LESSON NOTE ON BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (BST) FOR WEEK 1-2

CLASS: JSS 2

TOPIC: LIVING THINGS (HABITAT), UNIQUENESS OF MAN, BODY IMAGE, FAMILY

LIFE EDUCATION

CONTENT OF LESSON

INTRODUCTION
Living things which include plants and animals are seen in all parts of the earth,
these living organisms can only survive in a particular place as a result of their
body features.

HABITAT
This is a specific place plants and animals live. Hence, it is a home for living
organisms. Some of the organisms can’t be seen with our naked eyes, such
organisms are called microscopic organisms. The study of habitat is called
ecology.

TYPES OF HABITAT
A. Aquatic Habitat: This is a place surrounded by water. The water may be salty
or fresh.

Sample of an aquatic habitat

Types of aquatic habitat

 i. Marine water habitat: This habitat contains salt. Examples are sea,
oceans etc. Marine animals are whales, dolphins, tuna etc.
ii. Fresh water habitat: This habitat doesn’t contain salt. Examples are
ponds, streams, lakes etc. Examples of fresh water animals include fish,
water lily, amoeba etc.

Sample of fresh water

iii. Brackish water: This habitat is neither salty nor fresh. It is found at
estuaries (a place where rivers enter the sea)

Sample of brackish water

B. Terrestrial habitat: This is a place on the land. Examples are desert, island,
mainland etc. Examples of terrestrial animals are mammals (man), worm
(earthworm), reptiles (lizards), insects (cockroaches), birds (hen).
Terrestrial habitat is affected by climatic condition.

s/n Region Habitat name

1. Southern Tropical rain forest
2. Northern Tropical savannah

C. Arboreal habitat: This is a place above the ground like trees and the
atmosphere (air)

A sample of an Arboreal Habitat

FACTORS THAT AFFECT HABITAT

 1. Biotic factors: These are the living things in a habitat, such as plants and
animals.
2. Abiotic factors: These are the non-living things in a habitat, such as
temperature, soil pH etc.
POPULATION AND POPULATION DENSITY
Population is the total number of organism of the same family living in a
habitat. For example the population of people in Nigeria is about 140,000,000
(one hundred and forty million).
Population density is the ratio of the population size to the area of the habitat
occupied. It is measured in habitants per square meter (h/m2)

Mathematically,

ADAPTIVE FEATURES OF SOME HABITANTS

s/n Habitants Habitat Adaptive features

1. Fish/tadpole Aquatic Fin/ Streamline bodies for

(water) swimming, gills for breathing inside
water
2. Duck/frog/crocodile Aquatic Webbed feet to swim and walk on
(water) water
3. Man/dog/cow Terrestrial Limbs, legs, feet for walking, running
(land) and jumping
4. Birds Arboreal Wings to fly
(air/tree)
5. Lizards Terrestrial Claws to climb on plastic walls
(land)
Note: animals that can live on land and in water are called amphibians

LIVING THINGS (UNIQUENESS OF MAN)

Man is a higher primate animal. Man grows as a result of good nutrition.
WHAT ARE MAMMALS?

They are animals that produce their young ones alive.

 CHARACTERISTICS OF MAMMALS
1. They have hair/fur on some parts or the whole of their bodies.
2. They have mammalian glands to feed their babies milk.
3. They maintain constant body temperature.
4. They give birth to their young ones alive and not by laying eggs.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PRIMATE ANIMALS
1. They have nails on their fingers and toes.
2. They can stand upright.
3. They can move with their two hind limbs/legs.
4. Their eye is in front of their head.
5. They can grasp things with their hands and legs.
6. They have finger print.
UNIQUE WAY MAN IS DIFFERENT FROM OTHER PRIMATES
1. A well-developed brain.
2. Provides food and shelter for himself.
3. Has a backbone with an “S” curve shape.
4. Intelligence to measure tome, weight etc.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Growth occur when there is an increase in size, height, or weight while
development is the gradual process that occurs during growth, leading to
maturity of certain organs of the body and individual behaviour.

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Developmental changes are noticed when certain features are not only appearing
but performing their functions. As an infant becomes a child, the legs and arms
are longer (growth) and stronger (developed) such that the child can now run or
walk with the legs.

DEVELOPMENT STAGES.
Puberty: They develop secondary sexual traits and fights for
independent/freedom, sees adult as old fashioned, believe in peer groups, is
between 11 – 18 years, and adulthood is between 18 years and above.
 s/n Developmental Ages Developmental changes
stages (years)
1. Infancy 0–2 Growth of milk teeth, starts to sit, crawl,
walks, etc.
2. Childhood 2 – 11 Very active, acquires skills
3. Adolescence 11 – 18 Boys Girls
(puberty) i. Pubic hair grows Pubic hair grows
ii. Pimple comes and Pimple comes and
goes goes
iii. Sperm production Egg production
iv. Growing of Menstruation occurs
moustache
v. Voice cracking Breast enlargement
vi. Chest broadening Hips broadening
4. Adulthood 18 and Weak organs function and growing of grey
above hair

CHANGE IN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Changes that can be reversed are known as temporary change while those that
cannot be reversed are said to be permanent change.
s/n Temporary changes Permanent changes
1 Big stomach after eaten Sperm production in
adolescence
2 Increase in body Menstruation in female
temperature adolescence
3 Sweat on the skin Skill acquisition at childhood
4 Loss of weight Growing of grey hair
(malnutrition)
5 Growing of milk teeth

FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

1. Food: Growth depends on the quality of food taken by the body.
 2. Disease: Sickness/disease brings about loss of appetite, hence growth is
affected.
3. Exercise and rest: when the body is exercised, the muscles become big and
grows, hence growth had occurred.
4. Love and care: Love and care brings about growth.
5. Heredity: This is the transfer of gene. If parents are fair and tall children will
grow in that manner.
BODY IMAGE

Body image is the perception a person ha about his or her physical body. These
feelings can be positive or negative or both.

PHYSICAL FEATURES OF BODY IMAGE

1. Size: describes the fatness, slimness of an individual. Some feels they are at
disadvantage about their body image in size
2. Height: most women prefer to marry tall and slim men and have
reservations for short men
3. Race: the black people (Africa) feels they are inferior to the white people
4. Ethnicity: the people feels use of tribal mark by some tribes make them
ugly and unattractive
5. Colour of skin: those with dark skin feels they are not attractive and may
bleach their skin. Another example are the albinos, they feel inferior to
others
6. Colour of the eyes: some make use of contact lens because of how they
feel about their eyes
7. Colour of the hair: people with grey hair tends to dye their hair black

WHAT IS FAMILY LIFE EDUCATION?

Family life education is the provision ad teaching of some skill and knowledge
needed for good living to enable individual and families function maximally. These
skills and knowledge include:

i. Strong communication
ii. Knowledge of human development
 iii. Good decision making skills
iv. Positive self-esteem
v. Healthy interpersonal relationships

COMMUNICATION

Is the exchange of information between the sender and the receiver either by
writing, speaking or using other medium, there are different ways of
communicating. Examples are writing, oral, face to face and online
communications.

A sample of communication between the sender and the receiver

COMMUNICATION SKILLS

1. Written communication; involves putting the message into ‘black and

white’. i.e., writing it down
2. Oral communication; it involves verbal talk or making of speech. E.g.
through radio and television
3. Face to face; the sender and the receiver see each other to exchange
information. E.g. prostrating to greet an elder
4. Online communication; is the use of social media to exchange information.
E.g. Facebook, e-mail etc.
A sample of an online communication

A sample of face to face communication

A sample of written communication

 HONEST COMMUNICATION ABOUT PUBERTY CONCERNS TO PARENTS

Honest communication involves speaking the truth to make communication

effective. Puberty (Adolescence) is the stage where the human reproductive
organ matures. It is the stage in-between the childhood and adulthood. It falls
between 11 and 18 years. At this stage, they become curious and hide may things
from their parents.

A sample of communication between mother and daughter

COMPONENTS OF COMMUNICATION

1. Context: it includes country, culture, telephone, experience, thought etc.

2. Sender/Encoder: is the person who sends the message
3. Message: is the information sent to the receiver
4. Medium: this is the channel through which the message is sent .g. using
print (newspaper), online (email, Facebook), music etc.
5. Receiver/decoder: is the person who receives the message
6. Feedback: is the response by the receiver to a message

HOW COMMUNICATION CAN BE IMPROVED

1. It must be clear to the receiver

2. It must be meaningful
3. It must be honest or truthful
 4. It must be at the right time
5. The receiver must be a good listener and patient

LIFE SPAN CONTIUUM

Is the length of time for which a person or animal lives. Life span starts from birth
and ends at death. Stages involved in life span continuum are:

Birth Childhood Adolescence Middle age Old age Death and dying

A sample of human life cycle

LESSON NOTE ON BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (BST) FOR WEEK 3-4

CLASS: JSS 2

TOPIC: POSTURE AND POSTURAL DEFECTS, ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN

PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION, RECREATION, LEISURE AND DANCE

CONTENT OF LESSON
MEANING OF POSTURE
Posture is the correct way of positioning the body while sitting, standing, walking,
sleeping, lifting things or doing other physical activities. Bad positioning of the
body repeatedly could lead to posture defects like kyphosis, bow legs, lordiosis
etc.

GOOD POSTURE
Good posture is the position of the body which permits easy movement of the
body without feeling pain.
IMPORTANCE OF GOOD POSTURE
1. It builds self-confidence.
2. It gives the body stamina.
3. It builds our endurance.
4. It promotes mental alertness.
5. It makes movement easy.
6. It makes the body system work efficiently.
FACTORS THAT PROMOTE GOOD POSTURE
1. Good diet.
2. Exercise.
3. Occupation.
4. Good health habit.
5. Early detection and correction of problem.
 GOOD STANDING POSTURE
1. The back should be kept straight.
2. Two-third of the thighs should be inside the seat or chair.
3. Place your palm on the arm of the chair, if any.
4. The feet should be placed slightly apart and relaxed.
GOOD POSTURE FOR WALKING
1. Lean straight and forward before the foot strikes the ground.
2. Hips should not be pushed too high to the side.
3. Swing your arms in a relaxed manner.
4. Walking should be smooth and enjoyable.
5. Your eyes should look straight ahead.
GOOD POSTURE FOR RUNNING
1. The head must be held high.
2. The foot must be lifted up and raised high.
3. The feet must strike the ground straight.
GOOD POSTURE FOR LIFTING
1. The back should be straight.
2. Lift the weight close to your body.
 3. Bend your knees and keep the body straight.
4. Tighten your stomach muscles.
5. Lift object with leg muscles supported by hand muscles.

GOOD POSTURE FOR LYING DOWN

1. Lie on bed that is moderately hard.
2. Your body should be straight.
3. Lie on your side, not on your back.
4. Your legs should be slightly apart.
POSTURAL DEFECTS
This is deviation/changes from the normal body composition of the bones due to
bad positioning of the body.
TYPES OF POSTURAL DEFECTS
1. Lordosis: This is the excessive lateral curvature (bend) of the lumber region.
The lumber region is after the thoracic region.
s/n Causes Corrective measures
1 Pressure due to excess Regular excise. E.g. sitting up.
fat in the abdomen
2 Lack of excise. Eating balance diet.
 3 Disease. Public awareness about the
causes and how to prevent
lordosis
4 Accidents.
5 Sitting a child too early.
6 Weak abdomen
muscles.

2. Kyphosis/hunchback: This is the outward curve of the upper back.

Causes of kyphosis
i. Carrying heavy load.
ii. Bad bone growth.
iii. Accident.
iv. Disease.
v. Occupation.
3. Scoliosis: This is the lateral curvature of the spine. The shoulder or one hip is
higher than the other.
s/n Causes Corrective measures
 1 Heredity. Regular exercise
2 Malnutrition. Trunk rotation.
3 Rapid growth.
4 Weakness of muscles.
5 Occupation
6 Lack of physical exercise.

4. Flat foot: This is the flatness of the toe without a curve.

Causes of the flat foot
i. Accident.
ii. Walking long distance.
iii. Incorrect standing/walking position.
iv. Lack of exercise.
v. Overweight.
General causes for flat foot
1. Heredity: Offspring can inherit posture defects from parents.
2. Prolong illness: Falling sick for too long can lead to posture defects.
3. Disease and infection: Disease as tuberculosis can lead to posture
defect.
4. Regular wearing of high heels.
5. Accidents: Other parts of the body or deformation of the limb could be
caused by serious accident.
6. Occupation: Jobs that demand prolong sitting can lead to posture
defects.
7. Overeating: Obesity can lead to posture defect.
8. Malnutrition: Poor diet can lead to kwashiorkor which affects posture.
9. Imitation: Growing children who end up copying walking with one
shoulder higher than the other will end up having scoliosis.

PREVENTATIVE MEASURES FOR DEFECTS

i. Avoid accident at all cost.
 ii. Consciously maintain a proper body posture.
iii. Have regular exercises.
iv. Always eat balance diet
v. Regular medical check-up
vi. Avoid regular wearing of high heels
EFFECTS OF BAD POSTURE ON THE BODY
i. Weakens the muscles.
ii. Unattractive appearance.
iii. Breathing difficulties.
iv. Unattractive appearance.
v. Poor blood circulation.
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN PHYSICAL AND HEALTH EDUCATION

MEANING OF ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Issues are some basic things or ideas that have the ability to cause harm if not
properly handled.

Challenges are identified problems which requires urgent attention

Issues and challenges are problems which requires attention

Example of issues and challenges in physical health education is:

1. Human trafficking: this is the act of taking people deceitfully away from their
home to other places for commercial purposes. Most victims are children and
women
Types of human trafficking
a. Slavery and forced labour: victims are sold or given out to work for people
and the traffickers get paid
b. Early marriage: young girls are force to get marriage at their early teenage
age
c. Killing of victims for rituals: some killed victim’s organ are harvested for
rituals
 d. Forcing the children into prostitution; victims are force to make money for
the traffickers by being a prostitute
e. Begging for alms: some victims are force to beg for alms for their masters

Some groups of susceptible people who are likely to be victims of human

trafficking

i. Underage nannies
ii. Underage house helps
iii. Underage gardeners
iv. Underage cleaner/genitor
v. Underage baby sitter
vi. Juvenile (young) labourers
vii. Juvenile (young) wives

HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF HUMAN TRAFFICKING

i. Depression
ii. Emotional instability
iii. Sudden death
iv. Prone to diseases
v. Physical damage
vi. Malnutrition
vii. exposed to various form of abuses
viii. lack of parental care and guidance

REASONS FOR HUMAN TRAFFICKING

1. wickedness: some people take advantage of people to make money for

themselves
2. ignorance: many victims family members are not aware of the danger and
tricks of human traffickers
3. illiteracy: many victims are not properly educated
4. insecurity: some are kidnapped
5. Cheap labour: some people needed cheap labor so request for underage
children for nanny, genitor etc.
 6. Prostitution: many men and women force their victims into prostitution to
make money for their masters

SOLUTIONS TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING

1. Stringent penalties for human traffickers

2. Government should enforce laws against human traffickers
3. Government should create job opportunities
4. There should be mass awareness campaign on human trafficking
5. Orphanage and charity homes should be properly supervised and
monitored
6. Religious bodies should preach against human trafficking
7. Security agencies should be more alert and vigilant
8. There should be free education at all levels

SPORTS AND SOCIETY

Sport is an organized competition in games, athletics and gymnastics. Here,

participant compete displaying skills, talents and abilities to win

PURPOSE OF SPORTS

1. Promote unity, understanding and cooperation

2. Promote physical fitness
3. Promotes social interaction
4. Help in acquisition of skills
5. Serves are source of livelihood or income
6. Promotes self-discipline
7. Gives sense of responsibility and not involve in crime

SPORTS LAWS

They are rules laid to address participant’s right that has been violated in the
court. Some of the laws are

1. Tort: is the opportunity any participant has to address any right violated
 2. Negligence: is the failure of an individual to take responsibility to an
assigned duty. It can be contributory (contributing to ones injury by neglect
the warning signs)
3. Legal liability: is a legal responsibility of paying for damages ordered by the
court
Volenti non fit injuria (Latin word) ‘’meaning he who submit himself to an
injury should not complain’’. E.g. during a boxing match a boxer shouldn’t
complain of being hit by his opponent
4. Assault in sport: is a physical violent act that inflicts harm or injury on the
body of another person

MEANING OF RECREATION

Recreation refers to activities which a person does for pleasure voluntarily during
his or her leisure time. It involves engaging in activities that are worthwhile and
acceptable.

TYPES OF RECREATIONAL ACTIVITY

1. Indoor recreational activities: They are activities performed in a hall or
house. For example ludo, table tennis, scrabble, chess, dancing, snake and
ladders, monopoly, draught etc.
2. Outdoor recreational activities: They are activities performed outside on the
sport field, beaches, park etc. it `exposes the students’ to different types of
natural environment. Examples are: hiking, excursion, picnic, camping, horse
racing, cycling, fishing, hunting, mountaineering, swimming and social
dancing
a) Hiking: This is the taking a long walk to a place of interest for fitness
purposes. Some reasons are for physical fitness, fun, study etc.
b) Excursion: This is a visit to a place of interest. Students tend to gain
positive experience physically, mentally, socially and emotionally. It may
be organized based on the subject area for learning purposes. Example is
a visit to a sport center.
c) Picnic: This is a pleasure trip to a place of interest just to have fun with
friends and family. Example a visit to a zoo, amusement park, mountain
top etc.
Preparation for picnic
i. Select a suitable place, arrange for transport and refreshment.
ii. Select fun activities such as dancing, game, singing etc.
iii. Plan for weather change and security.
d) Camping: This is the lodging in a tent for a period of time. Camp routine
may include; tent making, cooking, sanitation, sports, exercises,
storytelling, singing, hunting etc. Some of the importance of camping
include: development of physical fitness and self-confidence, to promote
leadership skills etc.
Preparation for camping
i. Plan the budget for the trip and evaluate the camp trip.
ii. Pay a visit to the site first for safety reason.
iii. Seek parental consent.
Safety precautions in camping
i. Obey all camp rules and avoid fighting or quarrels
ii. Do not work alone but in groups.
iii. Participate in all activities.
iv. Report any feeling of illness in time.

A sample of camping
RHYTHMS
This is the exciting, regular repeated pattern of movement of sound.
Dramatic rhythm: It involves the excited movement of the body in repeated
manner. Examples are in gymnastic, aerobics, dance/music, drama, poems etc.
Creative rhythm: It involves production of repeated sounds using new effective
and imaginative ideas. Examples are in gymnastic, aerobics, dance/music, drama,
poems etc.
GYMNASTICS
This is a specialized exercise which displays physical agility and coordination by
both sportsmen and women. It involves various skills such as stunts, vaulting,
balancing etc.

HISTORY OF GYMNASTICS
Ancient gymnastics began in Greece when the Greece performs stunts, race in
celebration to their gods. By 2100BC, it has become popular in China, Egypt and
Greece. It became an Olympic sport game in 1936. Christian missionaries establish
gymnastic in Nigeria and made Physical Training (P.T) compulsory for teachers
and students. Schools were built across the country and in 1975 Gymnastic
Federation of Nigeria was formed.

CLASSES OF GYMNASTIC
i. Stunt.
ii. Tumbling.
iii. Vaulting and
iv. Balancing activities.

Other activities carried out are: forward roll, head stand, wheelbarrow push, side
balance, crab balance etc.
A sample of wheelbarrow push

A sample of vault (a)

 A sample of vault (b)

A sample of crab balance

DANCE
This is the sequential/regular rhythmic movement of the body to sound/music.
CLASSES OF DANCE
1. Folk/local dance: Examples are atilogwu (Igbos), bata (Yorubas), swange
(Tiv), Eyo (IsaleEko, Lagos Indigines)
A sample of Atilogwu (Igbos)

A sample of Swange (Tiv)

 A sample of Bata (Yorubas)
2. Modern dance: Jazz (Black Americans), Hip-hop (Black Americans),

TABLE TENNIS
The table tennis is an indoor game, played with small bats and a ball bounced on a
table divided by a net. It is called Ping-Pong
Starting a table tennis game
1. The umpire tosses/spins a coin in the air to choose who would serve first
(head/tail).
2. The winner (head) can choose to serve first or the opponent does.

SKILLS IN TABLE TENNIS

i. Smash.
ii. Scoop.
iii. Backhand stroke.
iv. Forehand stroke.
v. Lob.
vi. Drop shot.
vii. Service.
viii. Pencil grip/tennis grip.

COMPUTER GAMES
They are referred to as the various games programmed on the computer for users
to play. They can be played using joystick, mouse, and keyboard. Some computer
games are scrabble, beach rally, FIFA 19, play station etc.
 HOW TO HANDLE COMPUTER GAMES
i. Turn on the switch and power button.
ii. Allow the computer to boot to the desktop (type password if necessary).
iii. Click on the game to open it and start playing.
iv. Shut down the computer after being satisfied.
LESSON NOTE ON BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (BST) FOR WEEK 5-7

CLASS: JSS 2

TOPIC: FIRST AID, RESCUE OPERATIONS, MATERIALS AND THEIR COMMON

USES, GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION (LINE AND ANGLES)

CONTENT OF LESSON

WHAT IS FIRST AID?

First aid is the first treatment or care given to an injured person before taken to
the hospital.

FIRST AID MATERIALS AND BOX

The items used as first aid is called first aid materials while the container that
contains all these materials is called first aid box.
 FIRST AID MATERIALS AND THEIR USES

s/n First aid materials Uses

1 Bandage To cover wound and prevent entrance of dirt
To hold parts of the body when there is a bone injury
2 Plaster To enable drugs have contact with the wound by
providing support
3 Cotton wool To absorb and prevent further loss of blood
4 Scissors To cut materials such as plaster, bandage et.
5 Iodine solution To clean wounds
6 Gloves To prevent contamination
7 Drugs To serve as pain reliever
8 Safety pins and To hold bandages during dressing
clips
9 Embrocation To massage swollen, aching muscles and strained
10 Forceps To hold cotton wool while cleaning a wound or soaking
iodine/spirit
11 Methylated spirit To clean wood and act as a disinfectant

APPLICATION OF SIMPLE FIRST AID

1. Fracture (breaking bones): use two planks and support with bandage
 2. Dislocation (bone shift): bandage the joint, support with a sling
3. Strain (muscle injury: overstretched): apply cold compress and bandage it
4. Sprain (bone twist): cold massage and apply ointment support with
bandage
5. Simple cut: drain blood with cotton wool and iodine and apply ointment
and cover the wound with plaster
6. Breathing problems/suffocation: lie the victim on his back and try mouth-
to-mouth and blow in air into his lings
7. Electric shock: turn off the switch, allow victim to sit in a ventilated place
and give him milk

THE ABC OF FIRST AID

A. Airway: this is the free flow of air in the respiratory tract of the person.
B. Breathing: this is the rescue of breath for the victim which can be mouth-
to-mouth breathing or mouth-to-nose breathing.
C. Circulation: this is restoring of flow of blood with chest compressions.

RESCUE OPERATION

This is an operation organized to save life during an accident or dangerous

occurrence

Tools for rescue operation

1. Search and rescue dogs

2. Search and recue horses
3. Helicopter
4. Special vehicles such as ambulance, fire truck van etc.
5. Fire extinguisher
6. Hydraulic cutting and spreading tools to remove victims
7. Rope

ASPECTS OF RESCUE OPERATION

1. Highway rescue operation: this is an operation done when there is a car or

vehicle accident on the high way.
2. Surface water rescue operation: it involves accident in the water and the
victim floats on the water
3. Air-sea rescue operation: this is an operation done when an accident
occurs in the middle of the sea.
4. Fire rescue operation: this is an operation done when there is a fire
accident as a result of electrical fault (electric fire), chemical/petroleum
explosion (chemical fire) or physical accident in a workshop (mechanical
fire)
5. Urban search operation: this is an operation done when the location of the
victims are not known. E.g. a building collapse
6. Combat search rescue operation: this is an operation carried out during
war or near war zone
7. Ground search rescue operation: this is an operation carried out on victims
who are lost on land or inland waterways

MATERIALS AND THEIR COMMON USES

USES OF WOOD

1. In building constructions e.g. window frames, doors, ceiling etc.,

2. In making furniture e.g. table, chairs etc.
3. In clothing e.g. Shirts, shoe heels etc.
4. In packaging e.g. pallet, rates etc.
5. electric poles
6. Paper production e.g. production of new paper, textbook etc.
7. In transportation. E.g. carriage of Lorries etc.
8. In construction of bridges
9. In making handles of implements. E.g. screwdriver, hammer etc.

USES OF FERROUS METALS (CONTAINS IRON)

1. To produce chains, railway couplings, nuts, bolts etc. (wrought iron)

2. To manufacture gears, wheels, crankshaft (cast iron)

USES OF NON-FERROUS METALS (NO IRON CONTENT)

 1. To make doors, cooking utensils (kettle), high tension power line, wires,
cables, airplanes, vehicle parts etc. (aluminum)
2. To make electrical cables (copper)
3. To make battery plates (lead)
4. To protect rust of other metals in roofing sheet (zinc)
5. To coat steel and food containers (tin)

Uses of alloys metals (mixing of two or more nonferrous metals for improved
quality)

1. Brass: to make decorative items, plumbing fittings, electrical appliances and

ammunition. It contains copper and zinc
2. Bronze: to carving statutes, ornaments etc. It is the mixture of copper, tin
and other additives such as manganese, aluminum and phosphorus
3. Duralumin: in aircraft production. mixture of copper and silicon

USES OF CERAMICS

1. To make furnace
2. To make bakery oven
3. To make electrical; insulator
4. To make household fixtures e.g. washing hand basins, toilet sinks, floor tiles
etc.
5. To make decorative items e.g. flower vases, sculpture

Note: the operating temperature of a furnace is 3700C

USES OF GLASS

1. To make eye glasses

2. To make bottles
3. To make windows
4. To make electric bulbs

USES OF PLASTICS
Plastics can be thermoplastics (can be melted/softened, moulded or recycled) or
thermoset (can’t be melted /softened)

1. Thermoplastics: to make drumming instrument, radio case, toys, bottles,

plumbing fittings, plastic bucket, food containers, toothbrushes etc.
2. Thermoset: to make electrical fittings, chair, buttons, electric switch, tables
etc.

USE OF RUBBER

1. To make hand gloves

2. To make car and vehicle tyres
3. To make footwear
4. To make rubber shoes and boots
5. To make water hose
6. To make catapult
7. To make rubber band
8. To make rubber ball

GEOMETRIC CONSTRUCTION
Geometrical constructions are constructions of lines, angles, circles, tangents,
triangles, circumscribing, inscribing quadrilaterals and polygons.

s/n Line description and Application(s)

representation
1. Thick continuous line Dimension lines
A Extension lines
Thin continuous line Short centre lines
B Projection lines
Imaginary lines of intercessions
Construction lines, guide lines
2. Long-dashed/dotted line Indicate Center lines/ axes, line of symmetry
C Cutting planes
3. Short dotted/ dashed (narrow Hidden edge
line) Hidden outlines
D
4. Continuous narrow freehand Thick wavy line for short break lines and irregular
line boundary lines
E
5. Continuous narrow line with Ruled line for short zigzags for long break lines
zigzags
F

ANGLES

An angle is formed when two straight lines meet at a point. The unit of measuring
angle is degree. The instrument used to measure angle is protractor.

TYPES OF ANGLE

Acute angle

1. Acute angle: It is an angle that is less than 900 e.g. 50, 250 and 350

Right angle
2. Right angle: It is an angle that is equal to 900

Obtuse angle
3. Obtuse angle: It is an angle that is greater than 900 but less than 1800 e.g.
910, 1200 and 1600
 4. Straight angle: Angle on a straight line is equal to 1800

Reflex angle

5. Reflex angle: It is an angle that is greater than 1800 but less than 3600 e.g.
2000, 2700 and 3500

18

6. Revolution: This is an angle at a point which is equal to 3600

A. COMBINATION OF ANGLES
1. Complementary angles: when added up, they are up to 900 e.g. 200 and
700

Complementary angles
 2. Supplementary angles: When added up, they are up to 1800 e.g. 600 and
1200

Supplementary angles

B. CONSTRUCTIONS INVOLVING LINES

1. Bisecting of a line Procedure/steps
C
1. Draw a given line AB
2. With centre A with radius grater that half AB,
draw an arc above and below the line
A E B 3. With centre B with same radius to cut C and D
4. Drew line through C and D. The line drawn
through C and D bisects AB at E
D

2. To divide a straight line into a given number of equal parts

A B Procedures/steps
1
2 i. Draw the given line AB
3
4 ii. Draw line AC at any convenient angle to AB
5
6 iii. Step off along AC the required number of divisions. These
7
8 may be of any convenient length, but equal.
C iv. Join the last number to point B. draw lines parallel to this
line from the other numbers. AB is now divided into the
required number of equal parts.
3. Divide a line into a given proportion of ratio of 3:5
F Procedures/steps
A B
1  Draw the line AB, draw line AC at any acute angle to AB
2
3  Sum 3 and 5 = 8 and mark off 8 equal divisions on line AC
E 4
5 starting from point A
6
7  Label the last point D and join it to B with a ruler
8
C  Label number 3 on AC, as E and with the aid of a set square
and ruler, draw line EF parallel to BD to meet at F

4. To construct a perpendicular line at the end of a given straight line

C. CONSTRUCTION INVOLVING ANGLES

1. To construct angle 600 using a pair of compasses
Procedures/steps
G
 Draw the line AB, with centre A and any convenient
E D radius, draw an arch to meet AB at C
 With centre C and the same radius, cut the first arc at D
and with centre D and the same radius cut it at E
 With centre D and E and any convenient radius, draw arc
A C B to intersect at F. draw line AG through F
 Label number 3 on AC, as E and with the aid of a set
square and ruler, draw line EF parallel to BD to meet at F
5. To construct angle 900 using a pair of Compasses

Procedures/steps
F  Draw the line AB, indicate point C anywhere on line AB
 With centre C at any convenient radius, draw a
semicircle to cut AB at D and E
 With centre D and E and any convenient radius, draw
arcs to intersect at F, Draw a line from C to F (line CF).
900

A D C E B

6. To construct angle 300 and 150

Procedures/steps

 Construct angle 600

 Bisect angle 600 to obtain angle 300
300
150  Bisect angle 300 to obtain angle 150
LESSON ON BASIC SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (BST) FOR WEEK 8-9

CLASS: JSS 2

TOPIC: COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTERS SYSTEM, HARDWARE COMPONENTS,

COMPUTER USERS (PEOPLE WARE), COMPUTER SOFTWARE, OPERATING
SYSTEM

CONTENT OF LESSON

A computer is an electronic device used to accept data, process data and give out
meaningful and useful information.
 A floppy disk drive

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

1. Hardware: these are the physical component that can be seen and touched.
E.g. hard drive, motherboard, RAM, ROM, video card, optical disc etc.
2. Software: these are referred to as programs and instructions that control
the hardware and tell it what to do. They can be downloaded electronically
or installed in CD ROM
Types and examples of software
a. System software: they are programs that allow the hardware to run
properly.
b. Application software: they run under the system software and carry out
specific task. E.g. graphics software (CorelDraw), word processors (MS
word), games software (League of Legends)
3. People ware: these are computer users and handlers, who may be
professionals, computer operators or regular computer users.
Definition of computer professional: is a person who has undergone
academic or professional training I computer related field, I colleges,
universities or computer institutes.
TYPES OF COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS
a. Computer operator: they ensure the proper use of computer peripherals
and hardware
b. Computer repair technicians: is a person who repairs and maintains
computer and servers, they configure hardware, install and update
software packages etc.
c. Computer scientist: they develop mathematical model as a technology
used to design software
d. Computer engineer: they develop and test computer hardware and
software
e. System analyst: they analyze a company’s current computer system.
They design new IT solution in conjunction with the software developer
to upgrade the IT system. They can specialize in banking and finance
education etc.
f. Programmer or software developer: they are called coder and software
engineer. Some programming language used are COBOL, FORTRAN, C++,
Java, visual basic and PHP
 g. Web developer: they developed applications that run on the World
Wide Web
h. Network administrator: they configure networks, diagnose, repair,
upgrade computer networks to improve their efficiency
i. Computer teacher/educator: they help student learn different computer
skills based on their level of education

CLASSIFICATION OF HARDWARE COMPONENTS

1. Input devices: used to send instructions and data into the computer for
processing or storage. E.g. mouse, keyboard, scanner, barcode reader etc.
2. Output device: used to receive data from the computer, usually for display,
projection, or physical reproduction. E.g. monitor (Cathode Ray Tube (CRT),
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)), printer, projector, sound card, speaker, speech
generating devices (help people with speech impairments)
3. Storage device: used to store or hold data and information permanently of
temporal. E.g.
a. Primary storage device: is called the RAM/main memory (Read Access
Memory) can access the CPU trough the bus circuit. Data stored are
temporal and are lost at the point of which the computer goes off
b. Secondary storage device: to store larger information, data stored are
permanent. It can be internal or externally installed. E.g. hard drive,
Compact Disc (CD), Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) and can be deleted.
4. Processing devices: is the brain box of the computer. The processing device
is the Central Processing Unit (CPU). It interprets and carries out the basic
instructions that operate a computer. It works directly with the primary
memory during operations
Types of the processing units
a. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): performs arithmetic (e.g. addition,
subtraction, division and multiplication) and logical operation (e.g. AND,
NOT and OR)
b. Control Unit (CU): it direct and coordinated most of the computer
component on how to respond to program instruction
 c. Registers and cache: these are high speed storage locations inside the
processor that temporary holds information. They respond to
instruction from the Control Unit
d. The system clock: is a small quartz circuit that controls the timing
operations. Each tick is a clock cycle measured in Megahertz and
Gigahertz

INPUT DEVICES PROCESSING DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES

STORAGE DEVICES

Classification of computer hardware devices

OPERATING SYSTEM (OS): An operating system is the program that manages all
the computer hardware and software and provides common services for
computer programs. It provides basic tasks such as disk, file, memory and device
managements. The operating system is used to execute all kinds of programs. It is
managed in the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Popular operating system include:
Linux, Windows, and Mac OS.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

1. Single user operating system: It allows only one user.

TYPES OF SINGLE USER OPERATING SYSTEM
i. Single user, single tasking OS: It allows only one user at a time to run
only one program. It is found in traditional mobile phones.
ii. Single-user, multi-tasking OS: It also allows one user at a time but
can run more than one program or applications. It is found in smart
phones, desktops and laptops, Microsoft’s window and Mac OS
platforms.
2. Multi-user OS: It permits multiple users to interact with the system.
 3. Network OS: These are multi-tasking operating systems that run on a
server and provide the capacity to manage data, users, group, security,
applications and other networking functions. Hence, its purpose is to allow
sharing of files and printers access among many computers on one network
called Local Area Network (LAN). Examples of network OS are Microsoft
windows server and Hat Linux.
4. Time-sharing OS: This is a multi-tasking programming that allows many
users to use a single computer at different location/terminals.
5. Real-time OS (RTOS): It is used for certain capacity within a specified time
constraint. It is commonly found in air traffic control system, weapon
system etc.
6. Distributed OS: It uses multiple central processors and multiple users at the
same time. Data processing jobs are distributed among processors and
communicate with one another through various communication lines such
as high-speed buses or telephone lines.
7. Embedded OS: These are compact and efficiently designed OS for
embedded computer systems such as PDAs. Examples are CE and Symbian

FUNCTIONS OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM

1. Resource management: Operating system manages computer hardware

using different programs sent to the computer system resources such as
CPU, storage devices (primary and secondary memory) etc.
2. Task management: It manages the task program or programs within a
computer system at the same time.
3. File management: It manages data files. It provides the ability to create and
modify files.
4. User interface: It makes it easy for users to interact with the computer.
Users can call up programs, access files, and accomplish additional task.

OTHER FUNCTION OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

1. It provides security for the computer system such as password, firewall.

This prevents unauthorized access to the computer program and data
2. It controls the computer efficiency/performance.
 3. It keeps record of time and resources used by the users.
4. It provides error detecting aid such as error message.
5. It coordinates compliers, interpreters, assemblers and other software in the
computer system.

SOME COMMON OPERATING SYSTEMS BY MODERN COMPUTERS (PCS)

1. Microsoft Windows: This is the most widely sold OS, sold by Microsoft.
Versions of Microsoft
s/n OS Year
1. Windows 1.0 1985
2. Windows 2.0 1987
3. Windows 3.0 1990
4. Windows NT 1993
5. Windows 95 1995
6. Windows 2000 2000
7. Windows XP 2001
8. Windows Vista 2007
9. Windows 7 2009
10. Windows 8 2012
11. Windows 10 2015
Note: Each version is an improvement over the previous.
Sample of Window 95

Sample of window XP
 Sample of windows 8

Sample of windows 10

2. Macintosh (Mac)
The Macintosh known as Mac was introduced by Apple Inc. in 1984 and was
the most widely sold personal computer with Graphical User Interface (GUI)
and a mouse. It has the Mac OS preloaded in them.
Recent versions are known as OS X and they include
 s/n OS Year
1. EI Captain 2015
2. Yosemite 2014
3. Mavericks 2013
4. Mountain Lion 2012
5. Lion 2011

Note: Apple changed the name ‘OS X’ to ‘Mac OS’. Some apple product names are
iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. Mac OS 10.12 Sieera has been released.

Sample of Mac OS

3. Linux
Linux is an open source software computers, servers, game consoles,
mainframes, mobile devices, super computers and embedded devices. It is
open because people can improve on their own, change or modify the
design of the software, copy, and study.
Some popular OS of Linux platforms are:
i. Debian
ii. Ubuntu
 iii. Goggle
iv. Chrome OS
v. Fedora
vi. Red Hat
vii. Open SUSE

Note:

i. The above varieties of Linux OS are also called Linux distributions. They are
used in desktops, servers, mobile devices etc.
ii. Andriod OS is a form of Linux based OS (Open source OS).

Sample of a Linux desktop

MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM: Mobile OS is a platform in which all other programs

can run on mobile devices. It is created for phones, tablet, PDAs, and other
handheld devices. Examples are: Google Android, Nokia Symbian, BlackBerry OS,
Apple iOS, Microsoft Windows Phone OS.

FUNCTIONS OF MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM (OS)

1. It controls other features of the mobile device.

2. It determines the type of third-party applications (mobile apps) that can
run on the device.
 3. It combines the feature of personal computers with other features for
mobile devices such as Bluetooth, touch screen, Wi-Fi, Global Positioning
System (GPS), picture/video camera, voice recorder, music player, speech
recognition etc.

SOME COMMON MOBILE OPERATING SYSTEM

1) Android OS: This is the most popular mobile OS on smart phones. This is
because Android is an open source OS and has developed several hundreds
of mobile app. It is a Linux based OS owned by Google Inc. Google Inc.
always provides update for Android OS like:
s/n Mobile OS Version
1. Apple Pie 1.0
2. Banana bread 1.1
3. Ice-cream sandwich 4.0
4. Jelly-bean 4.1
5. Lollipop 5.0
6. Marshmallow 6.0
7. Nougat 7.0
8. Oreo 8.0

Note: new version provides update to speed, support, security, compatibility,

performance etc.
 Sample of Android phone

2. Apple OS: is the second more popular mobile OS after Android. Is a closed
source mobile OS created by Apple Inc. for their mobile devices such
iPhone, iPad and iPod. Apps are compatible with iOS, downloads are made
from iOS App store and App creates its own version of its own iOS annually
and launches it with upgraded mobile devices.
 Sample of Apple iPhone 6
3. Microsoft Windows Phone: This is a closed sourced mobile OS created by
Microsoft for smartphones. It is not as successful as Android and Apple iOS.
Windows phone OS was first launched in 2010 on windows phone 7 and
replaced by windows 10 in 2015.

Sample of a window phone

4. BlackBerry OS: it started as a closed source Mobile OS developed by
BlackBerry limited (formally called Research in Motion). It was discontinued
after the release of BlackBerry 10 in the year 2000. It has shifted to Android
based OS after it lost a lot to the market.

A sample of BlackBerry phone