn

egg ou

I
0yd
Eg ofKMnoy Eq of
I

1
 I
20mL NazcaOy
Rin b w 042 and Mn0y is
Oy
Titration flask 55042 Capt 2mn04 Cag 18Mtcar

KMnoy
I
10 Coz g t 2 Mn ay t 4h20 l
Burette a

rest
b Titration re with KIYO
2 of
Fe NHa 2150412 Mohr's Salt is a suitable source of Fe ions
20mL Mohr salt Soln few drops
of g me
to me You Diphenylamine phosphoric acid

1 I
It combines
Colourless forms a with reIions
Unless it is violet Blue to give comple
oxidised when eions
dye
oxidised

3
Gre Cryo t 14Ht Gre t 26 t 71420

Eg of re Eg of Crip
NV Notz
 Redox reactions and Electrode processes

g EI E
y
da
Fn Ff
T
Happy
salt

I Zntoucap
da

Iso Coq

Zn as higher Ox Potential 6 hashigherRed potential

2ndhas lower Red Potential

y N
Red
a
Zn f Zn and Cee Cee are examples
of red ox couple

The potential associated with each electrode is called electrode

potential Under STP and I molar conc its called SEP
 The Standard Electrode Potentials at 298 K d barPressure
Ions are present as aqueous species and H2O as liquid; gases and
1
solids are shown by g and s respectively. conc 1 Molar
– 0
Reaction (Oxidised form + ne → Reduced form) E /V

F2(g) + 2e– → 2F – Fr
2.87
Co3+ + e– → Co2+ 1.81
agent H2O2 + 2H + 2e → 2H2O 1.78
+ –

OX MnO + 8H + 5e – + –
→ Mn2+ + 4H2O 1.51
4

Au 3+
+ 3e –
→ Au(s) 1.40
Cl2(g) + 2e– → 2Cl– 1.36
Cr2O 7
2–
+ 14H + 6e + –
→ 2Cr3+ + 7H2O 1.33
O2(g) + 4H+ + 4e– → 2H2O 1.23
MnO2(s) + 4H + 2e + –
→ Mn2+ + 2H2O 1.23
Br2 + 2e –
→ 2Br– 1.09

Increasing strength of reducing agent

Increasing strength of oxidising agent

NO3– + 4H+ + 3e– → NO(g) + 2H2O 0.97

2Hg2+ + 2e– → Hg22+ 0.92
Ag+ + e– → Ag(s) 0.80
Fe3+ + e– → Fe2+ 0.77
O2(g) + 2H + 2e + –
→ H2O2 0.68
I2(s) + 2e– → 2I– 0.54
Cu + e + –
→ Cu(s) 0.52
Cu2+ + 2e– → Cu(s) 0.34
AgCl(s) + e –
→ Ag(s) + Cl – 0.22
AgBr(s) + e –
→ Ag(s) + Br – 0.10
2H+ + 2e– → H2(g) 0.00
Pb2+ + 2e– → Pb(s) –0.13
Sn2+ + 2e– → Sn(s) –0.14
Ni2+ + 2e– → Ni(s) –0.25
Fe 2+
+ 2e –
→ Fe(s) –0.44
Cr3+ + 3e– → Cr(s) –0.74
Zn2+ + 2e– → Zn(s) –0.76
–
2H2O + 2e– → H2(g) + 2OH –0.83
Al3+ + 3e– → Al(s) –1.66
Mg2+ + 2e– → Mg(s) –2.36
Na+ + e– → Na(s) –2.71
Ca2+ + 2e– → Ca(s) –2.87
K +e + –
→ K(s) –2.93
Li+ + e– → Li(s) –3.05
0 +
1. A negative E means that the redox couple is a stronger reducing agent than the H /H2 couple.
0 +
2. A positive E means that the redox couple is a weaker reducing agent than the H /H2 couple.