INTRO TO GLOBALIZATION

SOCSC 03 The Contemporary World

Sid Anthony Paolo R. Verdan

Instructor I, MMSU College of Arts and Sciences
Learning Objectives
• To write a personal definition of globalization based
on a concept map
• Differentiated the competing conceptions of
globalization;
• Identified the underlying philosophies of the varying
definitions of globalization;
• Agreed on a working definition of globalization for
the course.
Globalization
Introduction to Globalization
 Globalization

Throughout history, pivotal events have significantly altered

perspectives on, and approaches to, academic disciplines. Terrorist
attacks, pandemics (i.e. COVID-19), climate change issues, problems
of migration, among other global concerns reinforced the need for
scholars, political leaders, policy makers, international organizations,
non-state actors, and individuals to focus even more on global issues
in an age of increasing globalization.
 Globalization

Globalization links the fate of countries,

intergovernmental organizations, state actors, and
individuals to an unprecedented degree.
Globalism
Introduction to Globalization
 Globalism
•a state of the world involving networks of interdependence at
multicontinental distances.
•can be linked through flows of influences of capital and goods,
information and ideas, people and force, as well as
environmentally and biologically relevant substances (such as
acid rain or pathogens).
 2 Characteristics of Globalism
• Globalization and deglobalization refer to the increase or decline of
globalism. In comparison with interdependence, globalism has two
special characteristics:
• Globalism refers to networks of connections (multiple
relationships), not simply to single linkages.
• . For a network of relationships to be considered “global,” it must
include multicontinental distances, not simply regional networks.
Dimensions of Globalism
Introduction to Globalization
Economic Globalism

• involves long distance flows of goods, services,

and capital, and the information and perceptions
that accompany market change.
• It also involves the organization of the processes
that are linked to these flow.
• For example, the organization of low-wage
production in Asia for the US and European
markets.
Military Globalism

• refers to a long distance networks of

interdependence in which force, and the
threats of promise of force are employed.
• example of military globalism is the “balance
of terror” between the US and the Soviet
Union during the cold war.
Environmental Globalism

• refers to the long distance transport of

materials in the atmosphere or oceans or of
biological substances such as pathogens or
genetic materials that affect human health
and well-being.
Social and Cultural Globalism

• involves movements of ideas, information,

and images, and of people – who of course
carry ideas and information with them.
• Examples include the movement of religions
or the diffusion of scientific knowledge.
• Isomorphism: An important facet of social
globalism involves imitation of one society’s
practices and institutions by others
Social and Cultural Globalism
• POLITICAL GLOBALISM
• refers to ideas and information about power
and governance.

• LEGAL GLOBALISM
• refer to the spread of legal practices and
institutions to a variety of issues, including world
trade and the criminalization of war crimes by
heads of states.
Globalism is a phenomenon with ancient roots and
globalization is the process of increasing globalism,
now or in the past. However, others also argue that
globalization is both a phenomenon and a process.
Globalization
Introduction to Globalization
 Globalization is the process by which globalism
becomes increasingly thick. The issue is not how old
globalism is, but rather how “thin” or “thick” it is at any
given time.
 Example of “thin globalization,” the Silk Road provide an
economic and cultural link between ancient Europe and Asia,
but the route was plied by a small group of hardy traders,
and the goods that were traded back and forth had a direct
impact primarily on a small (and relatively elite) stratum of
consumers along the road.
 “Thick globalization,” on the other hand, involve many
relationships that are intensive as well as extensive: long
distance flows that are large and continuous, affecting the
lives of many people. Example is the operations of global
financial markets today, affect the people from Peoria (city in
Illinois, USA) to Penang (Malaysia).
 “Thick globalization,” on the other hand, involve many
relationships that are intensive as well as extensive: long
distance flows that are large and continuous, affecting the
lives of many people. Example is the operations of global
financial markets today, affect the people from Peoria (city in
Illinois, USA) to Penang (Malaysia).
Various Definition of
Globalization
Introduction to Globalization
Barfield, Claude (2000)

• It is the impact of changing technology

on individual countries, individual
societies over time.
• It is very much technology-based.
Payne, Richard (2009)

• The integration of markets, politics, values, and

environmental concerns across borders.
• It refers to shrinking distances among the
continents, a wider geographic sense of
vulnerability, and worldwide interconnectedness
of important aspects of human life, including
religion, migration, war, finance, trade, diseases,
drugs, and music..
Steger, M. (2010)

• Globalization is the intensification and

expansion of social relations and
consciousness across world-time and
world-space. (working definition of the
course)
Interdependence and
Globalization
Introduction to Globalization
 Interdependence and Globalization

Human societies have always been characterized by varying degrees of

interdependence. Most of us do not grow the food we eat, make the clothes
we wear, manufacture the cars we drive, produce the water we drink, or build
the homes we live in. We depend on each other to accomplish both profound
and mundane objectives.
 Interdependence and Globalization

Interdependence Globalization
• It involves mutual dependence and • It refers to the integration of markets,
cooperation politics, values, and environmental
• At the heart of the concept of concerns across borders (Nassar,
interdependence is reciprocity 2005).
• It is a political and economic situation
in which two states are simultaneously
dependent on each other for their
well-being (Nassar, 2005)
Attributes of Globalization

1. Various forms of connectivity. They

are diverse because they can be economic,
political, cultural, and the like. They are
enabled by various factors, pressures,
media, among others.
Attributes of Globalization

2. Expansion and stretching of social

relations. This is with the presence of non-
government organizations,
friendships/relationships, government
associations, multinational corporation
(MNCs).
Attributes of Globalization

3. Intensification and acceleration of

social exchanges and activities. Such as
from snail mail to Facebook; live television,
and increased travel (cheap flights or piso
fare promo)
Attributes of Globalization

4. Occurs subjectively. We think about

the world such as the use of social media
like #PrayforMarawi; #PrayforHongkong.
We associate ourselves with global trends
as fan of K-Pop, and other international
artists. Hopefully, we feel some sense of
responsibility especially on climate change.
Debating Globalization
Introduction to Globalization
 Debating Globalization

The three dominant positions in this debate is assumed by:

1. The hyperglobalizers and the transformationalists
2. The weak globalizers, and
3. The skeptics and rejectionists
 Views and Arguments on:

Internationalization
Hyperglobalizers & Weak Globalizers Skeptics and Rejectionists
Transformationalists
•They see profound • There are many • Globalization is a myth.
changes in the important changes in
international system. the international system
but increased
•Contemporary patterns internationalization is
of globalization are viewed not altering the world to
as being unprecedented. the extent claimed by
the hyperglobalizers
 Views and Arguments on:

State and Sovereignty

Hyperglobalizers & Weak Globalizers Skeptics and Rejectionists
Transformationalists
•There is an erosion of • States remain sovereign. • National governments
sovereignty and the determine the nature of
weakening of nation-states global interactions.
as a result of globalization
and internationalization.
 Views and Arguments on:

Economy
Hyperglobalizers & Weak Globalizers Skeptics and Rejectionists
Transformationalists
•There is a borderless • States’ economy remain • National governments
economy that integrates sovereign. remain in control of
people everywhere in the their domestic
global market. economies as well as the
regulation of
international economic
activities.
 Views and Arguments on:

Social and Cultural

Hyperglobalizers & Weak Globalizers Skeptics and Rejectionists
Transformationalists
•There is cultural • Culture, nationalism, • Inequality continue to
homogenization. and geography continue fuel nationalism.
to divide us. • Instead of cultural
•People around the globe • While people around homogenization, the
are living in a “global the world, are living in world is dividing into
village”. the “global village,” they cultures that remain
continue to jealously suspicious of each other.
guard their own huts.
Causes of Globalization
Introduction to Globalization
 According to Nassar

Nassar in his book Globalization and Terrorism: The Migration of Dreams and
Nightmares explained that religion, technology, economy, and empire are the
engines that empower the drive toward globalization.

Thus, power, wealth and greed play a major role as root causes of
globalization. Even the area of technology is arguably driven by the profit
motive.
 According to Payne

Payne believes that the causes of globalization are inseparable from the
human desire to explore, to gain greater physical and economic security, to
be creative and curious, and to move from one country to another. He
mentioned the causes such as:
1.) Migration 4.) Financial Market Expansion
2.) Advances in Military 5.) Communications Revolution
3.) Medical Technologies
Forms of Globalization
Introduction to Globalization
 Economic Globalization
Economic Globalization may be defined as the intercontinental exchange of
products, services, and labor. Frankel (2005) points out that this is one of the
most powerful forces to have shaped the postwar world.

According to him, the two major drivers of economic globalization are:

a. reduced costs to transportation and communication in the private sector; and
b. reduced policy barriers to trade and investment on the part of the public sector.
 Financial Globalization

Leads to the deepening and expansion of global finance. Financial

problems affecting a country such as the terrorist attack in the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001, sent shock waves
through financial markets worldwide, painfully demonstrating direct
linkages among American, European, Asian, and the Latin American
economies.
 Financial Globalization

Four basic developments that drive financial globalization:

a. Consolidation of financial institutions in most countries.
b. Globalization of operations
c. Emergence of New technologies
d. Universalization of banking
 Bretton Woods Conference

In 1944, US, Britain and other countries held a conference in Bretton Woods,
New Hampshire, to determine the international financial order.

The conference established the Bretton Woods System, which required the
currencies of other countries to have an exchange rate fixed to the dollar,
with the dollar fixed in terms of gold at $35 an ounce. This arrangement gave
the US significant influence over the international monetary supply.
 The World Bank

The Bretton Woods System set up the World

Bank (also known as international bank for
Reconstruction and Development), to help
stimulate Europe’s economic recovery after
the devastation of World War II.
International Monetary Fund

It also created the International Monetary

Fund (IMF) to implement the rules of the
international financial system and to help
countries experiencing short-term of
balance-of-payment and liquidity problems.
 Political Globalization

It is characterized by the acceptance of states, the relative power of

states, and the spread of nonstate political and regional
organizations composed of states, and the spread of nonstate
political actors.
 Multilateral Institutions

These are organizations composed of many

states pursuing common objective and
include both international
intergovernmental organizations (IGOs),
such as the United Nations, the European
Union, Organization of American States, and
the British Commonwealth.
 Military Globalization

It is characterized by extensive as well as intensive networks of

military force. This includes the actual use of force and threats to
use violence. The most obvious example of military globalization is
the nuclear age and the proliferation of weapons of mass
destruction.
 Several Development in Modern History
a. The competition among European powers and territorial expansion that
resulted in the colonization of Asia, Africa, and the Americas;
b. The emergence of international alliances and international security regimes,
such as the Concert of Europe and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO);
c. The proliferation of weapons and military technologies worldwide; and
d. The creation of global institutions to deal with military issues, such as the
nuclear nonproliferation regime.
 The Concert of Europe

established a set of principles, rules and

practices that helped to maintain balance
between the major powers after the
Napoleonic wars, and to spare Europe from
another broad conflict, which ushered in the
Congress of Vienna.
 Cultural Globalization

It involves the exchange of food, people, products, ideas, and

technology across national boundaries. It affects the consciousness
of individuals and their attitudes towards politics, religion,
economics, and broader cultural values. It also influences their
sense of identity, belonging and nationalism.
 Environmental Globalization

It focuses on the interdependence among countries in relation to

such problem as global warming, the spread of infectious
diseases, air and water pollution, deforestation and loss of
biodiversity, and threats of endangered species. It refers to the
impact that environmental problems in one part of the world have
on distant places.
 Criminal Globalization

It is the intercontinental spread of global crime and its impact on

governments and individuals. It includes transborder crimes such
as drug trafficking, money laundering, prostitution, alien
smuggling, arms trafficking and counterfeiting. It poses severe
challenges to national and global security.
 Terrorism
is defined in the dictionary for diplomats
according to Nassar as the “use of violence
against non-combatants, civilians or other
persons normally considered to be
illegitimate targets of military action for the
purpose of attracting attention to a political
cause, forcing those aloof from the struggle
to join it, or intimidating opponents into
concessions.”
Periods of Globalization
Introduction to Globalization
 First Wave

Period (Covered) Nature of Globalization

• This wave of globalization is as • For more than five thousand
old as human civilization. years human beings from
• Globalization was occurring long different places have interacted,
before the language of mostly through trade, migration,
globalization came into existence and conquest.
 Second Wave

Period (Covered) Nature of Globalization

• This wave of globalization is • Dependency theorists view this
closely associated with the period of globalization as being
Western European conquest of profoundly influential on global
Asia, Latin America, and Africa politics and trade.
and the spread of capitalism to
these areas.
 Third Wave
Period (Covered) Nature of Globalization
• This began around 1870 and • This wave is marked by breakthroughs
declined around 1914. in technological development, the
global production of primary
commodities as well as manufactured
products, and mass migration.
• Vast areas of land in North America,
Argentina, Australia, and elsewhere
were cultivated and agricultural
products were exported.
 Third Wave
Period (Covered) Nature of Globalization
• This began around 1870 and • Some Filipinos were brought to the
declined around 1914. Hawaiian coasts in the US to work in
sugarcane plantations. They were
called the Sakada.
• This explosion of global activities was
followed by a retreat into nationalism
from 1914 to 1945. World War I was
followed by the Great Depression and
a wave of protectionism, led by the US.
 Fourth Wave
Period (Covered) Nature of Globalization
• From 1945 to 1980 • This period of globalization was
characterized by both
cooperation and conflict.
• It was spurred by the retreat of
nationalism and protectionism
and the strengthening of
internationalism and global
cooperation.
 Fourth Wave
Period (Covered) Nature of Globalization
• From 1945 to 1980 • The removal of trade barriers was
selective, but institutions – such as the
World Bank, the International
Monetary Fund, and the General
Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
– were formed to encourage global
trade and development.
• Many developing countries, relying on
the exports of primary commodities,
continued to be marginalized and
disadvantaged in the global economy.
 Fourth Wave
Period (Covered) Nature of Globalization
• From 1945 to 1980 • Efforts to encourage nations to
work together in the United
Nations were weakened by the
rivalry between the US and
Soviet Union.
• The most important form of
globalization during this period
was military globalization.
 Fifth Wave
Period (Covered) Nature of Globalization
• Current period • This is characterized by
unprecedented interdependence
among nations and the explosive
growth of powerful non-state
actors.
Friedman, Thomas L. (2006) The World is Flat: A Brief History of the 21st Century.
Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
Gilpin, Robert. (2001) Global Political Economy: Understanding the International
Economic Order. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.
Nassar, Jaml R. (2005) Globalization and Terrorism: The Migration of Dreams
and Nightmares. Rowman & Littlefield.
Legrain, Philippe. (2004) Open World: The Truth About Globalization. Chicago:
Ivan R. Dee.
Payne, Richard J. (2009) Global Issues: Politics, Economics and Culture 2nd
edition. New York: Longman.
Steger, M., Battersby P., Siracusa, J. (2016) The SAGE Handbook of Globalization:
"Approaches to the Study of Globalization. SAGE: London.
eJournal USA Global Issues: The Challenges of Globalization, 2006.