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Btech Reviewer

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Uploaded by

Lyka Zeta
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ALTERNATIVE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION SYSTEMS FLAT PLATE SYSTEM

FLAT PLATE
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE - is transported in an unhardened state, primarily
as ready-mix, and placed in forms. Ready mixed concrete is proportioned and -is a one- or two-way system usually supported directly on columns or
mixed off the project site. loadbearing walls. It is one of the most common forms of construction of
floors in buildings.
PRE-CAST CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
-The principal feature of the flat plate floor is a uniform or near-uniform
Precast concrete slabs, beams and structural tees are one-way spanning units thickness with a flat soffit which requires only simple formwork and is easy to
that may be supported by site cast concrete, precast concrete, or masonry construct.
bearing walls, or by steel, site-cast concrete, or precast concrete frames. The
precast units are manufactured with normal-density or structural lightweight -The floor allows great flexibility for locating horizontal services above a
concrete and prestressed for greater structural efficiency, which results in less suspended ceiling or in a bulkhead. The economical span of a flat plate for
depth, reduced weight, and longer spans. low to medium loads is usually limited by the need to control long-term
deflection and may need to be sensibly precambered (not overdone) or pre-
The units are cast and steam-cured in a plant off-site, transported to the stressed.
construction site, and set in place as rigid components with cranes. The size
and proportion of the units may be limited by the means of transportation.
Fabrication in a factory environment enables the unit to have a consistent
quality of strength, durability, and finish, and eliminates the need for on-site
formwork. The modular nature of the standard-sized units may not be
suitable for irregular building shapes.

Precast concrete - is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a


reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment,
transported to the construction site and lifted into place. In contrast,

standard concrete is poured into sitespecific forms and cured on site.

FLOOR SYSTEM & ROOF SLAB SYSTEM

FLAT SLAB - A flat slab is a reinforced concrete slab supported directly by


concrete columns without the use of beams.

- The principal features of a flat slab floor are a flat soffit, simple formwork
- A flat plate is a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or more
and easy construction.
directions and supported directly by columns without beams or girders.
- A flat slab is a one-way or twoway system with thickenings in the slab at the Simplicity of forming, lower f loor-to-floor heights, and some flexibility in
columns and load bearing walls called ‘drop panels’. column placement make flat plates practical for apartment and hotel
construction.

FLAT PLATE ADVANTAGES:

• Simple formwork and suitable for direct fix or sprayed ceiling


• No beams—simplifying under-floor services
• Minimum structural depth and reduced floor to floor height.

FLAT PLATE DISADVANTAGES:

• Medium spans
• Limited lateral load capacity as part of a moment frame
TWO WAY FLAT SLABS- A flat-slab is a flat plate Thickened at its column • May need shear heads or shear reinforcement at the columns or larger
supports to increase its shear strength and moment-resisting capacity. The columns for shear
slab is commonly reinforced with bars running in two directions. This area of • Long-term deflection may be controlling factor
increased thickness is called a drop panel or drop. The columns are generally • May not be suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions
square in cross section, but rectangular or circular cross sections are also • May not be suitable for heavy loads.
used.

FLAT SLAB ADVANTAGES:


RIBBED FLOOR SLAB
• Simple formwork
-Introducing voids to the soffit of a slab reduces dead weight and increases
• No beams—simplifying under-floor services outside the drops
the efficiency of the concrete section. A slightly deeper section is required
• Minimum structural depth
but these stiffer floors facilitate longer spans and provision of holes.
• Usually does not require shear reinforcement at the columns.
Economic in the range 8 to 12m.
FLAT SLAB DISADVANTAGES: -Ribbed slabs are made up of wide band beams running between columns
with equal depth narrow ribs spanning the orthogonal direction. A thick top
• Medium spans
slab completes the system.
• Generally, not suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions
• Drop panels may interfere with larger mechanical ducting
• Vertical penetrations need to avoid area around columns
• For reinforced flat slabs, deflection at the middle strip may be critical.
TWO WAY WAFFLE SLAB

- A waffle slab is a two-way concrete slab reinforced by ribs in two directions.


Waffle slabs are able to carry heavier loads and span longer distances than
flat slabs.

- Moulds are very strong, lightweight and capable of supporting all the
normal loads encountered in building works.

WAFFLE SLAB ADVANTAGES


• Medium to long spans
• Lightweight
• Holes in topping easily accommodated
• Large holes can be accommodated
• Profile may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer in passive
cooling

WAFFLE SLAB DISADVANTAGES


ONE WAY JOIST OR RIBBED SLABS • Higher formwork costs than for other slab systems
• Slightly greater floor thicknesses
For medium span lengths with light or medium live loads, ribbed slabs have • Slower
proved to have an economical type of floor construction. They are not so well
suited to heavy concentrated loads as the solid one or two-way slabs. A one- LIFT SLAB
way joist slab consists of relatively small adjacent T-beams. When the open
spaces between the webs or rings are filled with clay tile, gypsum tile, - Lift-Slab Construction is a precast method of construction of slab on the
concrete filler block or steel forms, the floor system is called a ribbed slab. ground and then lifting it to the structure. A type of pre-casting used in
building construction involves casting floor and roof slabs at or near ground
RIBBED FLOOR SLAB ADVANTAGES
level and lifting them to their final position, hence the name lift-slab
• Medium to long spans construction.
• Lightweight
• Holes in topping easily
• accommodated
• Large holes can be accommodated
• Profile may be expressed architecturally, or used for heat transfer in passive
cooling

RIBBED FLOOR SLAB DISADVANTAGES

• Higher formwork costs than for other slab systems


• Slightly greater floor thicknesses
• Slower

WAFFLE SLAB - tend to be deeper than the equivalent ribbed slab. Waffle
slabs have a thin topping slab and narrow ribs spanning in both directions
between column heads or band beams. The column heads or band beams are
the same depth as the ribs.

- Waffle slabs are a reinforced concrete footing and slab system constructed
on ground. They consist of a perimeter footing (edge beam) and a series of
narrow internal beams (strip footings) at one-meter nominal centers running
each way. The whole footing and slab system is constructed on top of the
ground.
SLIP FORM METHOD
WALL PANEL FUNCTIONS:
 Decorative functions
 Insulating functions
 Soundproofing functions
 Uniformity of appearance
 Durability
 Ease of replaceability

BENEFITS OF USING WALL PANELS


 Can reduce construction costs
 Application of paints or other finishing materials are not required
- Slip Form Method of concrete construction is used for forming both  Companies introduced environment friendly systems
horizontal and vertical concrete structures. It is often used for forming
highway pavements as continuous operation Slip form method is also been FAÇADE TREATMENT OPTIONS
used for forming vertical concrete structures  Reveals
 Ornamental Decoration
Basically, this method involves the continuous placing of concrete in a shallow
mould having the same plan as the building to be constructed. RIBBED TYPE WALL PANEL
 Light construction
- Slip form construction, or continuously formed construction, is a  Modular
construction method in which concrete is poured into a continuously moving  Aesthetical
form.  Economical
 Functional

WINDOW TYPE PANEL - Transparent glass and frame incorporated in panel


curtain wall.

Procedure:
 Assembly can only start once the foundations are in place and the wall
starter is in correct alignment.
 Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of yokes
 Horizontal crossbeams connect these yokes.
 Hydraulic jacks

There are two types of slip forms; vertical and horizontal


Slip- form construction consumes very less time but requires careful
planning of construction process to achieve high production rates
Due to continuous concrete pouring in slip-form construction it produces
better concrete joint less and water tight structures. TILT-UP WALL PANEL SYSTEM
Slip form systems require a few but highly skilled workforce
Slip form is also used in the construction of tapered structures involving -Tilt-up construction involves site-casting the
changing thicknesses in wall, diameters and /or shapes concrete walls of a building on its floor slab or
on separate casting bed then tilting and lifting
WALL PANEL SYSTEMS them into position by crane.

Panel Wall - are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may or Tilt-up construction
may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose interior surface
 It is a special form of precast wall construction in which wall panels are cast
may or may not form the interior finish. It may rest on the building structure
horizontally at the job site and then erected.
or may be hung from the structure
 The wall panels are usually cast on the previously placed building floor slab
using only edge forms to provide the panel shape
Flat Type - Wall panel is a single piece of
material, usually flat and cut into a  The floor slab thus serves as the bottom form for the panel
rectangular shape serves as the visible
and exposed covering for a wall.  Panels may also be cast one on top of another where slab space is limited

 A bond breaker compound is applied to the slab to prevent the tilt-up


panel from sticking to the slab

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