GRADUATE SCHOOL

MASTER OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROGRAM

MPA 605 – PRINCIPLES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
COMPREHENSIVE EXAMINATION
CLASS OF DR ESMAEL C CODILLA

NAME: Lawrence Albert A. Lerio ID NUMBER: 1344124

BATCH NAME: Marlborough Falcons
DATE OF EXAMINATION: August 26, 2023

1. DISCUSS COMPREHENSIVELY HOW YOUR AGENCY PREPARES YOUR ANNUAL BUDGET.

MENTION AS WELL THE TIMEFRAME TO COMPLETE THE BUDGET PROCESS.

I am working in DEPED. Based on what I learned, DEPED’s Budget Cycle has 4 major steps. First The
preparation, second the legislation, third the execution and the last is the budget accountability.

So, the preparation of annual budget falls in the first major step, which is the preparation. And
Preparation stage has seven steps.
1ST. Budget Call
The Department of Budget and Management (DBM) issues a Budget Call to start the budget preparation
for the next Fiscal Year (FY). The Budget Call sets the parameters and procedures to guide
agencies in preparing their respective proposed budgets.
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2 . Citizen Engagement
In preparation of the Agency Budget Proposals, the departments and agencies engage with civil society
organizations and other citizenstakeholders through Budget Partnership Agreements. To ensure
that agencies’ budget proposals are aligned and inclusive of the regions’ development needs and
priorities, the agencies consult with Regional Development Councils (RDCs).
3RD. Program Convergence and Budgeting
Agencies with the Government’s priority programs meet to coordinate and synergize their proposed
budget outcome.
4TH. Agency Proposal
After further consultation with civil society organizations, RDCs, and other agencies, each agency
prepares its proposals for new programs and projects or expansion of existing ones. They submit their
proposed budget through the Budget Documents System’s Online Submission.
5TH. Presentation to the President and the Cabinet
The DBM, with the Department of Finance (DoF) and the National Economic Development Authority
(NEDA), presents the proposed budget to the President and the cabinet for discussion and approval.
6TH. Consolidation, Validation, and Confirmation
The DBM will validate the budget approved by the President, will include it in the Budget of
Expenditures and Sources of Financing (BESF) which is prepared by the DBM, and then submits it to
Congress. The budget documents consist of: (1) the President’s Budget Message, in which the policy
framework and budget priorities are explained; (2) the BESF, which contains the macroeconomic
assumptions, public sector context, breakdown of the expenditures and funding sources for the fiscal
year and the two previous years; and (3) the National Expenditure Program (NEP).
7TH. The President’s Budget
 As mandated in the 1987 constitution, the President must submit the proposed budget to Congress within
30 days from the opening of the regular session of the congress. The President’s working budget is also
submitted after the State of the Nation Address.

These are the 7 steps in preparation for the national budget for the Department of Education. But in our
school, where I am working, when the NEP amount is shown and will be given to us, we only
have 1 month to prepare the budget for next’s year and will wait for the approval of it. And the Final
submission will be after 60 days, so the total preparation for the budget for next’s year is 90
days. It will start every August and last submission will be on November.

2. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES OF MULTI-NATONAL COMPANIES ARE FACING TODAY IN

VIEW OF CULTURAL DIFFERENCES, POLITICAL INTERVENTIONS, COMPETITION IN
GLOBAL MARKET AMONG OTHERS. EXPLAIN EACH.

The Multi-national companies challenges in cultural differences is the widening of inequalties and the
fear or erosion of local cultures. One example is the YOUTUBE company. In china, youtube is banned,
in my view, chinese are afraid of wesetern culuture that is extravagant in youtube may colonized their
way of life.
For Political Interventions, a good example for now is the country of RUSSIA, they are facing this
global political challenge, because of western allies making of policy in banning the import and export
or products to them. They are facing financial struggle because of the less trade they are making because
of political interventions made by the US led western alliances.
And for competition in global market among others. It is good for all the consumers in the world
because we have this technology right now, called the INTERNET, where we can see the best quality
and the most cheapest products available. Consumers are able to choose whats best for them. The
challenge for the entreprenuers in this global market is to have a continous improvement of their product
in order to sustain and be competetive all the time and always.

3. WHAT ROLE DOES POLITICS PLAY IN THE ORGANIZATION?

Politics can either shut down or rise an organization. Employees with political skills are better at gaining
more power and managing stress, are more productive, and have a greater impact on organizational
goals. Plus, as a company grows, organizational politics may be the reason it survives. Because of this I
can say that politics role is to make an advantage, to become better or be successful.

4. DESCRIBE HOW BUREAUCRACY WORKS IN YOUR ORGANIZATION. DISCUSS ITS

BENEFITS.

I am working in Department of Education. The Department of Education is a system of organization

noted for its size and complexity. There are administrators, teachers, librarians, nurses, and security
guards. staff. It is indeed the largest agency in our country, the Philippines.
In my observation, for my seven months of working, I can say that DEPED is administratively
organized, especially when Vice-President Sarah Duterte seated as the Department Secretary.
 The organizational structure is so amazing, because it maintained the quality and check and balance. In
the division of Surigao city, teaching and non teaching personnel have different roles, but both have the
same mission and vision. These two have different policies to be implemented to maintain the quality of
education to be rendered and to maintain the check and balance for the spending.

5. WHAT IS YOUR UNDERSTANDING WITH THIS ADAGE, IF YOU FAIL TO PLAN, YOU PLAN
TO FAIL

Yes, I believe in this adage “If you fail to Plan, you plan to fail”. This is a common quote shared by
Benjamin Franklin. Because of this quote, people are inspired to anticipate things and be more positive
in the future. Because the future will not be good if we have negative thinking. Failing to make plans in
the future is equal to planning to fail. That is why we must always prepare. Because luck is when
preparedness meets opportunity. Consequently, Success only comes to those with determination, who set
concrete goals in life

6. DESCRIBE THE CONCEPT OF PPBS (PLANNING-PROGRAMMING-BUDGETING SYSTEM).

EXPLAIN ITS FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS.

PPBS is a method for making basic decision affecting the objectives and government financial support.
It is designed primarily to improve the evaluation of state programs. It is likely to become one of the
most significant innovations in planning and budgeting for all levels of government.

The basic concept of PPBS is Accountability, it helps every department to clearly established their
purpose and objectives. What PBS continuallystresses is the assumption that production of goods and ·
services is the central purpose of departmental operationsrather than merely a by-product of other
purposes. ·

Another is objectivity, given the basic concept, it becomes clear that the central term of the PPBS
structure is "Objectives." Each department must generate explicit objectives to make possible a genuine
department-wide understanding and, therefore, a common departmental approach toward their
achievement.

We have also the concept of “Alternative ways to do a given job”. The concept of "alternative ways to do a given
job" is input related. The "given job" means that the output to be produced has already been decided upon. This
helps in decision making about improving the timing of production, the quantity or quality to be produced and the
cost.

And then lastly we have the concept of systems analysis, where the cost and benefit is present.

7. DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PUBLIC AND PRIVATE ORGANIZIATION.

Private organizations generate profits by selling products and services to the public. Revenue and
income generation is their primary motive and reason for existence. Public organizations, by contrast,
generally acquire or generate revenue as a secondary motive only.
But both Public and Private organization may have the same goal that is to serve the public first before
anything else, but there are some private organization especially businesses, their goal is to have an
income or profit, before serving the people, this is just practical, in order for them to sustain. The main
focus of Public Organization is to serve the Public because this organization is made by the government.
 When it comes to administering these two organizations, here are there differences;
Public organization is broader than Private Organization.
Public Organization is relatively routine in decision making procedure while in private, it is unlimited.
And the officials in Public organization are based on public trust carrying legal accountability while
private organization is not neccessarily based on public trust and has limited legal accountability.

8. EXPLAIN THE FACTORS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS.

In advance society, the decrease in educational motives has these factors of environmental constraints
like the presence of literacy level, the availability of specialized vocational training, higher education,
characteristics of the society and management development program.
The main components of the external environment are economic, demographic, political/legal,
sociocultural, technological, and global. These components can constrain and challenge managers
because they have an impact on jobs, environmental uncertainty, and stakeholder relationships.

But the most common factor of environmental constraint is Politics. Some may say it’s a problem. But it
should not be, because politics would be an asset to public administration, if the organization handles
this properly. If not, it will, of course, blocked the effectiveness of his administration.

9. AT WHAT INSTANCES THAT LINE AND STAFF MAY HAVE A CONFLICT WHILE IN
PURSUIT OF THE COMPANY’S GOALS. SITE EXAMPLES FROM YOUR OWN OFFICE.

Jealousy and pride, these emotions lead to conflict even the both parties are good in work and
consequently it destroys the progress of the organization. Jealousy because the other party in lower rank
wanted to lead the success of the organization, and pride because the other party on top of the
management does not forgive the sins of its members.

In my organization in DEPED Division of Surigao City, Mat-I National High School there was a
commotion between a Teacher and the Principal happened last February 28, 2023, the teacher acted wild
like it destroyed some things like flower plants in pot and table cloth for the reason that he was angry
because his table was used in the National Achievement Test program with the instruction of the
principal without asking his permission, he then posted on his facebook account about the ill feelings he
felt and grave words to the Principal for that matter.

The grievance committee in the school tried to settle things w/ the presence of the barangay officials in
the following day because the Principal felt threat, but it became worse. The teacher raised his voice in
the hearing and still fight for the feeling of injustice. Secondly, the attention of the grievance committee
in the division was called because it became worse. The division grievance committee was composed of
an Attorney which is the legal officer and the Administrative Officer V who is in-charge of the entire
personnel. The hearing was conducted in the principal’s office with presence of all witnesses of the
matter. It took a total of 3 hours discussion, and it went calmly, the legal officer presented the possible
consequences that the teacher may face if the principal filed a case. The legal team also, reminded both
parties about their duties and responsibilities. The teacher asked forgiveness in front of everybody. And
now they work together peacefully.

For me, the principal must not be a boss, but should be a leader. Instead of escalating it to the barangay,
she could have talk to the teacher, explain things and ask for forgiveness if necessary.
10. WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES THAT MAY ARISE IN CENTRALIZATION &
DECENTRALIZATION. WHAT IS THE PRESENT SITUATION IN YOUR OWN
ORGANIZATION?

Centralized systems lack transparency as the central authority has complete control over the system, which
can lead to issues like censorship and bias. Centralized systems are more vulnerable to security risks as the
central authority has complete access to all the data.
While decentralized organizational structure also may have poor, inconsistent, and uncoordinated decisions.
Subordinates may not have adequate competence as good decision-makers. They may be experts in
functional areas but not in making decisions.
In my own organization, we are decentralized, we have people who audits or checks the work of other
people. Its like a cycle in DEPED, A checks B and B checks C and C checks A. For example in attendance,
as an Administrative Officer II, I work on checking the attendances of the personnel, even the school head
or the Principal. But they will also rate or evaluate my work.
In fact, the Vice-President of the Philippines who is the secretary of education, added this plantilla,
Administrative Officer II, in order to check the attendance of teachers and administrator, at the same time,
helps them in making reports. Though, this will cost our government more in budget, but I am sure that this
is efficient and will make our education have quality. Instead of raising the salary of teachers, it was good
that the government chose to hire admin officers, to help them do the many tasks in school.

DR ESMAEL C CODILLA
Professor