THESIS MANUAL UNIVERSITY OF KOTLI AZAD

JAMMU & KASHMIR

Information about composition, style and format for BS, MSc, M.Sc.
(Hons.), MS/MPhil and PhD students/scholars.

Published by

DIRECTORATE OF ADVANCED STUDIES AND RESEARCH

UNIVERSITY OF KOTLI
AZAD JAMMU AND KASHMIR

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 INTRODUCTION

These guidelines have been prepared for undergraduate/graduate/postgraduate students to

provide a standard format for write up of thesis to be presented at the University of Kotli
Azad Jammu and Kashmir. It would ensure uniformity in the preparation of thesis.

FORMAT FOR THESIS

The final form of the thesis containing the preliminary pages and the text pages should be
arranged in the following sequence:

Preliminary Pages:

i. Cover Page: The Cover page must bear full title of the thesis, full name of the
candidate in (14 TNR Bold Capital Letters), registration number, session, name of
the Department, name of the Faculty and name of the university (Annexure-I). This
should not bear page number.
ii. Title Page: Title page must have full title of thesis, full name of candidate (Capital
Letters), registration number, degree for which the thesis has been submitted,
session, name of the Department, name of the Faculty and name of the university
(Annexure-II). The page number starts from title page up to abstract in romans like
ii, iii etc.
iii. Order of Pages: Pages should be arranged in following order:
a) Cover page
b) Title page
c) Certification
d) Dedication
e) Contents
f) List of Tables
g) List of Figures
h) Abbreviations/Acronyms
i) Acknowledgements
j) Abstract
iv. Certification: Duly signed by the supervisor/ Supervisory Committee (where
applicable) and Co-supervisor (if any), at the time of its submission and the
External Examiner, after viva-voce/oral examination (Annexure-III for MPhil &
Annexure-IV for PhD degree programs).
v. Dedication: The candidate, if desires may dedicate his/her research work
(Optional).

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 vi. Contents: Thesis must contain list of contents for the convenience of readers
indicating the page number for each title appearing in sequence, as it appears in the
text. These must be arranged in their numeral order indicating the text page
(Annexure V). List of Tables, Figures (maps, diagrams, graphs, charts, etc.),
plates/illustrations/pictures (photographs, etc.) which appear in the text may follow
the “Table of Contents” (if required) in the same sequence (Annexure-VI&
Annexure-VII).
vii. Abbreviations: Special abbreviations, specifically used in the text, can be arranged
in alphabetical order with explanation after the “contents page”.
viii. Acknowledgements: The candidate may acknowledge the contribution of other
person(s) during research.
ix. Abstract: The abstract should be brief and written in complete sentences. It should
state succinctly the objectives / problem, the experimental design, the principal
observations and conclusion. Headings and reference should not appear in the
abstract.

Text:

The preliminary pages should be followed by the main text. The main text may contain
the following sections:
i. Introduction: Introducing the problem and spelling out the main objectives/
hypothesis of the research.
ii. Review of Literature: Critical review of literature updating the reader about the
current status of the research findings in the field duly supported by suitable
references (very general and/or universal facts may not be supported by reference).
This should be in the form of an integrated running text, presenting a general
synthesis of the known facts on the problem under study, rather than presenting a
summary of the papers appearing in chronological order. It may be prepared under
different headings that from the part of the study. Introduction and review of
Literature may be combined where it is necessary but it should be written in “book-
manner”.
iii. Material and Methods: A detail objective narration of the study area, material
used sampling/census technique, methods/instruments exploited and the
technique(s) used in analyses is composed, which may help the reader in analysis
of the results.
iv. Results and Discussion: The results (without giving explanations comparisons
with other studies) of the study should be presented in running text, duly supported
by the data, presented in tables, figures, plates, etc., mentioning the salient points.
The results should lead to the generalized statements of the researcher, which may
be carried for discussion. The statistical legends and symbols can be presented in
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 consultation with the supervisor. The discussion forms the most important part of
the thesis, where the results are interpreted with scientific logic duly supported by
the previous studies/references. The cause and effect phenomenon should prevail
in discussion section. The discussion should be based upon the results of the study.
Usually the generalizations of the result are carried for discussion.
v. Conclusion and Recommendations: It encompasses a brief statement of the
methodology of the research study/studies followed by the results obtained,
conclusions drawn and recommendations at the end.
vi. References: All the references cited in the text and notes should invariable appear
in this section. These should be arranged in alphabetical order to the last name of
the author. The style of citing references is given on page no. 09 of the guidelines.
vii. Appendices: The candidate, if so desires may include appendices. This section may
contain supporting data for the text in the form of one and more appendices. It may
include table (s) facsimile of the questionnaire/ data collection sheet (s)
illustrations, maps and other similar data, which cannot be placed in the order parts
of the main text. This data should be in an organized form.
Sections:
Each of these sections should be considered as separate chapters, numbered it
consecutive order except for summary and appendices that should not be numbered
as a chapter. In case, a research topic dealing with different fields and demands a
separate handling of different parts of the research, considering each part as a
chapter may contain separate introduction, review of literature, material and
methods, results and discussion, appearing as continuous text. However, in such
case a general overall introduction and discussion/conclusion shall be developed,
appearing as the first text chapter and the last chapter, respectively. The references
should always appear before appendices.

Footnotes:
Footnotes should generally be avoided unless decided by the Supervisor. Notes may
appear as footnotes at the bottom of individual pages or may be gathered in section
at the end of each chapter or may be placed all together in section at the very end
of the text.

Language and style:

i. The thesis must be written in English or such other languages as Academic Council
may approve.

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 ii. Great care should be taken to make the thesis a scholarly contribution to knowledge,
including the usage of language and accuracy of expression.
iii. A research thesis must be accurate and accordingly language must be precise. The
level of presentation should be formal. Colloquial and conversational modes of
expression are inappropriate in a scholarly presentation. The expression should
normally be in the third person.
iv. Proper attention should be paid to such skills as correct spellings, punctuation,
sentence formation, capitalization and proper use of Italic. Students are advised to
consult a good handbook on language usage and dictionary.

TYPING NUMBERING AND BINDING

Typing of Text:

i. Line space of the text should be 1.5, Font 12, Times New Roman (TNR) with the
exception of captions footnotes, long quotations, reference entries of more than one
line, tables and appendices etc. No inter-lineation, crossing out of letter or words
are permissible. Correction fluid or type out may be used, but sparingly and with
great care and no such corrections should involve more than three words.
ii. The thesis must be submitted on an 80 gm, 100 % cotton paper of 210 mm x 297
mm (8.27” x 11.69” i.e., A-4) size, with 3.8 cm left (binding side) 3.0 right, top,
and lower margins 2.50 cm.
iii. The text should be fully justified
iv. The first line of the paragraph should be indented (1cm), and line space be given
between paragraphs.
v. Nothing in the text should be italicized, except the scientific names of the species
and the words from languages other than English.
vi. For abbreviations, in general, the full term should be spelled out when it appears
the first time in the text (with abbreviation in parenthesis), while these can be used
in rest of the text. Abbreviations should be in capital letter(s) without full stop(s),
or otherwise necessary.
Example:
Government of Pakistan GOP
United states Department of Agriculture USDA
vii. Always write ‘percent’ in the text and not the % symbol. Similarly chemical symbol
or formula should not be used.
viii. No fractions should be used in the text. They should be spelled out.
Example: “Half” rather than “1/2” and five-eighth” for “5/8”.
ix. Points of the compass and seasons of the year should not be written with capital
letters unless these are a part of the name,
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 Example: the wind is in the North West or South East Regional Development
Board.
x. “The” should not be written with capital “T” before the name unless it is a part of
that name.
Example: The king’s Fund or The Royal College.
xi. Insert a space between a numeral and the unit of measurement,
Example: 3 mm or 15 oC.
xii. No space should be given between educes and associated numerals,
Example: 5.0-6.0 mm or between extreme measurement and ranges, (10-30) or 25-
35.
xiii. All pages, except the cover page, are to bear a page number. The cover page is
understood as preliminary page i. Other preliminary pages will be numbered in
lower case Roman Numerals (ii, iii, etc.) at the bottom in the center of each page.
The subsequent text start from introduction to references, appendices are to be
numbered in a single sequence of Arabic Numerals (1, 2, etc.) beginning with at the
bottom in the center of each page. Page numbers must fall on or within the specified
margins which are as follows: left margin (or binding edge) = 3.8 cm, right margins
3.00 cm, top and bottom 2.50 cm.
xiv. Do not start a sentence with mathematical abbreviations.
Example: Seventy percent of the peoples are living in urban areas. (Correct)
70 percent of the peoples are living in urban areas. (Incorrect)

Headings:

i) Chapter heading like Introduction, Review of Literature, Material and Methods,

Results and Discussion appearing in Font 14 TNR should be all capital (in upper
case) adjusted in the center and bold. The heading for the chapter numbers
should be italics and justified to the right hand side of the page appearing with
first letter (i.e. Chapter 3). All other headings in the text should be set over to
the left hand margin and the text should begin on the next line with indentation.
The first level headings should be all in capital letters (Font 12 TNR). Second
level heading should be typed in small (lowercase) with first letter capital of each
main word (Font 12 TNR). For third level headings, only the letter of the first
word should be a capital (Font 12 TNR), while fourth level headings may appear
in the text like the third level headings. All the headings should be assigned
digital number. Only chapter heading should be bold.

Examples:
3.0 Main Heading (c-hapter)
3.1 Sub heading
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 3.1.1 Sub sub heading
3.1.1.2 Sub sub sub Heading

Chapter 3
3.0 MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1 COLLECTION OF PLANT MATERIAL
3.1.1 Morphological Parameters
3.1.1.1 Plant height
3.1.1.2 Grain yield per plant

3.2 BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

i. No full stop should be used after the heading/sub heading/sub sub heading. Collins
(:) can be used after the fifth degree of headings, when these are directly followed
by the text.

Tables:

Tables should be prepared in such a way that they could be read and understood without
reference to the text of the thesis. A good table contributes to the processes of analysis and
valid generalization of findings inherent in the original data. Tables without text should be
brief and clear. Long tables containing raw data should normally be inserted in the
appendix at the end of the thesis. Table should be numbered with Arabic numerals (1, 2,
3….) the table title must be typed after the table number on the same line.
Example: Table-1: Antioxidant activities of essential oils of Zanthoxylum alatum
No word in capital letter or with initial capital letters should be typed except the first word
of the title or otherwise if it is special abbreviation e.g. DNA. The title must be written as
bold letters. The unit of measurement should be written in column heading instead of
repeating for every entry in the column(s) if a table is too long for one page type continued,
at the bottom of the first page and “Table” Page 2’ at the top of a new page, then repeat the
column headings on the new page before typing the rest of the table. If the table is typed
on ‘landscape’ it must be inserted in thesis with untitled side in the bindings. Any
explanatory note, if any, should be typed immediately under that table. Identify each
footnote with a reference character, making sure that it is linked to the correct matching
character in the body of the table. If± or = signs or ‘to’ (6 to 8) are used, they should be
first aligned on these characters and then on decimal.
Example:

64.1 + 1.5
234.0 + 21.0
0.29 + 0.03

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Each table should be self-explanatory, with appropriate/heading, so that it could be read
independent of the text.

Figures:

It includes graphs, charts, drawings, maps and some kinds of computer printouts. Size and
shape of the figures should be well within the limits of the page size on which the text will
be typed (A-4 pages). The figures, graphs should be given capital Arabic numerals (e.g., 1,
2 … etc.). All figures of graphs should be of the same size on the paper. Each figure or
graph should bear a self-sufficient legend, appearing in the bottom of the figure/graph. The
legend should be typed double space after the Figure number, as: Figure-1: Tree diagram
based on 176 genotypes of wheat
The title must be written as bold letters. If the figure/graph is in landscape the side without
title should go towards binding. Each figure/diagram should be self – explanatory so that
it could be read independent of the text. Unnecessary figures should be avoided. Sometime
allied figures give better analysis if these are presented in same figure or appear on the
same page where these can be compared. It is generally believed that if information appears
in table it should not be repeated in the figure, until very essential required. Illustration
should be drawn in Indian ink, preferably on bristle board. Good quality computer
simulations (preferable with laser printers) can also be used. Cellulose tape (including
transparent scotch tapes) rubber cement, mucilage or ordinary glue are not to be used in
submitting the final hard bound copies of the thesis. Dry mounting of illustrations is
preferred but any high quality sealant of guaranteed permanency is acceptable. Staple pins,
pins or paper clips are not allowed. For tables, full – page diagrams, pages with illustrations
or mounted photographs, the same margins are required as for type written pages. Oversize
fold out pages or illustrations are allowed, but the folded edges must be at or within the
marginal limits. If full page photographs are used they must allow toe trimming and binding
without sacrifice of any significant contents. Full page illustration may have accompanying
caption pages facing them; such illustrations and their caption page will be numbered in
the sequence of text numbers. Tables, figures, plates, etc. should be in proximity to the text,
where these are referred, rather than appearing in the end.

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 REFRENCES
Referencing and Citation Styles: American Psychological Association (APA ) 6th Edition

References in the body of your essay

The APA in text reference is in the format (author, date). When directly quoting from a text you
must include a page number in the citation as given in the examples below. Including page numbers
in all other circumstances is not required however; it is best practice to do so when referring to
part of a work (e.g. a paragraph or chapter in a book). When referring to an entire work that covers
a single topic (e.g. a journal article) it is not required.

Referencing an idea

The leading medical cause of Aboriginal mortality is due to circulatory system disease. Other
important causes of death include diseases of the respiratory system and injury or poisoning
(Anderson, 1999; Saggers & Gray, 1999; Thomson, 1995).

OR

Anderson (1999), Thomson (1995), and Saggers and Gray (1999) all state that the leading cause
of Aboriginal mortality is due to circulatory system disease, and that other important causes of
death include diseases of the respiratory system and injury or poisoning.

Referencing a quotation

Indeed, one researcher commented that “technological innovations have saved or extended the
lives of many patients” (Lumby, 2001, p. 44).

Citing a source within a source

Where your source quotes or refers to another source, for example Unsworth refers to previous
work by Halliday on linguistics, the citation might read thus: (Halliday, 1987, cited in Unsworth,
2004, p. 15)

Only Unsworth will appear in the Reference list at the end of your assignment

Reference list

Your reference list should be ordered alphabetically by author and then chronologically by year of
publication. The APA 6th style requires the references to be indented as illustrated below in the
examples.

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For instances of multiple articles with the same authors and years of publication, please see the
complete guide. If you have the DOI for the journal article, you should include it in the reference,
otherwise, it is not necessary.

Book

Lumby, J. (2001). Who cares? The changing health care system. Sydney, Australia: Allen &
Unwin.

Book chapter

McKenzie, H., Boughton, M., Hayes, L., & Forsyth, S. (2008). Explaining the complexities and
value of nursing practice and knowledge. In I. Morley & M. Crouch (Eds.), Knowledge as value:
Illumination through critical prisms (pp. 209-224). Amsterdam, Netherlands: Rodopi.

Journal article

Irshad, M., Jones, R. C., Ahmed, M. N., Shahid, M., & Aziz, S. (2017). New Pyrroloimidazoles
by 1, 3-Dipolar Cycloaddition and their Biological Activities. Journal of the Chemical Society of
Pakistan, 39(1), 113-118.

Journal article with more than 7 authors

Petti, C. A., Simmon, K. E., Miro, J. M., Hoen, B., Marco, F., Chu, V. H., . . . Woods, C. W.
(2008). Genotypic diversity of coagulase-negative staphylococci causing endocarditis: a global
perspective. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 46(5), 1780-1784.

Webpage with an author

Welch, N. (2000, February 21). Toward an understanding of the determinants of rural health.
Retrieved from http://www.ruralhealth.org.au/welch.htm

Webpage with no author

ANCI national competency standards for the registered nurse and the enrolled nurse. (2000).
Retrieved from http://www.anci.org.au/competencystandards.htm

Newspaper article

Bagnall, D. (1998, January 27). Private schools: Why they are out in front. The Bulletin, pp. 12-
15.

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Government publication

The Health Targets and Implementation (Health for All) Committee. (1988). Health for all
Australians. Canberra, Australia: Australian Government Publishing Service.

Company and Industry Reports

Magner, L. (2016). IBISWorld industry report OD5381. Coffee shops in Australia. Retrieved from
IBISWorld database.

BINDING AND SUBMISSION

The original and two good quality Soft bindings photocopies are to be submitted to the
University for an initial submission and evaluation by the Supervisory Committee and
External Examiner. Hard bound copies should be submitted after the thesis defense
examination incorporating the suggested changes/ correction (if any). The total number of
hard bound copies shall be submitted according to the following table:

BS/ MA/MSc M.S/MPhil/M.Sc. (Hons.) PhD

B.Sc. (Hons.)
Student 1 1 1
Examination - 1 1
Dept. Library 1 1 1
Central Library - 1 1
Supervisor 1 1 1
DAS&R - 1 1
HEC - - 1+ soft copy
Total 3 6 7
The title of the binding must contain the full title of the thesis (in block letters), University
of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir, the full name and the registration number of the
candidate, session, the name of the department, the name of the Faculty and the name of
the University (Annexure-I) printed in golden words. The color of the cover of the thesis
shall be according to the following table:

BS/ MA/MSc/ B.Sc. (Hons.)/equivalent degree Green

MS/MPhil/M.Sc. (Hons.) Navy Blue
PhD Maroon

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 SPINE OF HARD BOUND THESIS
The hard-bound thesis must include the name of the degree, name of the department, name
of student and session on the spine. If the name of the department is too long, it can be
abbreviated, for example the Department of computer Science and Information Technology
can be abbreviated as CS&IT.

Example:
PhD CS&IT Muhammad Rashid 2014-2017
Or

MPhil Chemistry Muhammad Basharat 2015-2017

PLAGIARISM

The failure to give recognition to others work so that it gives the impression that their work
is your own is plagiarism. The University takes a serious view of plagiarism, and requires
significant re-writing and re-submission of theses in which it is found. You must
acknowledge all work that is not your own whether ideas, experimental procedures or data.
This requirement extends to maps, tables, diagrams and photographs. For further
information, visit the website of HEC on plagiarism.
The plagiarism policy is set for up to a maximum of 19%, keeping in view that chunk
(copying from a single source) should not be more than 4%.

SIZE OF MONOGRAM
Height: 4cm
Width: 4cm

TOTAL WORDS OF THESIS (subject to changes)

MPhil thesis should not be less than twelve thousand (12000/-) *
PhD thesis should not be less than twenty thousand (20000/-) *

 The board might later change the total word count. Soon as the changes are decided the
updated file will be uploaded on the university’s website.

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 Annexure I

DEFAULT RISK, CAPITAL STRUCTURE, AND FINANCIAL

PERFORMANCE OF FIRMS: EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN

BY

SYED TANVEER HUSSAIN SHAH BUKHARI

(Reg. No. )

Session 2014-2016

Department of Public Administration

Faculty of Management Sciences
University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir

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 Annexure II

SEASONAL VARIATIONS AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF ESSENTIAL

OIL COMPOSITION OF SKIMMEA LAUREOLA

BY

RUBIA ZAMAN

(Reg. No. )

A Thesis

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Philosophy

in

Chemistry

Session 2016 -18

Department of Chemistry
Faculty of Sciences
University of Kotli Azad Jammu and Kashmir

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 Annexure III

CERTIFICATION
I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of this thesis falls under
plagiarism. If found otherwise at any stage, I will be responsible for the consequences.
Student’s Name: _______________ Signature: ____________________
Registration No._____________________ Date: _________________________

Certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled "Seasonal Variations and Biological
Studies of Essential Oil Composition of Skimmea laureola" submitted by Ms. Rubia Zaman
have been satisfactory for the requirement of the degree of Master of Philosophy (MPhil) in
Chemistry.

i. Name of Supervisor:

ii. Co-Supervisor: (if any)

v. External Examiner:

Chairman
Department of __________

Dean Director
Faculty of Sciences Advance Studies & Research

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 Annexure IV
CERTIFICATION
I hereby undertake that this research is an original one and no part of this thesis is against HEC
plagiarism policy. If found otherwise at any stage, I will be responsible for the consequences.
Student’s Name: _______________ Signature: ____________________
Registration No._____________________ Date: _________________________

Certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled "Seasonal and Geographical Variations of
Essential Oil Composition of Thymus serpyllum" submitted by Mr. Muhammad Imran have
been satisfactory for the requirement of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Chemistry.

Supervisor:

Co-Supervisor: (if any)

Member-1:

Member-2:

External Examiner:

Chairman
Department of __________

Dean Director
Faculty of Sciences Advance Studies & Research
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 Annexure V
CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Page

ABSTRACT

1. INTRODUCTION

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3. MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 COLLECTION OF PLANT MATERIAL
3.1.1 Morphological Parameters
3.1.1.1 Plant height

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6. REFERENCES
APPENDICES

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 Annexure VI
LIST OF TABLES

Page No.
S. # Titles
3.1 Description of plant material used in present research work 35
4.1 Percentage composition of the essential oil of Angelica glauca 46
4.2 Percentage composition of the essential oil of Saussurea lappa 47
4.3 Percentage composition of the essential oil of Plectranthus rogusus 48
4.4 Percentage composition of the essential oil of Valeriana wallichii 50
4.5 Percentage composition of the essential oil of Cedrus deodara 51
4.6 Percentage composition of the essential oil of stem, seeds and leaves of
53
Zanthoxylum alatum

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 Annexure VII

LIST OF FIGURES

S.# Titles Page No.

2.1 Image of Angelica glauca 12
2.2 (a) Image of Saussurea lappa
14
(b) Roots of Saussurea lappa

2.3 Image of Plectranthus rugosus 17

2.4 (a) Image of Valeriana wallichii
19
(b) Image of roots of Valeriana wallichii
2.5 Images of Cedrus deodara 22
2.6 Image of Zanthoxylum alatum 26
2.7 Images of Skimmea laureola 29

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