ACADEMIC PROGRAM

MODULE GRAMMAR CONTENTS

Greetings and farewells, The alphabet, Definite and indefinite
1A articles, numbers from 1 to 10.

Plural of nouns. Explain all rules and exceptions

1B
Simple Present Tense. Personal pronouns. Useful expressions for
1c the classroom. Yes /no questions and information Questions.

Verb to be (present, past and future). Countries and nationalities.

2 Colours. Professions and opposite adjectives.

Express Ability: Can, Could, Able To. Possessive Adjectives And

3 Possessive Pronouns. Anglo-Saxon Genitive. Prepositions.

Prepositions (In, On, At) and Cardinal Numbers.

4A
The weather conditions. Distribute adjectives (Either Neither).
4B Object pronouns: Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them.

Idioms Of The Verb Be.

4c
Simple Past Tense. Adverb Ago and Information Questions.
5
Relative Pronouns, Ordinal numbers. The hour: how to tell the
6 time. Which and vocabulary (days of the week, months of the
year, seasons of the year, the universe.

Demonstrative adjectives (Singular/Plural). There is/ There are.

7 Countable and uncountable nouns. SOME, ANY, MANY, MUCH,
FEW, LITTLE, HOW. MANY, HOW, MUCH.

Desire verbs. Adjectival phrases (TOO, A BIT, QUITE).

8 Verb To Put and its idioms. Present perfect tense. Difference
Between Since And For.

Verb To Know, To Meet and its idioms. Expression To Know How

9 To.

Verb To Cost. Vocabulary about money and prices. The simple

10 future with WILL. Present progressive tense. Rules to form the
gerund.

Verb To Go and its idioms. Future with intention using GOING

11 TO. How often. Adverbs of frequency (Always, never, sometimes,
often, seldom.) (Once, twice, every, every other).

Verb To Give and its idioms. Comparative and superlatives

12 degrees. Similes.

Verb To Have / Have Got and its idioms.

13
Verb To Take and its idioms. How Long...?
14
.
Verb To Get and its idioms. Expressions. Use of imperative.
15
 Verb To Keep and its idioms. Determiners with Some, Any, Every
16 and No.

Verb To Say and to tell and their differences. Reported Speech.

17 Reflexive pronouns, Adverbs of time.

Verb To Like. Likes and dislikes. Expressions feel like and would
18 like.

Verb To Do and its idioms. Uses of Do (Verb – auxiliary). Relative

19 clauses.

Verb To Make and its idioms. Tag questions. The passive voice.
20
Verb To Stand and its idioms. The first conditional.
21
Verb To Look and its idioms. Because and Due To.
22
Verb To Run and its idioms.
23
Verb To Come and its idioms. Adverbs of degree.
24
Verb To Hold and its idioms. Verbs and prepositions.
25
Verb To Seem and its idioms. Expression It seems. Prepositions
26 used with adjectives and participles. Suffix and prefix.

Verb To Want and its idioms. The second conditional. List of

27 connectors.

How to use Connectors. How to write ESSAYS.

28
Progressive tenses (Past / Future / Present Perfect). Verb To
29 Throw and its idioms.

Use of Already, Yet, Still and Just

30
Modal Verbs: Ought to, Had better, May, Might, Can Could,
31 Would, Must and Have To.

Gerunds in all the ways.

32
 MODULE 1
MODULE 1A

GRETTINGS AND FAREWEELS:

We can use formal and informal greetings depending on the situation.

GREETINGS FAREWELLS
HELLO/HI BYE, GOOD BYE, BYE, BYE

GOOD MORNING
SEE YOU LATER, SOON ,TOMORROW,
THEN, AROUND
GOOD AFTERNOON
GOOD NIGHT
GOOD EVENING
TAKE CARE // YOU TOO
HOW ARE YOU? I’M FINE // BAD
(AMERICAN) HAVE A NICE DAY // NIGHT
AFTERNOON // WEEKEND
HOW DO YOU DO? HOW DO YOU DO?
(BRITISH) SO LONG

TAKE CARE

THE ALPHABET // THE ABC

HOW DO YOU SPELL?

A= ei F= ef K= kei P= pi U= iu Z= zi-zed
B= bi G= ef L= el Q= kiu V= vi
C= ci H=eish M= em R= ar W= dabliu
D= di I= ai N = en S= es X= eks
E= i J = jei O= ou T= ti Y= uai

SPELLING: APPLE = ei- pi-pi-el-I // ANIMAL= ei-en –ai-em-ei-el

ARTICLES
Words are used with nouns and specify their application. There are two kinds of articles:

INDEFINITE: SINGULAR: A and AN

AN we use it before nouns beginning with a vowel or with an unpronounced H, the rule is based on the
sound.

A we use it before nouns beginning in a consonant sound

A A CAR
A A HOSPITAL
AN AN ORANGE
AN AN HOUR

INDEFINITE: PLURAL: SOME

SOME CARS
SOME HOSPITALS
SOME ORANGES
SOME HOURS

DEFINITE: SINGULAR AND PLURAL: THE

We use this article when you talk about a specific noun.

THE CAR THE CARS (de)

THE ORANGE THE ORANGES (di)
MODULE 1B

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

A noun is a word used to name a person, a thing, a place, an action etc.

EG: Pedro, dog, house, park, window etc

RULES:

1. To make most nouns plural, add “s”

Eg: A bird (some birds), the street (the streets)

2. Add es to nouns ending in (sh, ch, ss, o, x, s , z.)

Eg: A dish (some dishes), the match (the matches), a class (some classes), the box (the boxes),
a tomato (some tomatoes), a bus (some buses), the quiz (the quizzes).

EXCEPTIONS:

OS (zoos, radios, studios, pianos, solos, sopranos, photos, autos, stereos)

OES OR OS (zeroes/zeros, volcanoes/volcanos, tornadoes/tornados)
CH (stomachs, epochs)

3. If a noun ends in “y” preceded by a consonant, change the y and add “ies”
Eg: A baby (some babies), the city (the cities)

4. If a noun ends in “y” preceded by a vowel just add “s”

Eg: A monkey (some monkeys) the day (the days)

5. If a noun ends in “fe” or “f”, change the ending to “ves”

Eg: One knife (two knives), one shelf (two shelves)

EXCEPTIONS: (giraffes, beliefs, chiefs, roofs, cuffs, handkerchiefs, sheriffs.)

6. Some nouns have irregular plural forms.

Note: The singular form of people can be person woman, man, child.

the child the children

a man some men
the person the people
a woman some women
the foot the feet
a tooth some teeth
an ox some oxen
the kitty the kitten
the mouse the mice
a goose some geese

7. Some nouns are the same in singular and in plural:

One sheep two sheep

One deer two deer
One offspring two offspring
One salmon two salmon
One species two species
One fish two fish
MODULE 1C

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The personal pronouns: I, You, He, She, It, We, They, You.

We use the simple present tense to express routines, habits and facts.

THE AUXILIARY DO AND DOES

We use the auxiliary Do and Does to make questions and negative sentences in the simple present.

DO I, You, We, They DOES He, She, It

Verbs: Eat, Drink, Have, Read, Write.

Verbs and complements:

EAT: Soup, steak, fish, chicken, fruits, omelet, ice-cream, corn cake, pork, biscuits, lobster.
DRINK: wine, water, milk, coffee, juice, soda, beer, tea, chocolate, cola, whisky
WRITE: poems, letters, paragraphs, postcard, book, song.
HAVE: a car, a family, a truck, a bed, a friend.

AFFIRMATIVE FORM

Subject + Verb + Complement

Eg: You drink beer at the bar

Adam plays soccer in the stadium

Rules to form verbs in third person (he, she, it)

1. If a verb ends with “y” preceded by a consonant, change “y” and add “ies”

Eg: Try tries Fly flies copy copies cry cries

If a verb ends with y preceded by a vowel, just add an “s”

Eg: pay pays buy buys

Final “es” is added if the verb ends in ch, sh, s, x, z or o.

Catch catches wash washes

Pass passes fix fixes
Buzz buzzes go goes

Irregular verb TO HAVE

I, You, We, They (Have)

He, She, It (Has)

NEGATIVE FORM (Do / Does)

Subject + Auxiliary (Do / Does) + Not + Verb + Complement

Does (he / she / it)
Does not – doesn’t
Do not – don’t

Eg: Sandra doesn’t drink milk at breakfast

 Ronnie doesn’t read books
I don’t read books
My parents ….

INTERROGATIVE FORM

Auxiliary (DO/DOES) + Subject + Verb + Complement + ?

Eg. Do you drink at the bar?

- Yes, I do
- Yes, I drink at the bar.
- No, I don’t
- No, I don’t drink at the bar

Does she drink milk at breakfast?

- Yes, she does
- Yes, she drinks milk at breakfast.
- No, she doesn’t
- No, she doesn’t drink milk at breakfast.

Yes/ No Questions =

We use them to ask about affirmative or negative situations.

Eg. Do you drink beer at the bar?

Yes, I do. I drink beer at the bar / he dri

No, I do not I don`t. I don`t drink at the bar

Does she drink milk at breakfast?

Yes, She does, she drinks milk at breakfast

No, She does not / doesn`t. She doesn`t drink milk at breakfast

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

To make information questions we have to use question words such as: what, where, when, why,
who, how, which, etc.

QUESTION WORD + AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT

EG: Where does she work on weekends?

What do you drink at breakfast?

When does he go to the beach?

Why do people study English nowadays?

 MODULE 2

MODULE 2A
VERB TO BE

Use the verb to be to express: professions nationalities, age, colour, place, size and shape,
characteristics.

Pers. Pron Present Tense Past Tense Future Tense

I am / am not was / was not
wasn’t
YOU are / are not / aren’t were / were not /
weren’t Will be /
HE is / is not / isn’t was / was not Will not
SHE is / is not / isn’t was / was not Won’t be
IT is / is not / isn’t was / was not
WE are / are not / aren’t were / were not
YOU are / are not / aren’t were / were not
THEY are / are not / aren’t were / were not

Contractions:
Is not = isn’t were not = weren’t will not = won’t
Are not = aren’t was not = wasn’t

PROFESSIONS:

Engineer, teacher, nurse, doctor, dentist, priest, architect, fashion designer, stockbroker,
technician, mechanic, hairdresser, dressmaker, dancer, air hostess, merchant, carpenter, model,
singer, actor, actress, manager, principal, lumberjack, baker, gardener, housewife, salesman,
policeman, driver, waiter, waitress, plumber, tailor, businessman, journalist, cashier, lawyer, pilot,
ophthalmologist, clerk, nun, butcher, accountant, student, secretary, reporter, bodyguard,
guard/watchman, watchmaker, greengrocer, psychologist, soldier, economist, maid, cook/chef,
fireman.

NATIONALITIES:

COUNTRY NATIONALITY COUNTRY NATIONALITY

Colombia Colombian France French
United States American Ireland Irish
England / Britain English / British Brazil Brazilian
Germany German Portugal Portuguese
Spain Spanish China Chinese
Italy Italian Canada Canadian
Mexico Mexican Egypt Egyptian
Japan Japanese Cuba Cuban
Where are you from? What’s your nationality?
I’m from Colombia I’m Colombian

Age: How old are you? I am ________ years old.

How old is he/she? He/she is _______ years old

Feelings:

Tired Thirsty Busy

Cold Angry Bored
Sleepy Afraid Worried
Hungry Lazy Happy / sad

How do you feel today? I am __________

How does he/she feel today? She/He is ________

Colors:

Black red blue gray brown orange

White green yellow pink beige purple

What color is it? What’s your favorite color? What color are your eyes?
It’s __________ It’s ___________________ They are _____________

A color can be light or dark.

Eg: dark blue / light blue, dark green / light green etc

MODULE 2 B

OPPOSITE ADJECTIVES

Adjectives are used to describe any kind of noun. The adjective always comes before the noun and
it can never be in plural.

Eg: They are fat men. (Correct) / They are men fat. (Incorrect)

ADJECTIVES

Big - small young – old full – empty busy - free

Fat – thin new –old strong – weak wet – dry
Tall – short cheap – expensive heavy – light easy – hard
Beautiful – ugly hot – cold good – bad dirty – clean
Happy – sad thick – thin healthy – sick smart – silly
Naughty – obedient handsome – ugly long – short rich – poor

QUESTION: What are you like? What’s he/ she/ it like?

ANSWER: I am …….. He / she / it is ……..
THE ORDER OF ADJECTIVES

1. Determiner: The, a, an, some, quantity (two, five ….)

2. Opinion or qualities: Beautiful, stupid, naughty, smart, etc
3. Size /Weight /Length: Big, tall, heavy, thick, thin, etc.
4. Age: old, new, young, ancient, etc.
5. Shape: Round, square, triangular, etc
6. Colour: Blue, white, red, etc.
7. Nationality: Spanish, Brazilian, etc.
8. Material: silk, velvet, gold, silver, etc.
9. Purpose: Washing, writing, swimming, etc.
10. Noun: House, car, glass, book, etc.
The beautiful smart big old rectangular white American bricked ruling house

Eg: Model: They are two beautiful big old square, brown, Spanish bronze statues.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10
Evelin is a beautiful, short, thin, young, brunette, Colombian woman.

MODULE 3

MODULE 3A

CAN / COULD / WILL BE ABLE TO

We use can to express: Ability, possibility, permission, opportunity.

PRESENT PAST FUTURE

I
HE
SHE
CAN COULD kud WILL BE ABLE TO
IT
CAN`T COULDN`T WON`T BE ABLE TO
WE
YOU
THEY

To make a sentence with the auxiliaries Can, “Could”. “Will be able to” you need a main verb
following it.

Affirmative:

Pronoun + can/could/will be able to + verb + complement

Jim can ride a horse

Carlos could read well when he was a baby
I will be able to pass the math course

Interrogative Form:
 Can + pronoun/subject +verb + complement

Can Jim read the poem?

Could Carlos read when he was a baby?
Will you be able to pass the math course?

Negative Form:

Subject + can’t/couldn`t/won`t be able to + verb + complement

Jim can`t read the poem

Don couldn`t read when he was a baby
You won`t be able to pass the math course

MODULE 3B

POSSESSIVES
We use the possessive adjectives to talk about specific possessions. You`ll need a noun.
Eg: His car. / Their house. / My girlfriend

We use the possessive pronouns to talk about the person who posses a noun.
Eg: The book is mine. That dress is hers. The computer is ours.

Personal Possessive Possessive

Pronoun Adjectives Pronouns
I My Mine
YOU Your Yours
HE His His
SHE Her Hers
IT Its Its
WE Our Ours
YOU Your Yours
THEY Their Theirs

Anglo-Saxon Genitive

S. We use it for possessions with names or people specifically.

Elizabeth’s shirt
Michael’s parents.

When the noun ends with the letter “S”, you only add the (‘). Andrés’ truck
The Simpson’s dog.

Whose?

This Wh question is used with the possessives.

Whose radio is it? // Whose is this radio?

It is/It’s Sharon’s radio

Her radio
Hers

Whose headphones are they? // whose are these headphones?

They are / they’re Stan’s headphones

His headphones
His

PREPOSITIONS OF PLACE (explanation and differences)

They are words that indicate the position of a noun to another.

In over Near Through Opposite

On Behind Next to Around Inside
Under Beside By Against Outside
Between Into Out of Along Far from
Among Above In front of Across from Beyond

Where is the pencil? Where are the markers?

It is next to the book They are in front of the computer

Is the picture near the window?

No. it isn’t beside the door

The cellphone is beside the pc

The books are beside the table

MODULE 4

MODULE 4A

PREPOSITIONS IN - ON – AT

PREPOSITION PLACE TIME

IN Single places: (In the park, In the store) Months (In March, In April)
Continents:, countries, states, cities (In Seasons (In winter, in the fall)
Asia, in Colombia, In Minnesota. Years (In 1867, In 2002)
Permanent places: (In the house) Special parts of the day (In
Streets: (In 45 avenues. London) the morning, in the evening)
Periods of time (In two
minutes, in four weeks)
ON Streets: American and general- (On 14 Dates (On July 12 th, on
main street. On 68 avenue) December 24 th)
Exception: On the beach Days (On Monday, On
Tuesday)
Exceptions: On weekdays, on
vacation, on holiday
Celebrations: On memorial
day, on independence day
AT Specific places: At national university. At Specific time: (At 3:30 pm. At
the English institute. 11:15 am)
Non permanent places: Visiting (At the Specific parts of the day: (At
zoo, at the museum) midnight, at noon, at lunch)
Exceptions: At home. At work Celebration: (At Easter)

CARDINAL NUMBERS
We use them to indicate quantity not order.

Ten 10 Twenty 20 Thirty 30

Forty 40 Fifty 50 Sixty 60
Seventy 70 Eighty 80 Ninety 90
One hundred 100 One thousand 1000 One million 1’000.000

Quantity: 3.498 = three thousand four hundred and ninety eight

Specific Year: 1987 = nineteen eight seven

MODULE 4B
WEATHER CONDITIONS

Hot Warm Cool Clear

Cold Wet Snowy Windy
Sunny Dry Icy Light
Rainy Foggy Dark Stormy

What is the weather like? It`s rainy how is the weather?

What was the weather like yesterday? How was the weather last week?
What will the weather be like next month? How will the weather be tomorrow?

Distribute Adjectives

EITHER….OR: Is used to talk about two specific characteristics of an object or noun.

E.G: Apples are either red or green.
You can either choose to go to the beach or visit the museum on Saturday.
Sarah can either buy the blue dress or the red one for the upcoming party.

NEITHER….nor: It means not one thing/characteristic nor the other.

E.G: Pedro is neither a lawyer nor an architect.
Neither John nor Jane could attend the meeting due to their conflicting schedules.
The movie received neither critical acclaim nor commercial success.

OBJECT PRONOUNS

They’re used when they`re the direct object of a verb, when the objects of two clauses are compared and
after prepositions.

Personal Pronoun Object Pronoun

I Me
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
We Us
They Them

I like her very much Nobody cares about us

The ball hit me in the head She is in front of us
John decided to kiss them They live with him

MODULE 4C

IDIOMS – VERB TO BE

1) To be well off: to be rich. To have a lot of money.

Eg. Bill Gates is well off

Mr. Andres had a lot of money. He was well off.

2) To be in the way of: To be blocking the way. To be in front of something.

Eg. The dog is in the way of the TV

 A big truck was in the way of the highway

3) To be better off: To be happier or in a better physical or mental state.

Eg. Christian was better off without friends

I`m better off with an intelligent girlfriend

4) To be in charge: To administer. To manage

Eg. Mr. Navas is in charge of the software company

Julio Santo Domingo is in charge of Postobon Company.

5) To be named after: To have the same name.

Eg. Julie is named after her grandmother

Jim was named after a famous artist

6) To be becoming to: to be attractive

Eg. Her white shoes were not becoming to the fancy dress
Those new bikinis will be becoming to thin women

7) To be cut out to be: to be apt.

Eg. Andrea is cut out to be a singer

Andrew was cut out to be a great footballer

8) To be bound for: To be on the way to

Eg. I`m bound for my school

Louise will be bound for her house

9) To be a steal: To be cheap

Eg. That car was a steal. It was $ 200

Those diamonds are a steal, they`re only $ 52

MODULE 5

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

We use it to talk about actions and events that happened in the past.

REGULAR VERBS

RULES

1) If the verb ends in E, we add D

Eg: Dance Danced

Please Pleased

2) If the verb has one syllable and ends, in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel the final
consonant is doubled and ED is added.

Eg: Shop Shopped

Plan Planned
Stop Stopped

3) If a verb has more than one syllable and ends in a single consonant preceded by a single vowel,
the final consonant is doubled, when the final syllable is stressed.

Eg: Occur Occurred

The final consonant isn’t doubles when the final syllable is unstressed.
 Eg: Visit Visited
Listen Listened

4) When the verb ends with letter Y and is preceded by a consonant the Y is changed into I and ED is
added.

Eg: Study Studied

Try tried
Hurry Hurried

5) All other regular past tense verbs are formed by adding ED to a simple form.

Eg: Stay Stayed

Look Looked

6) When the verb ends in C add K plus ED.

Eg: Picnic Picnicked

Panic Panicked

PRONUNCIATION OF THE REGULAR VERBS

1) If the verb ends with T or D, pronounce it ID

Eg: Want Wanted

Omit Omitted

2) If the verb ends with X, S, SH, K, CH, you pronounce `T.

Eg: Kiss Kissed

Watch Watched

3) With the rest of the verbs, you pronounce: D

Eg: Listen Listened

Play Played

IRREGULAR VERBS

** Check the list.

STRUCTURE:

AFFIRMATIVE

Subject + verb (past tense) + complement

Eg: Oliver played soccer yesterday.

NEGATIVE

We need to use the auxiliary DID

Subject + did not (didn`t) + verb (present) + complement

Eg: Oliver didn’t play soccer yesterday

YES, NO QUESTIONS

Auxiliary + subject + verb + complement?

Eg: Did Oliver play soccer yesterday?

Yes, he did. / No. he didn’t /

 she didn’t write a poem
She wrote a poem for him.

INFORMATION QUESTIONS

Question word + Aux + Subj + Verb + Complement

Where did Oliver play soccer yesterday?

He played soccer in the park yesterday.

TIME EXPRESSIONS IN PAST

There are some time expressions in past that we can use to identify that we are referring to past
events. These expressions are often used at the beginning or at the end of the statement.

THE ADVERB AGO

We use Ago to talk about actions and events that happened in a specific length of time in the past.

Eg: Montgomery was born eighty years ago. I finished high school two years ago.

LAST: day, night, month, year, summer, Friday, week-end….

They built that mall last year.

Last vacation, we went to Miami.

YESTERDAY:

Charles studied hard yesterday

Yesterday, I met the girl of my dreams.

MODULE 6

MODULE 6A

RELATIVE PRONOUNS
We use them, when we want to know something specific about an unknown person. You can use the
relative pronouns as questions words. They are usually used in formal written English.

To make a question with a relative pronoun, you need the prepositions: To, with, from, for, in, of.

FORMAL WRITTEN SPOKEN

To whom: It’s used With Adjectives Who are George and Elaine angry to?
To whom are George and Elaine angry?
They are angry to Jerry

For whom: it’s used with verbs and nouns. Who does Mike work for?
For whom does Mike work?
He works for Mr. Vega

From whom: it’s used with nouns Who are these gifts from?
From whom are these gifts?
These gifts are from Santa Claus.
With whom: it’s used with verbs and Who did Peter study for the exam with?
adjectives.
With whom did Peter study for the exam?
Peter studied with Mary Jane.

Of whom: it’s used with adjectives and Who are the students tired of?
verbs.
Of whom are the students tired?
They`re tired of their teacher.

In Whom: it’s used with adjectives and Who will James be interested in?
verbs.
In whom will James be interested?
James will be interested in Patricia.

ORDINAL NUMBERS

We used the ordinal numbers to express order and position.

1st First 9th ninth 1000th One thousandth

2nd Second 12th Twelfth 1000000th One Millionth
3rd Third 20th Twentieth
4th Fourth 21st Twenty First
5th Fifth 100th One hundredth

MODULE 6 B

ANIMAL KINGDOM

Dog – Puppy Duck – duck – duckling

Cat- Kitty – Pussy Tiger – tigress – cub
Rabbit – bunny – goat – kid goat
Hen – chicken – chick – rooster
Cow – calf – bull
Horse – colt – mare
Bear – cub -
Ewe - Sheep - lamb -
Deer – doe – deer
Lion – lioness – cub

SEASONS
Summer, winter, spring, autumn / Fall

THE UNIVERSE

Sun, Moon, Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto
Constellation, galaxy, meteor, solar system, Milky way.

The Word WHICH

We used it to ask question that express preference. The person has the choice to select something.

Which girl do you prefer, the blonde one or the brunette one?
Which pizza would Mario like?

THE HOUR

How to ask about the time:

a) What time is it?

 b) What`s the time?
c) What time do you have? (British)
d) Can you tell me the time?

EG: 2:00 It’s two o’clock.

2:15 It’s two fifteen // It’s fifteen (a quarter) past two.
2:30 It’s two thirty // It’s half past two.
2:45 It’s two forty-five // It’s (a) quarter to three.
2:50

12:00 AM It’s noon.

12:00 PM It’s midnight.

MODULE 7

MODULE 7A

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
The demonstrative adjectives are used to show position or quantity.

Demonstrative Present Past Future

This is This was This will be

Singular
That is That was That will be
These are These were These will be
Plural
Those are Those were Those will be

THIS -- THESE = near the speaker

THAT– THOSE = far from the speaker

Eg: This is a computer Those are some compact disc

Neg: This is not a computer Neg: Those aren`t some compact disc
Ques: Is this a computer? Ques: Are those some compact disc?
THERE + TO BE

It`s used to express the existence of something.

PRESENT

There is one chair in the room

There are two chairs in the room
Is there one chair in the room?

PAST

There was a chair in the room

There were two chairs in the room
Were there two chairs in the room?

FUTURE

There won’t be a concert tomorrow

There will be many people in the concert
Will there be a concert tomorrow?

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

COUNTABLE NOUNS

They represent elements that can be counted. They’re preceded by a/an or one.

Plural form: -(s) or - (es)

Eg: Player(s), lemon(s), table (s)

HOW MANY

We use it to make questions about countable nouns.

Eg: How many books are there on the table?

There are three books on it / there is only one book on it.

There is: used only for one thing

There are: used for more than one thing

OTHER KINDS OF ANSWER

There are many

There are several
There are some
There are a few

Eg: How many guitars are there in the room?

There is only one guitar in the room
How many beds are there in the hotel?
There are seven beds

UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

They represent things which can’t be counted. They’re not preceded by an/an or any number (one, two,
etc). An uncountable noun doesn’t have a plural form.

Eg: Love, rice, sugar, water.

HOW MUCH

We use it to make questions about uncountable nouns.

Eg: How much water do you need?
I need two litres of water.

OTHER KINDS OF ANSWER

There is much there’s

There is not much
There is some
There is little

MODULE 7B

UNITS OF MEASURE

We use these units with non-counts.

1 kilo = 2.2 pounds 1 mile = 1.6 kilometres

1 yard = 3 feet 1 pound = 16 onces
1 gallon = 4 quarts or 3.7 litres 1 foot = 12 inches
1 km = 1000 metres 1 metre = 100 centimetres
1 inch = 2.54 centimetres
Metres (American)
Meters (British)

CATEGORIES OF NON-COUNTABLE

Generic Furniture: Counts = chair, tables, beds

Jewellery: Counts = rings bracelets, necklaces
Money: Counts = coins, nickels, pennies, dollars, Euros, pesos
Clothing: Counts = shirts, hats, pants, jackets, socks, etc.
Fruit: Counts = oranges, apples, bananas, lemons, etc
Mail: Counts = letters, postcards, bills, etc.
Machinery/apparatus Counts = TV sets, stereos, computers, freezers, ovens.
Luggage: Counts = bags, suitcases, briefcases, etc.

Other non-countable = Garbage, hardware, makeup, cash, change, stuff, traffic.

ABSTRACT NOUNS: Anger, beauty, advice, help, fun, intelligence, happiness, hate, information,
Health, violence, relaxation, enjoyment, love, etc.

FOOD Meat: Counts = pieces, slices.

Rice: Counts = kilos, pounds
Bread: Counts = slices, pieces
Salt/sugar Counts = kilos, pounds
Flour: Counts = kilos, pounds
DRINKS Soda: Counts = cans, glasses
Beers: Counts = cans, bottles, glass
Water: Counts = bottles, glasses
Whiskey, rum, etc Counts = bottles, glasses
Wine: Counts = bottles, cups
Coffee: Counts = cups

OTHER NON-COUNTABLES = Dirt, dust, grass, sand.

SOME AND ANY

They are generally used in questions and statements where there is an indefinite number/amount,
quantity. They can be used with both count and non-count nouns.

ANY: We use any in negative sentences and questions in most of the cases.

Eg: Do you have any matches?

No I don’t have any matches.

SOME: We use some generally in answers with positive content.

Eg: Are there any messages for the Boss?
Yes, there are some messages for him / No, there aren’t any messages for him.

You can also use it when the answer you get from the question is affirmative.

Eg: Is there some money in your wallet?

Yes, there is some.

Do you want some beer?

Yes, I want some beer.

MODULE 8

MODULE 8A

DESIRE VERBS

We use these verbs to express our desires or the things that we want.

Desire verb Use Examples

Love I love to watch TV

Like To I love watching TV
Prefer Ing I like to eat pizza
I like eating pizza
I prefer to study English
I prefer studying English

Need to
Want I need to study more
 I want to play soccer

Enjoy Ing I enjoy listening to rock music

VERB TO PUT

Present Past Past participle

Put Put Put

puts

USES:

To place something Eg: they put the fresh fruit in the fridge.
To cause somebody to go Eg: Larry put Jack in prison.
To make someone have something Eg: they put pressure on me to accept the offer.
To invest Eg: we offered to put some money into the project.
To express something Eg: it’s difficult to put it into words.
To set a restriction Eg: you must put a stop to this situation right now.
To write or print Eg: he put his signature on the wrong place.

** Give examples with the verb in all the structures and tenses the students are supposed to know.

E:g : Let me put my idea in other words

Don’t put me in this situation
Peter put the glasses on the T.V

IDIOMS/PHRASAL VERBS

1. To put on: to dress, apply make up, produce or organize and event

-Caroline put on her purple dress yesterday

-Mary doesn’t like to put on make up.
-Dave will put on a party for this weekend

2. To put away: to place. To move to the right place.

-James has to put the chairs away before leaving the classroom.
-Please, Put everything away.

3. To put off: Postpone, to cancel.

Max is sick, so he has to put off the class for tomorrow.

The soccer match was put off because of the rain.

4. To put up: put in a place

Could you please put up the box on the closet?

Ralph put up the pictures on the wall

5. To put on weight: To get fat, become fatter

People usually put on weight during vacations.

Carlos put on some weight during his illness.

6. To put an end to: to finish,

Finally, the referee put an end to the game.

Rumor has it that Diomedes Diaz put an end to his cocaine addiction.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE
They are words which are used before adjectives and adverbs to express the idea that something is more
than good, necessary, useful…

QUITE 100% (completely, absolutely)

Paola is quite good at English.
TOO 80% (more than very)
Phil is too aggressive

NOT TOO 50%

The test was not too easy.

A BIT 30% (a little)

The soup was a bit salty.

A LITTLE BIT 10%

She is a little bit bored

MODULE 8B

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

We use this tense to talk about experiences or action, habits, routines that began in the past and remain
true in the pres ent

AFF: SUBJECT + AUXI LIARY (HAVE/HAS) + VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE) + COMPLEMENT

NEG: SUBJECT + AUXILIAR (HAVE/HAS) + NOT + VERB (PAST PARTICIPLE) + COMPLEMENT

QUEST: AUXILIARY + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Eg. John has travelled to Asia twice this year

John has not travelled to Asia twice this year

Has John travelled to Asia twice this year?

THE WORDS SINCE AN FOR

We use them the present perfect to talk about periods of time

SINCE is used with specific date or year to indicate that the action began from the past until now or until a
later past time.

Eg. I haven`t been in a concert since 1999

Melanie has lived in Manchester since August.

FOR: Is Used with an unspecific period time (number of year, months, etc.) to express an action or
experience that remain true in the present.

Eg. Alice has taught French for seven years

Dan and Deb have won the competition for three months.

MODULE 9

VERBS TO KNOW AND TO MEET

VERB TO KNOW:

We can use it to express the things that are part of your intelligence, your knowledge, to see somebody
and to recognize who the person is.

PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

Know Knew Know

USES:

** To hold information in mind Eg: He knows the name of all his classmates
** To be certain about something Eg: I knew she wouldn’t be late.
** To realize about something Eg: She did not know it was me.
** To comprehend something Eg: Paul knows a lot about computers.
** To identify something or someone. Eg: I would know him anywhere I found him.

KNOW HOW TO: use this expression to talk about the special abilities that you have

Eg. He knows how to drive a car

I didn’t know how to ride a bike when I was 5
They have known how to deal with the situation

VERB TO MEET:

We can use meet when you have a contact with the person for the first time and when you make plans to
see a person in a specific time or place.

PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

Meet Met Met

USES:

** To come across someone Eg: Guess who I met in the supermarket?

** To get together Eg: We won’t be able to meet for lunch tomorrow.
** To encounter someone for first time. Eg: One year ago, I met the girl who’s my wife now.
** To join something Eg: I live in the house where the two roads meet.
** To satisfy something Eg: That man meets all the requirements we demand.
** To agree with something Eg: I think we can meet you on that price.

IDIOMS

1) To know something by heart: to know by memory.

Eg. Sandra knows all the chemical elements by heart.

2) To know of: to recognize but not personally

Eg. I know of Messi’s achievements but I don`t know him personally

3) To meet somebody’s eyes: to look straight to someone’s eyes.

Eg. I met Angelina’s eyes, and I knew she was a liar

The child meets my eyes in the school
Meet my eyes when I’m talking to you!
 MODULE 10
MODULE 10A

VERB TO COST: We use this verb to express the economical value of things

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE

Cost/ Costs Cost Cost

USES:

To have particular price Eg: those new phones cost $ 400.00.

To cause loss of something Eg: violence has cost many lives throughout of the time.

PRESENT PAST

Questions – Singular: How much does/ It/this/that cost? How much did it/this/that cost?
How much is/this/that? How much was it/this/that?

Answers: It/this/that costs….. It/this/that cost…….

It/this/that is……... It/this/that was……..

Question – Plural: How much do they/these/those cost? How much did they…cost?
How much are they /these/those? How much were they?

Answers: They/these/those cost…...$ They/these/those cost…?

They/these/those are…….$ They/these/those/ were…?

Future: will cost How much will that flat cost? How much will that flat be?
It will cost $ ……. It will be ……….

Usual expressions:

To cost a lot
To cost a lot of money
It is very expensive
It was very expensive
It will be very expensive / less expensive
It is very cheap
was very cheap
will be very cheap

Eg. The car cost $600.000

The car cost a lot of money / the car was very expensive

** You also can use adjectival phrases with cheap or expensive

Eg. It`s quite cheap / It`s too expensive

SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE “WILL”

Use this tense to talk about actions, events, habits, routines, in the future. It is also use for true
predictions.

STUCTURES:

AFFIRMATIVE:

Subject + will + verb + complement I will travel to USA

NEGATIVE
Subject + won`t + verb + complement I won’t travel to USA

QUESTIONS

Will + subject + verb + complement Will you travel to USA

INFORMATION QUESTION

WH + will + subject + verb + complement +? Why will you travel to USA?

MODULE 10B

THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

Use the Present progressive tense to show actions, events or states that are in progress at the moment
(that is happening now and hasn`t not finished yet)

STRUCTURES

AFFIRMATIVE:

Subject + to be + verb (ing) + complement He Is Playing Tennis

NEGATIVE

Subject + to be + not + verb(ing) + complement they are not Playing Tennis

QUESTION

To be + subject + verb(ing) + complement Is He Playing Tennis?

INFORMATION QUESTION

Wh +to be +subject + verb(ing) + complement +? Where Is He Playing Tennis?

RULES FOR ING VERBS

1) When the simple form of a verb ends in a single “e”, you must dropped that before adding the “ing”
(exception: Be – Being ) (See – Seeing)

Eg.Have – Having Take – Taking

Write – Writing Choose – Choosing

2) When a verb with one syllable ends in a single consonant except (w, x, y) preceded by a vowel, the
final consonant is doubled before adding ING

Eg. Stop – Stopping Sit – Sitting

Run – Running Get – Getting

3) If word with a final consonant is preceded by two vowels, the consonant is not doubled

Eg. Eat – Eating Wear – Wearing

Look – Looking

4) When a verb of more than one syllable ends in a single consonant preceded by one vowel, the
final consonant is doubled when the final syllable is stressed.

Eg. Forget – Forgetting Admit – Admitting

Prefer – Preferring

5) The final consonant is not doubled when the last syllable is unstressed.

Eg. Read – Reading

Start – Starting

6) When a verb ends in the vowels “IE” we change the two vowels by “Y” and add “ING”
 Eg: Tie – Tying Lie – Lying
Die – Dying

7) When the verb ends in “C” we have to add “K” and “ING”

Eg: Picnic- Picnicking Panic – Panicking

MODULE 11

MODULE 11 A

VERB TO GO

We use this verb to talk about different activities and specific places

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Go went gone going will go

** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE SENTENCES IN ALL THE TENSES

EG: Herman goes to the movies every Saturday

Johanna and Henry went to Toronto two years ago
Thomas will go swimming tomorrow
I have gone to the gym twice this week

EXPRESSIONS

We use it to express participation in activities which have a recreation purpose. It is used especially in
some sports.

GO + VERB + ING

Go swimming Go hiking Go shopping Go hunting

Go bowling Go boating Go diving
Go dancing Go skating Go skiing
Go walking Go riding Go fishing

IDIOMS

1) To go out: To leave
Eg. Kim and I will go out on a date tomorrow

2) To go to town: to be enthusiastic
Eg. Julia goes to town every time she gets a good grade

3) To go wrong: to do things badly

Eg. Albert`s plans always go wrong every time he is under pressure

4) To go on: to continue
Eg. The meeting went on after the break

5) To go off: to fail or to stop working

Eg. The lights will go off after the show

6) To go with: to harmonize
Eg. That hat goes with your gloves

7) To go up: to approach
Eg. The lawyer went up the jury
 8) To go through: to examine, to check
Eg. Carlos has gone through the same page ten times

9) To go around: to circulate
Eg. The truck went around the block for several times

10) To go through channels: to do things legally

Eg. Juan Pablo will go through channels to get his passport

MODULE 11B

SIMPLE FUTURE WITH “GOING TO”

We use going to, to talk about plans and intentions. We also use it to make predictions about things that
we know or we can see.

** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: David is going to play a soccer match next Sunday.

Paola and Kevin aren’t going to watch a movie tonight.
Are you going to travel to U.S.A.?

HOW OFTEN

How often is used to ask questions about the frequency of any activity in our lives.

How often + Aux + Subject + Verb + complement?

Eg: How often does Michelle go to the hairdresser?

FREQUENCY INDICATORS

ONCE, twice, three, times, four times……….etc.

EVERY hour, day, week, month, year
EVERY OTHER day, week, month, year

Eg: Michelle goes to the hairdresser every month.

Some people go to church once a week.

ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY

We use the adverbs of frequency to talk about the regularity or frequency of our actions. They’re more
used in the present tense. When an adverb of frequency is used, the verb must remain in infinitive.

1) Always: 100% of probability 4) Sometimes: 50% of probability

Eg: Alexis always prays before going to bed Eg: Harrison sometimes reads the newspaper

2) Usually: 80% of probability 5) Seldom /rarely / Hardly ever: 20% of

Eg: Betty and I usually travel by taxi. probability
Eg: Victor Seldom plays soccer.

3) Often / frequently: 70% probability 6) Never: 0%

Eg: The Roberts often go out to have dinner Eg: Damian never goes to church.

** EXPLAIN THE POSITION THAT THEY OCCUPY IN THE SENCENTECES

Eg: Kate always goes shopping with her mom

They have never gone to an English speaking country.
She often goes to the gym.
 Peter is sometimes late.

MODULE 12

MODULE 12A

VERB TO GIVE

Present Past Participle Present P. Future

give gave given giving Will give

This verb has several meanings: To deliver, to produce, to donate, to administer, to make a present.

USES:

To pass something to somebody Eg: could you give me the phone please?
To communicate something Eg: please give them my regards.
To make feel Eg. Her new boyfriend gives her a sense of security.
To organize an event Eg: they gave him a welcome party when he returned home.
To perform Eg: the girl gave a great performance of Shakira.

** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF sentences

Eg: Leo gave Rachel flowers on their anniversary.

Professor Mathews didn’t give us five minutes to finish the assignment.
Has Carl given the waiter a very good tip?

IDIOMS

1. To give away: To give as a present (when you don’t need it anymore)

Eg: Mickey will give all his toys away after his 12th birthday.

2. To give a ring: To call by phone

Eg: Carlos gives Maria a ring every weekend.

3. To give out: To distribute as a sample or a gift for free

Eg: The sales guy will give out some pamphlets about the new supermarket.

4. To give up: To surrender or quit

Eg: Julius gave up smoking two years ago.

Vocabulary:

SPARE: You give it to poor or homeless people.

TIP: You give it to waiters in restaurants.

MODULE 12B

COMPARATIVES AND SUPERALTIVES

We use them to compare specific characteristics about nouns (people, places, things, etc)
To use the comparatives and superlatives you need to use adjectives.

REGULAR ADJECTIVES

Comparative and superlative Form

If we use a short adjective to compare two nouns we have to add ER. But if the adjective ends with E we
just add R. the word THAN is needed To make the comparisons.

To make the superlative form of these adjectives, we add the article THE and “EST”

Eg:

COMPARATIVE = Cold – Colder Nice – Nicer

Warm – Warmer Fine – Finer

SUPERLATIVE= Cold – The Coldest Nice – The Nicest

Warm – The Warmest Fine – The Finest

Other adjectives: Cheap, tall, fast, young, small, old.

** If the adjective ends with Y and it is a short adjective we remove the “Y” and add “IER”

we add “IEST”, for the superlative form.

Eg: Sunny - sunnier - the sunniest

Heavy - heavier - the heaviest

Others: Happy, funny, healthy healthier / healthiest

** If the short adjective is monosyllabic and its last letter is preceded by a vowel, we double the last letter
and add “ER” for the comparative.

We add “EST” for the superlative.

Eg: Fat - Fatter - The Fattest

Wet - Wetter - The Wettest
Big bigger biggest

Others: Hot, thin, big

** If we have a long adjective, we add the word “more” for the comparative.

the word “the most” is used for the superlative.

Eg: Interesting - more interesting - the most interesting

Handsome - more handsome - the most handsome

Others: Beautiful, intelligent, dangerous, exciting.

SIMILES

We use them to talk about the similarities and differences of nouns. With similes we can use the
adjectives in their regular form and we have to use the conjunctions As ADJ “As”

Eg: Bogotá is as cold as London.

The shark isn’t as big as the whale.

Did you know it? Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world (8.848 metres)
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES

These kinds of adjectives are an exception to the rules.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

Good Better The best

Bad Worse The worst
Little Less The least
Far Farther The farthest

MODULE 13

VERB TO HAVE / HAVE GOT

We use this verb to talk about possession. It also means: to contain, to receive, get, take.

Present Past Participle Present P. Future

Have // has had had having Will Have

USES:

To own something Eg: Mark has a lot of money.

To receive something Eg: Jane had a Christmas present from Mike.
To eat or to drink something Eg. I will have fish for lunch // John had three beers at the bar.
To experience something Eg: We had a good time at the party.
To arrange something Eg. They are having a special meeting tonight.
To make someone do something Eg. I had my son do his bed over.

** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: Paul has a beautiful girlfriend.

Joe and Martin have a big apartment in Palm Beach
Lucy has got a new car

** TO HAVE AND TO HAVE GOT

AMERICAN ENGLISH BRITISH ENGLISH

AFFIRMATIVE:

I I
You You
We HAVE ……… We HAVE GOT ………..
They They

She She
He HAS ……….. He HAS GOT ………….
It It
 NEGATIVE:

I I
You You
We DON’T HAVE……. We HAVEN’T GOT……
They They

She She
He DOESN’T HAVE…. He HASN’T GOT……..
It It

QUESTIONS:

Do I Have I
Do you Have You
Do we HAVE ……….? Have We GOT……..?
Do They Have They

Does she Has She

Does he HAVE ……….? Has He GOT ……..?
Does it Has It

IDIOMS

1. To have to: To have an obligation

Eg: Edwin will have to repeat the discovery test (134/150)

Lisa has to visit her grandmother every weekend

2. To have time off: to have free time

Eg: I always have some time off after lunch

Harry never has time off

3. To have a charge of: to manage or to have the position of

Eg: ted has a charge of manager in a big company

4. To have on: to wear

Eg: Helen has her black dress on, she looks very sexy
What will Ivan have on for the Christmas party?

5. To have to do with: to concern

Eg: Tony had to do with the robbery

Numbers have to do with math

MODULE 14

MODULE 14 A

VERB TO TAKE

Present Past Participle Present P. Future

take // takes Took taken taking Will take

This verb also means: to capture, to posses, to accept, to ingest, to move SBD or STH from one place to
another.
FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTECES

Eg: My mother always takes sleeping pills every night.

Elvis has taken many driving lessons.
John is taking his family to the central park
They took a long nap after lunch.
I will take my family to the park this Sunday.

USEFUL EXPRESSIONS WITH TAKE

1. To take a look

Eg: Maria always takes a look at her neighbors

2. To take a walk

Eg: I will take a walk through the garden

3. To take advantage of

Eg: Nelson takes advantage of Milhouse because he is short and weak

4. To take a nap

Eg: some people usually take a nap after lunch

5. To take it easy

Eg: Jack knows how to deal with his problems; he always takes things easily.

6. To take the floor

Eg: nobody else could talk when John took the floor.

LENGTH OF TIME:

QUESTIONS: How long + does/did/will/has/take (n) + to verb + complement.

Eg: How long does it take you to do your homework? It takes……….

did it took………..

will it will take……

has (taken) it has taken….

is ( taking) it is taking…….

ANSWER: It takes/ took/ has taken/ will take/ object pronoun/ time /to verb/ complement

MODULE 14 B

IDIOMS:

1. To take one’s time: To be slow

Eg: Eric takes his time to make the pizza

Valerie didn’t take her time to study French

2. To take out: To remove or to invite out

Eg: Klaus always takes his dog out for a walk

Alfred will take Susan out for the weekend
 3. To take part: To participate

Eg: The students took part in the protest

I won’t take part of that stupid game

4. To take place: To happen, to occur

Eg: The fight will take place in Las Vegas

The Halloween party always takes place in Mike’s house

5. To take a seat: To sit down

Eg: Please Madam, take a seat

The fat man took a seat behind you

6. To take turn: To alternate

Eg: We take turn at the bathroom,

The players take turn at the basketball

7. To take care of: To look after someone

Eg: Antoine takes care of his eight children

Oscar won’t take care of his granny

8. To take apart: To dissemble

Eg: The technician took my TV set apart

9. To take off: To leave/to go

Eg: The aeroplane took off from the airport at 9:00 pm.
Cesar will take off tomorrow at noon

10. To take for a ride: To travel for fun

Eg: My dad takes me for a ride all over the city twice a month

Exiting

** GIVING DIRECTIONS

QUESTIONS: ANSWERS

1. How can I get to ……….? Go straight ahead one /two blocks until ….

2. Can you me give directions to……? Turn left // Turn right, Take the first
/second
Turning on the left / right
3. Can you tell // show me the way to ….? On the left / right hand side, on the next corner.

MODULE 15

VERB TO GET

This verb also means: To receive, obtain, bring, persuade, win, find, catch an illness, take, keep, arrive,
understand, come, have, achieve, reach etc….

Future
Present Past Participle Present P.
Will get
Get Got Gotten Getting
** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: Does Henry usually get a cold when he gets wet?

Jane got a good job in a new company
They have not gotten the teacher’s explanations
I’ll get home late tonight

The verb get can also be used with different adjectives, to express sensations or feelings

To get sick To get wet To get older To get better To get fat/thin
To get well To get dark To get burned To get tired To get clear
To get busy To get bored To get hot To get cold To get married
To get bored To get dark To get clear to get better To get cold/hot

IDIOMS

1. TO GET OFF (bajarse): to leave, to abandon a form of transportation or ride.

Eg: I will get off this bus next time

2. TO GET ON (subirse): to board a transportation.

E.g: Alice gets on the bus at 7 o`clock in the morning

3. TO GET ALONG WELL WITH (llevarse bien con): to have a good relationship with someone
Eg: Claudia gets along well with her parents in law
Dogs don’t get along well with cats

4. TO GET LOST (perderse): to lose one’s way or destination

Eg: They got lost in the forest last year
Bonnie always gets lost in strange streets

5. TO GET IN TOUCH WITH (tener contacto con): to contact someone

Eg: Luigi will get in touch with Mario as soon as he arrives to the city.

6. TO GET OVER: to overcome , to recuperate from an illness or negative feeling.

Eg: Pablo couldn`t get over from his sadness and then he committed suicide.
Tina got over the flu
I think Billy will get over from his divorce.

7. TO GET RID OF: To remove, to exterminate.

Eg: Axel can`t get rid of the mice which are in his kitchen.
Britney couldn`t get rid of her ex-boyfriend.

8. TO GET UP: arise (from bed), Stand up

Eg: Johan doesn`t like to get up early.
You have to get up to shake hands

9. TO GET BACK: to return.

Eg: The rock band will get back next year to Colombia

10. TO GET AWAY: to leave for a time. To escape from someone or somewhere
Eg: Patricia and Carrie got away from the city for a while
The killer usually gets away from the cops.

THE USE OF IMPERATIVE

They are used to give orders and advices

Main features of imperatives are:

** They could be affirmative or negative.

** Sentences in present tense.
** No subject.

E.g:

Don’t smoke here!

Do your homework!
Keep away from…!
Sit down!
Don’t get up!
Get lost!
Shut up! (Rude)
Back off (Rude)

FORMAL REQUESTS

They are used to ask for a favor in a polite way:

Will______kindly: Will you kindly open the door?

Would____please: Would you please lend me your pen?
Could____please: Could you please tell me the time?
Would___ mind+(ing verb): Would you mind d riving me to the station?

INVITATIONS

LET`S VS SHALL

LET’S (INFORMAL) SHALL ( FORMAL)

Let’s go to the cinema. Shall we go to the cinema?

MODULE 16

VERB TO KEEP

The verb also means: To maintain, to save, to observe, to remain, and to stay.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Keep Kept Kept Keeping will keep

FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: Lauren keeps all her jewels in a safety box
Mike kept his garden in very good condition.
They have kept a secret for years.
I’ll keep doing it if you don’t change your attitude.

IDIOMS

1) To keep off: to stay away from. (it can be used as an imperative)

Eg: Keep your feet off the grass

2) To keep away from: to avoid something or someone (imperative)

Eg: Bruce kept away from Johnny because he is a bad influence

3) To keep in mind: to consider

Eg: Steve will keep in mind Nick`s advice
Adrian kept in mind his duties for last week

4) To keep an eye on: to watch, to take care to

Eg: Simon will keep an eye on his sick dog
Keep an eye on the apple pie, it`s in the microwave

5) To keep up with: to be same level with someone, to maintain informed

Eg: My dad always keeps up with the latest news.
Dennis kept up with Scottie’s English level

6) To keep in touch with: to be in contact

Eg: Glen will keep in touch with his lover
Mallory keeps in touch with me every weekend

7) To keep good time: To have the correct time

Eg: Sam is always on time his watch keeps good time
Benny kept a good time on the race

8) To keep track of: to maintain in order, to follow

Eg: The detective will keep track of all the suspects

DETERMINERS / INDEFINITE PRONOUNS

We use determiners to talk about people, places and things. We need the words:
Some, Any, No, Every

DETERMINER PLACE PERSON THING

Some Somewhere Someone/Somebody Something
Any Anywhere Anyone/anybody Anything
Every Everywhere Everyone/everybody Everything
No Nowhere No one/nobody Nothing

Eg.:

Place I put my notebook somewhere

Your children must be anywhere
The mosquitoes are everywhere
Where were you? I was nowhere

Person someone broke the glass

Anybody can play soccer
Everybody will go to the party
There was nobody in the house

Thing Something happened yesterday

Does Samuel know anything about the lesson?
Tommy had nothing in his pockets
There is everything in space.

We can use the word else with determiners, to mean someone/thing, other than the subject
Eg: There was no one else in the laboratory
Can we go somewhere else? I don`t like this place

MODULE 17

VERB TO SAY
This verb means, to express verbally something, to assume, to declare.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Say Said Said Saying Will say

FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: The president said a big speech to the audience.

Lucy did not say anything about her in the interview.
The kids have said naughty words during class.
I’m saying what I feel.
We all will say “merry Christmas” in December.

VERB TO TELL

We use it to express someone verbally a story, an event, etc. To relate.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Tell Told Told telling Will tell

FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

We SAY something to someone and we TELL someone something.

SAY: Introduces direct and indirect quotation marks.

TELL: Requires an indirect object.

1. Tell “someone” a story

2. Tell ………..a secret
3. Tell ………..the truth
4. Tell ………..a lie
5. Tell ………..all about
6. Tell ………. The time

Eg: What will Rosie tell Nelson about the accident?

I did not tell her the truth.
He has always told his parents lies.
They are telling us what to do.

REPORTED SPEECH

We use it to express what a person SAID about a specific kind of situation. When we use the reported
speech we confront two tenses.

CONFRONTATIONS

Present simple vs Past simple

Present continuous vs Past continuous
Present perfect vs Past perfect
Past simple vs Past perfect
Future simple vs Conditional
Future vs Conditional
Can vs Could

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH

Eg: I saw the crime Priscilla said that she had seen the crime.

** Note: make examples using all the tenses.

Present simple vs Past simple:

Direct speech: John says, "I eat an apple every day."
Reported speech: John said that he ate an apple every day.

Present continuous vs Past continuous:

Direct speech: Sarah says, "I am studying for my exams."
Reported speech: Sarah said that she was studying for her exams.

Present perfect vs Past perfect:

Direct speech: Mark says, "I have visited Paris before."
Reported speech: Mark said that he had visited Paris before.

Past simple vs Past perfect:

Direct speech: Lisa says, "I went to the store yesterday."
Lisa said that she had been to the store yesterday
Reported speech: Lisa said that she had gone to the store the day before.

Future simple vs Conditional:

Direct speech: Tom says, "I will help you with your project."
Reported speech: Tom said that he would help me with my project.

Future vs Conditional:
Direct speech: Emily says, "I will travel to Europe next summer."
Reported speech: Emily said that she would travel to Europe the following summer.

Can vs Could:
Direct speech: Alex says, "I can swim very well."
Reported speech: Alex said that he could swim very well.

We can use the word that to make the connection between the two tenses.
Eg: Roger said that he had finished his assignment.

MODULE 17B

ADVERBS OF TIME

We use them to express the length of time of an event or situation.

AFTERWARDS: Is used to describe a later time.

Eg: We will wash the dishes afterwards

LATELY: Is used to describe the nearest past.

Eg: I haven’t seen Diane lately.

EVENTUALLY: Is used to describe some time in the future.

Eg: Eventually, Derek will have to quit his job.

RECENTLY: It is used to describe a time very near to the present.

Eg: Beatriz bought a car recently

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS

We use the reflexive pronouns to make reference of a specific subject who makes an action.
PRONOUN REFLEXIVE

I Myself
You Yourself
He Himself
She Herself
It Itself
We Ourselves
They Themselves
You Yourselves

Eg: I like to look myself at the mirror.

Watch out! You could hurt yourself.

Jack cut himself with the knife.

Sarah and Reese didn’t behave themselves.

Britney and I enjoyed ourselves the meal

The bird fixed itself its wing.

MODULE 18
VERB TO LIKE
We use it to express taste or desire.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Like /likes Liked Liked (no) Will like

FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

USES:

1. LIKE + NOUN (object, person, animal, place)

Eg: Annie likes cakes very much

Henry has always liked tall blonde girls.
I did not like Bogotá because it’s cold and noisy.

2. LIKE + VERB (like + infinitive verb) or (like + verb+ing)

Eg: Mark likes to drink Colombian coffee. Mark likes drinking Colombian coffee.
Mary liked to visit her grand parents. Mary liked visiting her grand parents.
They have liked to live in this country. They have liked living in this country.

3. LIKE + SOMEONE + TO VERB + COMPLEMENT

Eg: David likes his girlfriend to call him everyday.

Liana did not like him to kick her dog
Has the boy liked his parents to move to another house?

4. LIKE + THE WAY + SOMEONE + VERB + COMPLEMENT

Eg: Diana likes the way her new boyfriend kisses her
I didn’t like the way she talks to me at the party.
We have liked the way the new teacher teaches us.

5. LIKE + TO BE = TO EXPRESSS SIMILES

Eg: Sharon is like her mother.

That car is like the one I saw yesterday.
She was like a queen in the party.
** Another use of like is description.

Eg: They’re nice people What are they like?

Hank is very rude; he is like a wild animal.

LIKES AND DISLIKES

Do you like Bogotá?

Do you like that TV show?
Do you like that girl?

LIKES DISLIKES

I like it a lot I don’t like it at all

I really like it I can’t stand it
I like it very much I hate it
I quite like it I don’t like it very much

EXPRESSIONS WITH LIKE

1. WOULD LIKE + TO VERB

We use it to express a desire in a near future. Contraction: ‘d with personal pronouns.

Eg: She’d like to eat Chinese food.

They’d like to buy a new house.
Melvin would like to go to the circus.

Question: What would you like to do?

2. FEEL LIKE + VERB +ING

We use it to express a desire for a specific action.
It is always followed by the ing form of the verb.

Eg: I feel like watching a horror movie.

Deborah feels like walking a long walk.
Lane felt like singing a song.

MODULE 19

VERB TO DO

The verb “do” means to perform an action or a task.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Do/does Did Done Doing Will do

FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

USES OF DO

1. We can use do to indicate that a person performs or works at a specific activity.

Eg: Rachel does aerobics once a week.
Arnold did 30 abdominals yesterday.

2. To express that a person performs at a specific task.

Eg: the maid did all the cleaning.

TASKS
Do the homework, Do the cleaning, Do the job

3. To study a subject
Eg: Kevin will do Math and French at school tomorrow.
 Josh did philosophy last semester.

4. To solve or to find the answer.

Eg: Dexter has done the same crossword puzzle three times.
I didn’t do the test correctly.

5. To travel a particular distance or range.

Eg: Ruben’s car does 60 miles per gallon

6. To visit and travel all around a place as a tourist.

Eg: Stella and Jimmy will do Hong Kong in a week.

7. To punish someone for a crime or a mistake.

Eg: The police did him for drug dealing.

8. To rob a place.
Eg: The burglar always does luxurious houses.

9. To take illegal drugs.

Eg: Maradona does cocaine and heroine.

10. To imitate someone’s behavior. (Do an impression)

Eg: That guy does a great Elvis Presley impression.

11. To perform or produce a play an opera, a sketch, etc.

Eg: The theatre company will do a street play named Desire.

IDIOMS

1. To do it over: To do again, to redecorate.

Eg: Estelle has to do all the exercises over.
The painting is awful so Brad and Juliette will do it over.

2. To do without: To live without.

Eg: Lola did without candies because of her diet.
Poor people do without luxuries

RELATIVE CLAUSES

A relative clause describes a person, a thing or a place when we need a longer description. We can use
the words:

WHO for people.

Eg: Gloria is the secretary who works for Mr Miller.
Alexander Graham Bell was the man who invented the telephone.

WHICH formal way for things

Eg: Rock is the kind of music which Luisa likes.
The car which I bought, wasn’t new.

THAT: Informal way for things

Eg: Thomas has a Spotify account that never works.
This is the same car that I saw yesterday

Where: Places
Eg: The city where Alvaro worked was New York.
Japan is the country where I’m going to travel next year.

MODULE 20

VERB TO MAKE
The verb “make” means to perform or work in manual things.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Make/makes Made Made Making Will make

FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

USES:

1. To do STH: Eg: she did not make any effort to pass her exams

2. To manufacture STH: Eg: that company makes surgical instruments

3. To get friends: Eg: Frank made two very good friends at the university.

4. To take decisions: Eg: she made the worst decision of her life.

5. To earn money Eg: Louis is making a lot of money in his new business.

6. To prepare STH for use Eg: I will make the bed before leaving.

7. to cause sound to be heard Eg: the bomb made a strong noise when it blew up.

8. To make + someone + verb + complement Eg: the teacher made us do all the exercises again.

IDIOMS

1. To make up one’s mind: To decide, to make a decision about something.

Eg: Ralph made up his mind about the wedding.
Juana will make up her mind about the proposal in two days.

2. To make believe: To pretend

Eg: I made believe my mother that I was at a party.
Gina made believe everybody that she was rich.

3. To make sure: To confirm. To assure oneself.

Eg: You will have to make sure that your answer is correct.
My father always makes sure that my brother is studying.

4. To make good time: To travel quickly.

Eg: She made a good time in her trials.
Your cousin will make a good time in my car.

5. To make fun of: To joke about someone, to laugh at someone.

Eg: The kids made fun of the clown.

6. To make the best of: To do as good as possible.

Eg: Axel made the best of his studies at Britain.
I will make the best of my new job.

7. To make sense: To be logical or understandable.

Eg: The math exercise doesn’t make sense.
What Charlie did, made a lot of sense.

8. To make up: To make peace, to solve relationship problems

Eg: after their big fight, Jill and Michael decided to make up.

9. To make room: To make a place (somewhere) for someone or something.

Eg: I will have to make room for my sister in law, she’s coming from Ireland.
Molly and Sam, made room in her bed for their dog Fido.

10. To make something talk: To play an instrument very well.

Eg: Jimmy Hendrix made the guitar talk.
Richard Claiderman makes the piano talk.
MODULE 20B

THE PASSIVE VOICE

The passive voice is usually used in academic written English; however writers prefer the active
voice to the passive voice, because it is considered stronger.

Active: Subject + Verb + Direct Object

Passive: Direct object + Verb to be + Verb in past participle + by + Subject

Passive sentence are formed with the verb to be followed by verb in the past participle, then to
mention the person who has done the action we use the word by.

Eg:

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

1. A man hijacked the plane The plane was hijacked by a man.

2. A baseball hit john’s head John’s head was hit by a baseball.
3. Bobby will write a note to the attendant A note will be written to the attendant by bobby
4. We are taking the bus to go to the airport The bus is being taken by us to go to the airport
5. Jane has kept her keys in the purse The keys have been kept in the purse by Jane

TAG QUESTIONS

Use tag questions to ask for information or check for confirmation about opinions and feelings. We
can form a tag question with an auxiliary or modal verb on a pronoun.

When the verb in the sentence is affirmative, the auxiliary in the sentence must be negative and
vice versa.

Tag questions are useful to ask for agreement. The falling intonation is very important in tag
questions and it means that it’s not necessary to give an answer to the question. But with rising
intonation and a stress in a word of the main statement is necessary to give an answer.

With the adverbs never and seldom, the tag question is affirmative. When the statement has a
singular demonstrative adjective (this/that), you have to change it by “it” and if it is a plural adjective
(these/those), you change it by “they”.

Eg: Positive statement Tag Question (negative)

Today is Monday Isn’t it?

Cindy went there last year Didn’t she?
Gary and Allen are going to visit Amelia in Hawaii Aren’t they?

Negative statement Tag Question (positive)

Today is not Monday Is it?

Cindy didn’t go there last year Did she?
Gary and Allen are not going to visit Amelia in Hawaii Are they?

** Note: The contracted taq for “I am” is “aren’t I”

Eg: I am your teacher aren’t I?

I am your teacher , am not I
 MODULE 21
VERB TO STAND
The verb stand means to maintain a position on the feet.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Stand/stands stood stood standing Will stand

FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: Warren stood in the line for thirty minutes.

Christy always stands near the bus stop.
They have stood at the door to say good bye to their guests.
The soldier will stand at ease in front of the sergeant.

IDIOMS

1. To stand up: To get up.

Eg: Annabelle never stands up to say hello.
The soldiers stood up when they heard the national anthem.

2. To stand for: To represent. To mean

Eg: The police stand for civil order.
FBI stands for Federal Bureau of Investigation.

3. To stand up for: To believe in, to defend.

Eg: Rachel stands up for his children.
Jason stood up for his honor.
Reverend Lovejoy stands up for his religion

4. To stand out: To be noticeable.

Eg: The Roll Royce stands out for its price.
Albert Einstein stood out for his intelligence.

5. To stand a chance: To have an opportunity.

Eg: Anton and Mick will stand a chance in the next contest.
Juliana stood a chance and got a great job.

6. To stand to reason: To be logical.

Eg: Rosie eats a lot. It stands to reason that she’s so fat.
Matt isn’t a responsible person, it stands to reason he had lost his job.

THE FIRST CONDITIONAL

The first conditional is used to talk about the consequences in the future of certain events or
situations, things that will or might happen. The kind of conditionals is also known as real or true
conditional.

Structure:

If clause + Present Tense / Present continuous + Main clause + Will + complement

Eg: If you wear that dress, people will laugh at you.

If Cristina marries Mike, she will be very happy.
If Charlene doesn’t pay the money she will be killed.

 We can use the words should or could instead of will to advice or recommend.
Eg: If it stops raining the girls could go to the park.
If they aren’t hungry, they should give away all the food.
If you fail the exam, you should study more.
If Miranda continues sleeping with many men, she could get pregnant or worse.

 Sometimes IF is located in the middle of the sentence.

Eg: Pauline will get a promotion if he does the assignment.
Maurice will finish the module if he keeps attention.
 You could buy a mansion if you win the lottery

MODULE 22
VERB TO LOOK

The verb look means the action of using the eyes to see something carefully. It also means to search, to
face, to turn one’s eyes in order to see someone or something, to seem like.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Look/looks Look looked looking Will look

FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: Joan has looked herself in the mirror twice today.

Alexis always looks at the window to see his neighbor naked.
She looked like a serious girl to me before I met her.

IDIOMS

1. To look for: To search.

Eg: Marlon looked for a job in the newspapers adds.
Dave will look for his glasses all around the house.

2. To look up: To look in a text for written information.

Eg: Mathias always looks up unknown words in the dictionary.
Carlos looked up for the restaurant’s number in the guide.

3. To look forward to: To anticipate.

Eg: Ginny and Paul will look forward to the Rock concert.
The students always look forward to the last day of class.

4. To look up to: To admire.

Eg: My friend Jaime looks up to Nikola Tesla.

5. To look down upon: To despise.

Eg: Raphael never looks down upon poor people.

6. To look out: To be careful.

Eg: Kai always looks out for his children’s security.
Theo and Hans looked out for their invention.
7. To look over: To examine, to check
Eg: Markus always looks over his notes before the exam.
Tanya didn’t look over the mistakes on her report.

8. To look through: To observe with an instrument.

Eg: Professor Frank looked through the microscope the patient’s blood.
You can’t look through that wall.

9. To look around: To explore a place.

Eg: Christopher Columbus looked around America in 1492.
We look around the forest for five hours.

10. To look after: To take care of something or someone.

Eg: Fred likes to look after his little brother.
Alicia never looks after her old and sick grandma.

11. To look into: To investigate.

Eg: The detective looked into the suspect’s finger prints.
The principal will look into the bad student’s files.

12. To look good: To have a good appearance.

Eg: Bonnie looked really good this morning.
My aunt will look good on her wedding.
 13. To look bad: To have a bad appearance.
Eg: Carlos was very sick today, he looked bad.
Cindy will look bad if she doesn’t dress better.

THE USE OF DUE TO, BECAUSE OF AND BECAUSE

Because, Because of, and Due to are all connectors which show cause,

Because: Is always followed by a subject and a verb.

Eg: The flights were cancelled because the weather conditions were bad.
Because the weather conditions were bad, the flights were cancelled.

Because of: Is not followed by a verb but is followed by a noun or noun phrase.

Eg: The flights were cancelled because of bad weather conditions.

Because of weather conditions, the flights were cancelled.

Due to: is followed by the same grammatical forms as because of. Due to is also used in formal written.
English and is then usually followed the fact that + subject +verb.

Eg: The flights were cancelled due to bad weather conditions.

The flights were cancelled due to the fact the weather conditions were bad.

 Because of all her debts, Meilin went to jail.

 Due to its low prices, Margot will buy in save-mart.
 Juliana lost all his money because of her addiction to gamble.
 Samara will commit suicide due to her recent divorce.
 Mary couldn`t go to the cinema because she had a terrible headache.
 MODULE 23

VERB TO RUN

The verb run means to move one`s feet in a fast motion, faster than walk, administer.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Run/runs Ran Run Running Will Run

USES:

1. To go at fast pace Eg: that boy is running very fast

2. To participate in race Eg: that black horse has run several times this year.

3. To perform something Eg: she is running a test in this moment

4. To transport SBD or STH Eg: he ran me into town last night

5. To administer Eg: Mike has run this company for years.

6. To operate Eg: The operators did not let the engineer run the machine.

7. To control STH Eg: Jack is responsible for running the sales department.

8. To range Eg: this work has run from difficult to impossible.

9. To remain legally valid Eg: the contract has a year to run

** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: Melanie ran to her office this morning.

Cliff always runs very fast in every race.

IDIOMS

1) To run out of: To exhaust a supply.

Eg: We ran out of money at the restaurant last week.
Holly will run out of coffee very soon.
You are running out of time.

2) To run away from: To scape, to flee.

Eg : Meredith will run away from home, next Friday.
Stuart always runs away from a mouse.

3) To run errands: This idiom refers to the act of going out to complete various tasks or chores,
usually outside the home. It typically involves activities such as shopping, picking up items, paying
bills, or completing other necessary tasks. When someone says they need to "run errands," it
means they have a list of specific things to do or places to visit.

Eg: I have to run errands today, so I'll be going to the bank, the grocery store, and the post
office.
The officer sometimes runs errands for his boss.
Ray ran errands for Dorothy.

4) To run into: To meet by accident.

Eg: George ran into his ex-girlfriend.
Gabriel and I always run into two beautiful girls at the university.

5) To run across: To run through.

Eg: Sidney has run across the park for two hours.
 EXPRESSIONS

1) Approve of : To think that something is acceptable or the opposite.

Eg.: The boss approved of Kevin`s ideas.

2) Abide by: To accept something according to an agreement.

Eg: Clint will have to abide by all the rules of the games.

3) Absent from: Not to be in a place.

Eg: Tyrone was absent from the meeting.

MODULE 24

VERB TO COME

The verb to come means to approach to a place. It also means to arrive.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Come/comes Came Come Coming Will come

USES:

1. To occur in mind Eg. An afterthought came to me while I was shaving

2. To happen Eg: I never thought this day would ever come.

3. To result Eg: stomachaches come from eating to much chocolate.

4. To be produced Eg: this model also comes in red and blue.

** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURE TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: Sasha will come to the party next Saturday.

IDIOMS

1) To come across: To meet or to find someone or something by coincidence.

Eg: Phil came across the doll in the toy store.

2) To come from: to be from a specific place.

Eg: Vincent comes from Denmark.

3) To come true: To become a reality.

Eg: Carlos’ dreams came true, he`s now an architect.

4) To come to an end: To end or to finish.

Eg: The contract came to an end last Wednesday.

The story comes to a happy end.

ADVERBS OF DEGREE

We use the adverbs of degree to measure the intensity of adjectives, adverbs and verbs that are
preceded by these adverbs.

1. Fairly: It`s similar to very.

 Eg: Lenny is driving fairly quickly, but he isn`t speeding
She performed fairly well in the exam, showing a good understanding of the material.
The puppy was fairly tired after playing all day.

2. Pretty: Suggest less than 100%.

Eg: Samara is pretty tall, she is like 7 foot

She is pretty excited about her upcoming birthday party.

3. Barely: It’s a negative word and it’s similar to hardly.

Eg: Samara had barely got into the bath, when the phone rang.
He barely eats any vegetables

MODULE 25

VERB TO HOLD

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Hold Held Held Holding Will hold

USES:

1. To catch STH Eg: would you hold this for me please?

2. To hug someone Eg: Lucy held her boyfriend as soon as she saw him.

3. To reserve STH Eg: the lady held the ticket for us in the box office.

4. To refrain from STH Eg: the public have held the applause until the end.

5. To have a particular capacity. Eg: that new van can hold 20 passengers.

6. to sustain SMB Eg. The breakfast we had this morning will hold us all day long.

** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: My parents always hold the cat in their arms.

Gustavo held Florence because she was cold.

IDIOMS

1) To hold with: To agree or to approve.

Eg: Sophia doesn`t hold with Luke’s ideas.

2) To hold still: To remain in the same position or to be quite.

Eg: I have to hold still for the national anthem.
The teacher said Mr. Rocha to hold still.

3) To hold up: To rob.

Eg: Steve will hold up a store next week.
The thief held up three drugstores last year.

4) To hold good: to be valid.

 Eg: Diane`s checks hold good.
Carlos held good on his promise.

5) To hold on: to wait.

Eg: Sandy held on for half and hour until the telephone was unbusy.
My brother will hold on for his turn in the draft.

VERBS WITH PREPOSITIONS

There are many verbs that can be used with prepositions (with, to, on, from), in some cases they can
be followed by either a gerund or an object. They can be used as idioms.

** NOTE: when we use verbs after these expressions the verb has to be with “ING”

1. To apologize to somebody for

The kid apologized to his parents for failing the math test.
I will apologize Vivian for losing her.

2. To accuse somebody of

The U.S government accused terrorists of violent actions.

Mick will accuse Keith of causing the band`s separation.

3. To insist on

Debbie insisted on paying our bill.

Joe always insists on doing things by himself.

4. To suffer from

Danny suffers from indigestion every time he eats junk food.

Kurt suffered from terrible headaches before the surgery.

5. To die from

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died from tuberculosis.

Liz will die from aids.

6. To depend on

They depend on their boss` decision.

Mailin depends on his parent’s orders.

7. To refer to

That song refers to world peace.

The congress will refer to economy.

8. To agree with

Allie agreed with Johann`s ideas.

Many people don`t agree with Hugo Chavez government.

9. Dream of
David dreams of being a great doctor someday.
I dream of wining the lottery.

10. Rely on
Peter doesn’t rely on his girlfriend.
Nowadays, young people don`t rely on their parents.

11. Laugh at.

The children laugh at the clowns at the circus.

12. To be cross with.

Bill is cross with Steve.
 MODULE 26

VERB TO SEEM

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT C. FUTURE

SEEM/SEEMS SEEMED SEEMED X WILL SEEM

Diana doesn`t seem as kind as Paola.

Things seem as messy as their owners.
Today seems to be a hot day.

IDIOMS

1) To seem like (To look similar)

Paola seems like her mother.
Phillip seems like a monkey, hanging on that tree

2) To seem to be (used with adjectives)

She doesn’t seem to be as beautiful as she appears in the magazine.
Angelica seems to be a good person.

TO BE + PREPOSITIONS WITH ADJECTIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

1. To be pleased with: Eg: I am pleased with God.

2. To be astonished by: Eg: Jesus was astonished by the accident.
3. To be good / bad at: Eg. Paola is bad at math but good at English.
4. To be fond of: Eg: she is fond of a famous singer.
5. To be frightened of: Eg: they were frightened of the dog
6. To be interested in: Eg: my sister is interested in learning English.
7. To be annoyed about / with Eg: Carlos was annoyed with the new student
8. To be proud of Eg: Jane’s parents are really proud of her.
9. To be sorry about Eg: they were sorry about the little girls’ story.
10. To be afraid of Eg: women are usually afraid of mice.
11. To be mad at Eg: she was mad at me because I told her the truth.
12. To be ashamed of Eg: I was ashamed of breaking the glass of the window.
13. To be fed up with Eg: Mark was fed up with his wife because she didn’t call him.

** NOTE: when we use verbs after these expressions the verb has to be with “ING”

Eg: James is good at playing soccer I was interested in being a politician.

PREFIX AND SUFFIX

English words can consist in three parts: a root, a prefix and a suffix. The root is the part of the word that
contains the meaning. The prefix is a word element that is placed in front of the root, and changes the
meaning of it. The suffix is a word that changes the root’s meaning as well as its function, is placed at the
end of the root.

PREFIX SUFFIX

UN: Unfriendly, unbelievable LY: kindly, sincerely

IN: invisible, incorrect ISH: Foolish, tallish
OUT: outgoing, outstanding LESS: careless, painless
IR: irresponsible, irregular FUL: useful, thoughtful
DIS: dishonest, discourteous OUS: dangerous, famous

** Note: give examples in complete sentences using prefix and suffix

 MODULE 27

VERB TO WANT
Use this verb to express desire.

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

Want Wanted Wanted X Will want

** FOLLOW THE STRUCTURES TO MAKE ALL KIND OF SENTENCES

Eg: Juliana wants to go home.

Brenda wants a chocolate ice cream.

1) To want someone to do.

Eg: I want Lilly to sing that beautiful song.
She wanted Javier to play soccer.

2) To want out.
Eg: Angela wants out of the concert.
Davila and Seth wanted out of the competition.

THE SECOND CONDITIONAL

With the second conditional, we can make sentences that describe situations that are unreal – contrary to
fact. That`s why they`re also known as unreal conditionals.

Structure:

If+subject+verb in past+complement, subject+should +inf.verb +complement

Could
Might
Would

Might/ could: Possibility

Should: advice/mid obligation

 If I were rich, I could buy a big house.

 I could buy a big house if I were rich.
 If I were rich, could I buy a new house?

 If Nathan bought a dog, he should take care of it.

 Nathan should take care of the dog if he bought it.
 If Nathan bought a dog, should he take care of it?

THIRD CONDITIONAL

Structure:
If+subject+past perfect, subject+would have+verb in past participle

 If I had gone to Paris, I would have visited the Eiffel tower.

 I would have visited the Eiffel tower if I had gone to Paris.
 If I had gone to Paris, would I have visited the Eiffel tower?

SOME CONNECTORS:

1. While: John was watching TV while Paola was talking by phone.

2. Instead of: I should be at school instead of playing videogames.
3. Not only …..But also: Courtney is not only a pretty girl but also an intelligent one!
4. Because of: because of the rain, I could not go to the soccer match!
5. Although: although I was sick I attended to school.
6. as if: everybody was crying as if someone had died
7. as well as: the students as well as the teachers went to the park
 MODULE 28

DISCOURSE CONNECTORS:

Connectors are words and expressions that tie together ideas in a sentence or speech.
The ideas both within sentences and between sentences.

Transitions: To connect ideas between sentences There are two kinds of connectors: Transitions and
conjunctions.

- However / nevertheless: Paula walked back to the mall however, she couldn’t remember where she’d
parked her car.

- Besides: Juliana forgot her purse and besides that she forgot her keys.

- Although : Fabio lost the exam although he had studied very hard.

- Because Of/Due to: Catalina will travel to Miami, next vacation, because of/Due to
her good grades.

- For instance: The president made good actions for the country for instance he
constructed new museums and parks

- Therefore: Tom felt it was necessary to give Juliana an explanation therefore he told her
what did happen.

- Instead of: They will buy an old house instead of a new house.

Conjunctions: Join two ideas within sentences.

- So: Belinda didn’t like the first project so she had to think in other.

- And: Glen will quit his job and after that he will start his own business.

- But: It may sound silly but my brother is afraid of dark.

- Then: Timothy opened the door first, then he got rid of the garbage.

- While: Dorothy will attend the meeting while Andy will pick the children up.

WRITING: PRACTICE COMPOSITION

Before start writing, it is worth to understand what a composition is. It is a basic unit of organization in
writing in which a group of related sentences develop one main idea. It has three mayor structural parts: a
topic paragraph (states the main idea of the composition). Supporting paragraphs (they explain the main
idea through reasons, examples, facts, statistics and quotations ) and the concluding paragraph (signals
the end of the composition and leaves the reader with important points to remember). From now on,
you=re going to practice writing compositions. They are of different kinds: Narrative, Descriptive,
Argumentative and Expository.

A narrative composition could be the easiest or the most difficult depending on the author=s intentions
and capacities. To narrate, is to have an account, tell or recount events, experiences, etc., in speech or
writing which could be in chronological order.

MODULE 29
VERB TO THROW

PRESENT PAST PARTICIPLE PRESENT P. FUTURE

THROW THREW TRHOWN THROWING WILL THROW

USES:

1. To send STH from hand Eg: The Protestants threw rocks to the police.

2. To direct eyes Eg: She threw me a warning look.

3. To disconcert SBD Eg: her unexpected arrival threw me

Idioms

1. Throw out: discard, get rid of something no longer wanted.

Eg: With the arrival of new technology for music, most people had to throw out the old audio
cassettes.

2. Throw up: to vomit. To build

Eg: Every time I travel by bus for a long time, I always throw up.
The enemy threw up a bridge across the mountain.

3. Throw away: to put in the garbage can.

Eg. The boy has thrown away the leftover.

THE PROGRESSIVE / CONTINUOUS TENSES

TENSE AND AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE TIME

DEFINITION SENTENCES SENTENCES SENTENCES EXPRESSIONS
Present Subject +am +
Subject + Wh + am/is/are +
progressive: not/isn`t/ aren`t +
am/is/are + verb subject + verb ing
Actions, events or verb ing +
ing +complement. + complement?
states that are in complement.
at this moment,
progress at the
right now
moment (that is
happening now The dog isn`t
The dog is barking Is the dog barking?
and it´s not barking
finished yet).

Past progressive: Subject +

We use that past Subject+ was/were Wh + was/were +
wasn`t/weren`t +
progressive to + verb ing subject + verb ing
verb ing Yesterday last
express an action +complement + complement?
+complement week two days ago
that was in
progress (not
The dog was The dog wasn`t Was the dog
finished) at a time
barking barking barking?
in the past

Future
progressive: Subject + will be + Subject + won`t + Wh + will + subject
we use it to verb ing + be + verb ing + +be + verb ing +
complement complement complement Tomorrow next
indicate an action
Friday in 2 hours
that will be in
progress in some The dog will be The dog won`t be Will the dog be
time of the future barking barking barking?
Present Perfect Subject + haven`t / Wh + have/ has +
progressive.: Subject + have/
hasn`t + been + subject + been +
We use this tense has + been + verb
verb ing + verb ing +
to describe an ing + complement
complement complement? Since
action that began
For
in a time in the
past and are still in The dog has been The dog hasn`t Has the dog been
progress in the barking been barking barking?
present.
Wh + will + subject
Subject + will have Subject + will not
+ have been +
been + verb ing + have been + verb
verb ing
Future perfect complement ing + complement
+complement
progressive:
I will have been I won`t have been How many classes
taking many taking many will you have been
classes in classes in taking in
December December December?
Wh + had +
Subject + had + Subject + hadn`t +
subject + been +
been + verb ing + been + verb ing +
verb ing +
complement complement
Past perfect complement
progressive: I hadn`t been How many classes
I had been taking
taking many had you been
many classes in
classes in taking in
December
December December?
 MODULE 30
THE USE OF ADVERBS

An adverb is a word that tells us more about a verb. An adverb “qualifies” or “modifies” a verb (the man
ran quickly). But adverbs can also modify adjectives (Tara is really beautiful), or even adverbs (it works
very well)

Many different kinds of words are called adverbs. We can usually recognize an adverb by its:

 Function
 Form
 Position

Function

The principal job of an adverb is to modify (give more information about) verbs, adjectives and other
adverbs.

Modifying a verb:
Eg: John speaks loudly (How does John speak)
Mary lives locally (Where does Mary live)
She never smokes (When does she smoke)

Modifying an adjective
Eg: He is really handsome

Modifying another adverb:

Eg: She drives incredibly slowly

But adverbs have other functions, too. They can:

Modify a whole sentence:

Eg: Obviously, I can`t know everything

Modify a prepositional phrase:

Eg: It`s immediately inside the door

Form

Many adverbs end in – ly form such adverbs by adding – ly to the adjective. Here are some examples:

Quickly Strongly Interestingly

Softly Honestly

But not all words that end in – ly – are adverbs. “Friendly”, for example, is an adjective
Some adverbs have no particular form, for example:

Well Never Still

Fast Always
Very Often

Position

Adverbs have three main positions in the sentences

Front (before the subject) Eg: Now we will study adverbs.

Middle (between the subject and the main verb) Eg: We often study adverbs
End (after the verb or object) Eg: We study adverbs carefully

1. ALREADY AND YET

These adverbs are usually used with the present prefect tense; this is much common in spoken English
than in written English.

We use “already” for affirmative sentences and has the meaning by his time. It can be used in the middle
of an affirmative statement or the end of it.

Uses:

After “verb to be” Eg. Preston is already at home/ he`s at home already

Before main verb Eg. Janice already left / she left already

With present perfect Eg. Jesse has already done his homework
Clancy and Sarah have already cooked dinner

“Yet” is used for negative and interrogative sentences

Eg. Lou Ann and Chester haven`t fixed the radio yet
Has Selma written the essay yet? / No, she hasn`t

2. STILL

This adverb denotes continuation without any change

Uses
Present progressive, after verb to be
Eg. Wanda is still working here

Before principal verb not proceeded by auxiliaries

Eg. Stan still lives at his parents’ “Still” after verb to be: They are still at the theatre

Before auxiliaries and verb to be

Eg: Rick still hasn`t finished his hamburger

3. JUST

You can use it in the past tense. The adverb “just” has two specific uses:

1) We use “just” to express that an action has happened recently

Eg. Justine just finished the exercises two minutes ago.

Expression: just in time/ Peter arrived just in time to help me with the chores.
 2) Use “just” to express that a person did only one action or thing.
E.g. I just wrote one letter
Kurt just answered one question from the test!

MODULE 31

MODAL VERBS

Modal verbs are special auxiliary verbs that behave different from others.

These verbs don’t have:

 Any conjugation
 No ing form
 No auxiliary verbs (except: dare. Have to)
 No preposition. (Except: have to, ought to)
 No tenses
 No third person rule (except: have to)

1. SHOULD //SHOULD NOT chud

To express obligation with certain grade of advisability.

You are sick; you should go to the doctor.

You shouldn`t be at home, you should go to school.
Shouldn`t you be in the school?

2. OUGHT TO // HAD BETTER

OUGHT NOT // HADN`T BETTER

To show degrees of necessity, both have similar meanings

 Sharon ought to sing well in the concert.

(To express advisability and expectation).

 You had better take your medicine, or you will get sick.
 Hadn`t we better take an umbrella?
(Had better is stronger than should and ought to, It can be used for warnings too).

3. WOULD / WOULDN`T

It has a lot of meanings depending on the verb you use with it, and it expresses wishes and polite
requests.

Eg: Would you like to go to the cinema?

I wouldn`t like to be in your shoes!
I would rather drive a car than a truck (to express preference)

4. COULD / COULDN’T

Could is used to express past ability and possibility wit a 50% of certainty.

Eg: Sofia could play the guitar very well when she was younger.
They could be at home, by now.

It’s also used to express a very polite request.

Eg: Excuse me, could I use your bathroom?

Could I play with Jaime’s cellphone?

5. MAY AND MIGHT

 They have similar meaning, both express possibility in the present and the future with a 50% of
certainty. Their negative form is may not and might not.

Eg: Bob may be at the park.

The kids might be playing in the backyard.

6. MAY

Is specially used for polite request and formal permissions.

Eg: May I go the bathroom?

You may go to that trip to Cartagena.

For polite request, you can answer with expressions such as: Of course, certainly, I’d be glad, my
pleasure, sure.

7. MUST AND HAVE TO

They are similar in meaning; both express a strong obligation or necessity and possibility.

Eg: the band must play well for the concert.

Burt has to work on Sundays.

 Must is more formal than have to, use it to show very strong obligation, something very necessary.
Negative for must not / mustn’t.

Eg: You must finish the homework to pass the year.

Tyler mustn’t drink so much beer, he has to work tomorrow.

8. USED TO / USED NOT TO

We use it to express that something happened continuously or frequently during a period in the
past. This modal verb is not used in negative sentences and in questions.

Eg: Ronnie used to visit their folks twice a month.

 Used to also express a past situation that no longer exists.

Eg: Boris used to steal things from his friends until he was caught in the act.
Alberto used to be a terrible man until he found Jesus.

 To form question and to make negative sentences use the auxiliary did.

Eg: Did Hank use to drink every weekend?

Dexter didn’t use to wash their teeth when he was a boy.

9. WOULD RATHER TO / WOULD PREFER TO

Both express to show a preference for something specific. They also express desires and feelings.
Eg: I would rather to stay all day long at home than go out.
Alana would rather be a doctor than a nurse.

 Would prefer is usually followed by the infinitive.

Eg: Stuart would prefer to dance in the disco.

 MODULE 32
GERUNDS

A gerund is the verb+ ing form used as a noun. It can function as a subject, subject of a
complement, object or object of a preposition.

Eg:

1. Writing essays in English requires practice. (Subject)

2. My hobby is collecting stamps. (Subject of complement)

3. I like skiing in winter. (Object)

4. She is afraid of walking alone at night. (Object of preposition)

1. GERUNDS AS SUBJECTS:
If a sentence begins with a gerund (verb+ing) the verb in the sentence must be singular.

Watching television is one the most popular hobbies

Smoking is prohibited in many places today.

2. GERUNDS WITH POSSESSIVE NOUNS AND PRONOUNS:

Walt Disney’s opening of Disneyland was in 1950.
They’ve got a certificate that validates their having completed the entire course.

3. GERUNDS WITH ARTICLES.

The rebuilding of the theatre was delayed for continuous strikes.

4. VERBS USED WITH GERUNDS:

Some verbs are used only with gerunds for general comments.

 Avoid Detest Resent

 Consider Excuse Quit
 Escape Forgive Discuss
 Keep Practice Regret
 Mind Understand Recollect
 Miss Mind Appreciate
 Enjoy Finish Postpone
 Feel Admit Deny
 Like Defer Recommend
 Delay Imagine Mention

5. VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVES:

Use verbs with infinites when you want to talk about specific situations.

 Want
 Decide
 Expect
 Manage
 Learn
 Need
 Seem

6. VERBS WITH BOTH INFINITIVE AND GERUNDS

 Advise Neglect
 Like Permit
 Love Plan
 Prefer Propose
 Allow Stop
 Begin Start
  Continue Study
 Forget Try
 Hate Agree
 Leave Attempt

7. VERBS AFTER PREPOSITIONS

Every time a preposition is followed by a verb, the verb is in the gerund form

Eg:

After going to school, he will stop by at his friend’s house

He always looks over his bills before paying them.

A. Nouns + Prepositions

Choice of excuse for reason for

Possibility of intention of

B. Adjectives + prepositions

Accustomed to fond of successful in

Afraid of tired of capable of

Interested in good at mad at

C. Verb + prepositions

Approve of worry about think about

Insist on depend on count on

Succeed in rely on trust in

D. Idioms + preposition

Look forward to take to can’t stand

Can’t resist can’t help