Introduction to

Enterprise Architecture

30 March 2024
Context and Need for Architecture

When do we need an
architecture?
Context and Need for Architecture
Do we need an
Architecture?

In simple endeavors, for example

construction of a mud hut, a
formal architecture blueprint may
not be needed to ensure
successful construction and
subsequent maintenance
Context and Need for Architecture
Do we need an
Architecture?

In simple endeavors, for example

a wood cabin, a formal
architecture blueprint may not be
needed to ensure successful
construction and subsequent
maintenance
 Context and Need for Architecture

Greater the complexity of the

endeavor, greater is the necessity
of a guiding blueprint.

Blueprint is also essential to

undertake further development or
make modifications.

For significantly large endeavors,

not only is a blueprint essential, a
phased plan/roadmap is a must.
Context and Need for Architecture

Building large, complex,

enterprise-wide information
systems without an
enterprise architecture is
like trying to build a city
without a city plan.
Can you build a city without
a city plan? Probably Yes.
Would you want to live in
such a city? Probably not.
 Context and Need for Architecture
Township State Enterprise and Partner Systems

Gated Community Sector ERP, CRM, SCM, …

ERP (FMIS, HRMS,

Residential Tower Department
….)

Package
Urban House Agency
(HRMS)

Wood Cabin Service Module

Architecture for Architecture for
Hut Architecture Request Service Delivery Program Information Systems
for Construction in State of Enterprise
 Context and Need for Architecture
Township State Enterprise and Partner Systems

Gated Community Sector ERP, CRM, SCM, …

ERP (FMIS, HRMS,

Residential Tower Department

Complexity due to Size & Scale

….)

Package
Urban House Agency
(HRMS)

Wood Cabin Service Module

Architecture for Architecture for
Hut Architecture Request Service Delivery Program Information Systems
for Construction in State of Enterprise
 Enterprise Architecture – A Recap
Context and Need for Enterprise Architecture
Township State Enterprise and Partner Systems

Gated Community Sector ERP, CRM, SCM, …

ERP (FMIS, HRMS,

Residential Tower Department

Dynamics of Change
….)

Package
Urban House Agency
(HRMS)

Wood Cabin Service Module

Architecture for Architecture for
Hut Architecture Request Service Delivery Program Information Systems
for Construction in State of Enterprise
Defining Enterprise Architecture

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Defining Enterprise Architecture
• Enterprise: Any collection of organizations that have common goals
• Union Government or State Government at broader level
• Individual Ministry or Department at narrower level

• Enterprise Architecture: Description of

the current and future services, processes
and information systems of the enterprise
aligned with its vision.

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How to define Enterprise Architecture
• There is a process of architecting which is prescribed by the discipline
of EA.
• It produces outputs that describe the architecture of an enterprise.
• The process of architecting involves, taking stock of the relevant
components or building blocks that make up an enterprise.
• An architect then needs to examine how these components enable or
constrain the enterprise in fulfilling the goals of the enterprise.
• This is done by looking at how the components are organized or
configured, how they are used or how they behave or perform
together

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How to define Enterprise Architecture
• Study the enterprise in its current state and how it should be in the
future.
• Work out the alternatives for moving from the current state to the
future target state.
• Create frameworks to manage the architecture, spell out descriptions
of the architecture and its components and road maps to show the
best way to change or improve the architecture.
• Assess the constraints and opportunities, costs, benefits, risks and
value in each option to help decision makers to select the best
alternative.
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Do we need enterprise architects?
• No there are many enterprises that exist without the intervention of a
enterprise architect. However, there are many situations when it is
better to architect an enterprise than to leave the creation and
evolution of its architecture to chance.
• Every enterprise will always have an architecture, its not optional. But
we do have a choice ..whether we manage its evolution or not and
how well we manage it.

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 Value of Architectural Thinking

• Public transit, schools and parks are • Future-oriented, planned and sustainable
afterthoughts • Common services
• No common services • Principles and standards (fire, safety,
• Inefficient and fragmented processes master plan)
• Aesthetically unpleasing • Higher productivity and effectiveness
• Limited scope for growth • Aesthetically pleasing

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 Enterprise Architecture is Analogous to City
Planning for an Enterprise
Governance
IT Strategy
Strategy
Enterprise-wide focus

Aligning Change to Business Need

Enterprise Architecture
Governance IS/IT
Architecture Architecture
• Service • Information
• Process • Application Enterprise Architecture: “the city plan”
• People • Technology

Transition Planning
Project focus

Government Processes & IT Systems

IT Solutions
IT Solutions Solution: “the building design”
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 EA – The Building Blocks
Business

Strategy & Performance Architecture

Business Understanding
IT Change Driven by
Service & Process Architecture
IT

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 Leveraging Enterprise Architecture
Throughout the globe many countries have utilized Enterprise Architecture
approach to successfully undertake transformation journeys

The United States Singapore South Korea Australia

of America

Estonia United Kingdom New Zealand Germany Finland

EA mandated by
act of Parliament
Bangladesh Bhutan Malaysia

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 EA Leveraged to Plan and Manage
Transformations
Target State

Transition State 2

Transition State 1

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 Benefits of Enterprise Architecture

Higher RoI from

investments in
Increased efficiency of Improved effectiveness of
technology, through
service delivery scheme implementation
common, re-usable
components

Increased innovation Increased agility through

enabled by a defined quicker technology Seamless interoperability
architecture and its changes in response between systems
governance dynamic business changes
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Decisions in Enterprise Architecture
• Should we use a common set of applications across different
programs / services OR develop independent applications?
• Which systems must we develop / enhance / retire?
• Which data area / elements must we standardize across the
enterprise?
• What enterprise-wide interfaces should our systems provide?
• Should we standardize the technology we use?
• What kind and which current or upcoming technologies should we
invest in?

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 Key Takeaways
• Enterprise architecture:
• is to understand the enterprise on a holistic basis (business, technology and
operating environment)
• helps effectively direct the enterprise to deliver strategic goals by aligning
business and technology operations to strategic intent
• We need enterprise architecture to:
• improve service delivery efficiency and scheme implementation effectiveness
by improving alignment of business & technology to strategic intent
• increase agility by making faster changes in response to dynamic business
• increase RoI from technology investments through optimized landscape
enabled by common & re-usable components

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Enterprise Architecture
Frameworks

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 EA Frameworks Overview
EA Frameworks typically include:
TOGAF
• Processes & methods
• Catalog of architecture deliverables
and artifacts
Enterprise Architecture
Gartner FEA • Content model and repository
Frameworks structure
• Reference models
Zachman • Best practices, guidelines &
techniques
• Architecture capability
development
• Architecture governance &
compliance

Each of the frameworks follows different philosophies, and any implementing enterprise may choose bits and
pieces from each of the methodologies, modify and merge them as per their unique set of requirements

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 EA Frameworks Evolution
Year 1987 1994 1996 2002 2003 2006 2009 2017 2018
Zachman’s TAFIM Clinger – FEA replaces TOGAF 8.0 FEA TOGAF 9 IndEA TOGAF 9.2
Enterprise released Cohen Bill FEAF Enterprise completed released created released
Activity Architecture passed Edition (~)
released

The development of the above frameworks has paved the way for multiple Nations (Korea, Singapore, UAE, UK and USA) and Indust ry
(Microsoft and Oracle) to develop their own tailored enterprise architecture frameworks which are being consumed by enterprises.

The Open Group The Federal Enterprise

The Zachman Framework The Gartner Methodology
Architectural Framework Architecture
The Zachman Framework is The Open Group A federal enterprise Gartner Methodology is
an Enterprise Ontology Architecture Framework architecture (FEA) provides based on the amalgamation
which provides a formal and (TOGAF) is a framework for a common approach for the of Gartner framework and
structured way of viewing enterprise architecture integration of strategic, Meta architecture
and defining an enterprise. which provides an approach business and technology development process.
for designing, planning, management as part of
implementing, and organization design and
governing an enterprise’s performance improvement
architecture
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 Zachman Framework (1/2)
• Schema - the intersection between two classifications:
• First: Primitive interrogatives – What, How, When, Who,
Where, and Why.
• Second: Derived from the transformation of an abstract
idea into an instantiation – Identification, Definition,
Representation, Specification, Configuration and
Instantiation

26
Zachman Framework (2/2)

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The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) (1/2)

• Detailed method and a set of supporting tools for

developing an enterprise architecture.
• Based on an iterative process model called
Architecture Development Method (ADM)
• TOGAF is developed and maintained by members of
The Open Group

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The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) (2/2)

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 Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) (1/2)
• Supports planning and decision-making in US Federal Govt. through
documentation and information providing an abstracted view of
enterprise at various levels of scope and detail.
• Core is Consolidated Reference Model (CRM) – set of 5 interrelated
reference models
• Also provides Collaborative Planning Methodology – a simple,
repeatable process to aid planning

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Federal Enterprise Architecture (FEA) (2/2)
Consolidated Reference Model Collaborative Planning Methodology

31
 Gartner Methodology (1/2)
• Gartner methodology believes that EA is about bringing together
three constituents:
• Business owners
• Information specialists
• Technology implementers
• According to Gartner, EA project must be started with understanding
enterprise direction on business, not with finding its current position.

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 Gartner Methodology (2/2)
• The sequence of future-state EA
development activities include
• Develop requirements - identification of the
business-driven requirements
• Develop principles - qualities that must be
exhibited by an enterprise to realize its goals
• Develop models - detailed drilling down of
architecture content

• These activities are meant to convey a

logical sequence of development-based on
relationships and dependencies, rather
than a rigidly linear sequence of events.

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BANGLADESH NATIONAL DIGITAL
ARCHITECTURE (BNDA)
 BNDA: At a glance…
• Governance - Apex Committee and Technical Committee
• Acts and Policies - BNDA Guideline published, Act in draft stage
• Portal and repository – bnda.gov.bd
• Standards and Guidelines – 7 architectural domains, 4IR related standards
included
• National e-Service Bus – 30 citizen service, e-service and govt applications
systems are connected, 13+ Crore NIDs verified for COVID vaccine registration
• Architectural Review – 6 govt application systems, 1 in progress
• Technical team – 15+ highly skilled and trained resources
• Digital Services – 10+ Digital Services
• Training and Awareness – workshops, webinars with ministries/divisions,
workshop with BASIS
• Recognitions – 6 International awards, 2 National awards
 BNDA Promotes..
Interoperability •Among citizens services and govt applications system

Single Source of Truth •Ownership of data by single agency, similar interpretation of data

Shared Systems •Shared Infrastructure and Shared systems/services

Standardization •Homogeneous set of standards for Govt systems and services

Cost Optimization •During system and service implementation

Integrated Digital Services •Cross-ministry products and services

Reusability •Govt systems/services

Presentation Title
Governance
Activity
2 Committees – Apex and Technical

• Apex Committee
• Headed by Secretary (C & R), Cabinet Division
• Responsible for strategic planning & guidance
• 4 meetings done
• Replicable digital services/e-services

• Technical Committee
• Headed by Executive Director, BCC
• Responsible for technical activities
• Couple of meetings done

• Miscellaneous – e-service monitoring meeting decisions, ICT Roadmap

for offices/agencies under ICT division
N ation al e-Ser vice Bu s
• National e-Service Bus is software driven middleware platform to ensure
interoperability, availability and reusability of government online
services, information and data.
• Smoothly running for last 5+ years
• 30 citizen services, e-service, and govt application systems are
connected
• Passport database + 2-3 more citizen services are in pipeline
• ETSAF form integration with AMTOB, MNOs
• 10+ crore NID s will be verified

• Award of Distinction in Digital Innovation in 2022

• Open Group has published case study
 U sag e Statistics
1.23 Crore+
Covid 19 Vaccinnation
& COVID AID + Incentive recipient 3.9 Crore+ times mobile no.
verification service
Verification used
Citizen IDs 12 Lac+
Citizen Authentication Service BRN
Verification requests from various citizen verified verified
service

Mobile Verification 13 Crore+

Verification requests for mobile number
NIDs verified for
Birth & Death Registration SURROKKHA
Verification requests for Birth & Death
registration database

8.8 Lac+ farmers verified; 2.5 Lac+ job applicants verified.. 5000+ digital certificates issued; 5000+ training certificates authenticated.

Porichoy & BNDA e-service Bus usage is growing exponentially…Proposed Digital service & BNDA act focuses e-service bus as API based gateway
to remove interoperability concerns
 Awaren ess activities

১০টি করে মন্ত্রণালয় নিরয় অবনিতকেণ ওরয়নবিাে নিনেজ @ববঠক প্লাটফর্ম অবনিতকেণ নবষরয় ওয়াকশপ @কৃনষ মন্ত্রণালয়
BASIS এে ৩০ টি ককাম্পানি নিরয় নবএিনিএ ওয়াকশপ @ নবনিনি

িাক ও কটফরনলর াগার াগ নবভাগ – আইনিটি কোিম্যাপ প্রণয়ি িংক্রাা্

আইনিটি অনিদপ্তরেে কপ্রাগামাে/িিকানে কপ্রাগামাে ১২০ জি - অবনিতকেণ,

BIM-এে ২টি ব্যাচ প্রনশক্ষণার্থী ৪০ জি - অবনিতকেণ

কবিেকানে নশক্ষক নিবন্ধি কর্তপরক্ষে ২০ জি – অবনিতকেণ, ব্লকরচইি

জাতীয় গণমাধ্যম ইিনিটিউরটফরে প্রনশক্ষণার্থী ১২ জি - অবনিতকেণ

২৫টি মন্ত্রণালয়/নবভারগে িারর্থ নবএিনিএ িযান্ডািি নবষয়ক ওরয়নবিাে অবনিতকেণ নবষরয় ওয়াকশপ @SSD
 Update/Upgrade

❖ Revised standards for

different categories

❖ Standards included for

❖ AI,
❖ ML,
❖ IOT,
Standards Finalization Workshop ❖ Robotics,
❖ Blockchain,
❖ Microservices

❖ Hardware spec revised for

various devices

❖ Archival facility for standards

and hardware spec

So f twar e Stan dar ds an d H ar dwar e Spec

 Review done for 6 govt application systems:-

Targeted for Digital Municipality Services System; Owner : LGD

❖ Finding out BNDA

Digital Parental Control System; Owner : DSA
standards compliance
❖ Deviation from Enterprise
NILG ERP system; Owner : LGD
Architecture best practices
❖ Gaps in system Policy Guidance Unit System; Owner : Cabinet Division

development & operation

❖ Logical glitches in system Civil Suit Management System; Owner: MinLand

❖ Security Flaws
National Integrity System (NIS) software; Owner : Cabinet Division

Arch itectu ral Review

❖ BNDA guideline

❖ published in July 2019

❖ BNDA Act

❖ Digital Security Agency (DSA) is working on to consolidate Digital Service Act

and BNDA Act

❖ Finalized ‘Draft’ version will be sent to ICT Division shortly

Leg al Activities
Upcoming
Activities
BN DA Fram ework En h an cem en t

• EA management tool
• Professional services - A p p l i c a t i o n R a t i o n a l i z a t i o n , Te c h n o l o g y O b so l es ce nce &
S t a n d a r d s , C l o u d m i g r a t i o n , S o l u t i o n a r c h i t e c t u r e , B a s e l i n e a n d Ta r g e t
architecture, IT Roadmapping etc

• Review of existing BNDA framework

• Due to Te c h n o l o g i c a l A d v a n c e m e n t s , C h a n g i n g O r g a n i z a t i o n a l N e e d s ,
E n h a n c e d I n t e r o p e r a b i l i t y, C y b e r s e c u r i t y a nd Ri sk Ma na geme nt,
Lessons from Implementation

• D e fi n e an d E s t ab l i s h B N DA A d o p t i o n G u i d e
• Open Group membership for BCC
• Mat u r i t y A s s e s s m e n t To o l – we b b as e d
• Upgradation of National e-Service Bus
• WSO2 API manager (APIM), Micro Integrator (MI), and I dentity Server (IS)

• API development for Govt organizations

• support to 5 govt agencies, as part of this ToR, to develop APIs needed to ensure interoperability and data
exchange concerns