Btech Reviewer
Btech Reviewer
FLAT PLATE
CAST-IN-PLACE CONCRETE - is transported in an unhardened state, primarily
as ready-mix, and placed in forms. Ready mixed concrete is proportioned and -is a one- or two-way system usually supported directly on columns or
mixed off the project site. loadbearing walls. It is one of the most common forms of construction of
floors in buildings.
PRE-CAST CONCRETE FLOOR SYSTEMS
-The principal feature of the flat plate floor is a uniform or near-uniform
Precast concrete slabs, beams and structural tees are one-way spanning units thickness with a flat soffit which requires only simple formwork and is easy to
that may be supported by site cast concrete, precast concrete, or masonry construct.
bearing walls, or by steel, site-cast concrete, or precast concrete frames. The
precast units are manufactured with normal-density or structural lightweight -The floor allows great flexibility for locating horizontal services above a
concrete and prestressed for greater structural efficiency, which results in less suspended ceiling or in a bulkhead. The economical span of a flat plate for
depth, reduced weight, and longer spans. low to medium loads is usually limited by the need to control long-term
deflection and may need to be sensibly precambered (not overdone) or pre-
The units are cast and steam-cured in a plant off-site, transported to the stressed.
construction site, and set in place as rigid components with cranes. The size
and proportion of the units may be limited by the means of transportation.
Fabrication in a factory environment enables the unit to have a consistent
quality of strength, durability, and finish, and eliminates the need for on-site
formwork. The modular nature of the standard-sized units may not be
suitable for irregular building shapes.
- The principal features of a flat slab floor are a flat soffit, simple formwork
- A flat plate is a concrete slab of uniform thickness reinforced in two or more
and easy construction.
directions and supported directly by columns without beams or girders.
- A flat slab is a one-way or twoway system with thickenings in the slab at the Simplicity of forming, lower f loor-to-floor heights, and some flexibility in
columns and load bearing walls called ‘drop panels’. column placement make flat plates practical for apartment and hotel
construction.
• Medium spans
• Limited lateral load capacity as part of a moment frame
TWO WAY FLAT SLABS- A flat-slab is a flat plate Thickened at its column • May need shear heads or shear reinforcement at the columns or larger
supports to increase its shear strength and moment-resisting capacity. The columns for shear
slab is commonly reinforced with bars running in two directions. This area of • Long-term deflection may be controlling factor
increased thickness is called a drop panel or drop. The columns are generally • May not be suitable for supporting brittle (masonry) partitions
square in cross section, but rectangular or circular cross sections are also • May not be suitable for heavy loads.
used.
- Moulds are very strong, lightweight and capable of supporting all the
normal loads encountered in building works.
WAFFLE SLAB - tend to be deeper than the equivalent ribbed slab. Waffle
slabs have a thin topping slab and narrow ribs spanning in both directions
between column heads or band beams. The column heads or band beams are
the same depth as the ribs.
- Waffle slabs are a reinforced concrete footing and slab system constructed
on ground. They consist of a perimeter footing (edge beam) and a series of
narrow internal beams (strip footings) at one-meter nominal centers running
each way. The whole footing and slab system is constructed on top of the
ground.
SLIP FORM METHOD
WALL PANEL FUNCTIONS:
Decorative functions
Insulating functions
Soundproofing functions
Uniformity of appearance
Durability
Ease of replaceability
Procedure:
Assembly can only start once the foundations are in place and the wall
starter is in correct alignment.
Slip form shuttering is aligned with the help of yokes
Horizontal crossbeams connect these yokes.
Hydraulic jacks
Panel Wall - are exterior non-load bearing walls whose outer surface may or Tilt-up construction
may not form the exterior facing of the building and whose interior surface
It is a special form of precast wall construction in which wall panels are cast
may or may not form the interior finish. It may rest on the building structure
horizontally at the job site and then erected.
or may be hung from the structure
The wall panels are usually cast on the previously placed building floor slab
using only edge forms to provide the panel shape
Flat Type - Wall panel is a single piece of
material, usually flat and cut into a The floor slab thus serves as the bottom form for the panel
rectangular shape serves as the visible
and exposed covering for a wall. Panels may also be cast one on top of another where slab space is limited