Extrema and Average Rates of Change

You found function Determine intervals The graph shows the average price of regular- Gasoline Prices,
values. on which functions grade gasoline in the U.S. from January to Regular Grade
(Lesson 1-1) are increasing, December.
constant, or
The highest average price was about
decreasing, and
$3.15 per gallon in May.
determine maxima
and minima of The slopes of the red and blue dashed lines
functions. show that the price of gasoline changed
more rapidly in the first half of the year than
i Determine the
in the second half.
i average rate of
change of a function.

NewVocabulary
increasing
decreasing
1 Increasing and Decreasing Behavior A n a n a l y s i s o f a f u n c t i o n c a n also i n c l u d e a
description o f the intervals o n w h i c h the f u n c t i o n is increasing, decreasing, o r constant.

Consider the g r a p h o f f ( x ) s h o w n . A s y o u m o v e f r o m
constant Constant
left to right, f{x) i s
critical point
• i n c r e a s i n g o r rising o n (—oo, —5),
extrema
maximum • c o n s t a n t ox flat o n (—5, 0 ) , a n d
minimum • d e c r e a s i n g or falling o n (0, oo).
point of inflection / —5
average rate of change T h e s e g r a p h i c a l i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s c a n also b e d e s c r i b e d
secant line algebraically.

Concept Increasing, Decreasing, and Constant Functions

Words A function fis increasing on an interval / Example
if and only if for any two points in /, a
positive change in x results in a positive
change in f(x).

Symbols For every x and x in an interval /,

1 2

f(xj < f(x ) when x^ < x .

2 2

Interval: ( - o o , oo)

Words A function f is decreasing on an interval / Example \ \y

if and only if for any two points in /, a
y=f(x)
positive change in x results in a negative m -
change in f(x).
m-
Symbols For every x, and x in an interval /,
2 I I »
0 1 1 X
f(x-\) > f{x ) when x^<x .
2 2
*1 X2

Interval: ( - o o , oo)

Words A function f is constant on an interval / Example

if and only if for any two points in /, a
positive change in x results in a zero
change in f{x).

Symbols For every x, and x in an interval /,

2
H h
f(x^) = f(x ) when x-, < x .
2 2

Xj x2

Interval: (a, b)

34 I L e s s o n 1-4
 nalyze Increasing and Decreasing Behavior
U s e t h e g r a p h o f e a c h f u n c t i o n t o e s t i m a t e i n t e r v a l s t o t h e n e a r e s t 0.5 u n i t o n w h i c h t h e
f u n c t i o n is increasing, decreasing, or constant. S u p p o r t the answer numerically.

WatchOut! a. f(x) = -2x

\
3
y

\
intervals A function is neither Analyze Graphically
"'easing nor decreasing at a
:•: it. so the symbols (and) W h e n v i e w e d f r o m left t o r i g h t , t h e g r a p h o f / f a l l s I fix) =-2x
{ 3

f o r a l l r e a l v a l u e s o f x. T h e r e f o r e , w e c a n c o n j e c t u r e
rould be used when describing
r e intervals on which a function t h a t / i s d e c r e a s i n g o n (—oo, oo). \
o x

s ncreasing or decreasing.
Support Numerically

Create a table u s i n g values i n t h e interval.

-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
1024 432 128 16 0 -16 -128 -432 -1024

T h e t a b l e s h o w s t h a t as x i n c r e a s e s , f i x ) decreases. T h i s s u p p o r t s t h e c o n j e c t u r e .

g(x) = x - 3x
M-*
3

-Li
StudyTip Analyze Graphically
9
[y y
A
3x u
Increasing, Decreasing, and
Constant Functions Functions
F r o m the g r a p h , w e can estimate t h a t / i s increasing
o n (—oo, —1), d e c r e a s i n g o n (—1,1), a n d i n c r e a s i n g
( \ /
1
l e t increase, decrease, or are 0 X
o n ( 1 , oo). l /
xnstant for all x in their domain \/
•e called increasing, decreasing, l
m constant functions, respectively. Support Numerically
The function in Example 1a is a Create a table o f values u s i n g x-values i n each i n t e r v a l . t
:ecreasing function, while the
Unction in Example 1b cannot be
r-assified as increasing or -13 -11 -9 -7 -5 -3
1):
increasing because it has an -2158 -1298 -702 -322 -110 -18
nterval where it is increasing and
another interval where it is
increasing. -0.75 -0.5 0 0.5 0.75
(-1,1):
fix) 1.828 1.375 0 -1.375 -1.828

X 3 5 7 9 11 13
(l,oo):
f(x) 18 110 322 702 1298 2158

T h e tables s h o w t h a t as x increases t o — l,f(x) increases; as x increases f r o m - 1 t o l , / ( x )

decreases; as x increases f r o m l,f(x) increases. T h i s s u p p o r t s t h e c o n j e c t u r e .

• Guided Practice
1A. 1B. y

/
/ // \

/ \
0 X
0 t
1 / ^_/3x+11ifx<-3.1

1
/ / l

n [ x
l

- \7 if > 3.1
) x

I ;— II II

W h i l e a g r a p h i c a l a p p r o a c h t o i d e n t i f y t h e i n t e r v a l s o n w h i c h a f u n c t i o n is i n c r e a s i n g , d e c r e a s i n g ,
o r c o n s t a n t c a n b e s u p p o r t e d n u m e r i c a l l y , c a l c u l u s is o f t e n n e e d e d t o c o n f i r m t h i s b e h a v i o r a n d t o
c o n f i r m t h a t a f u n c t i o n does n o t c h a n g e i t s b e h a v i o r b e y o n d t h e d o m a i n s h o w n .

connectED.mcgraw-hill.com 35
StudyTip - C r i t i c a l p o i n t s o f a f u n c t i o n are t h o s e p o i n t s at w h i c h a l i n e d r a w n maximum
Tangent Line Recall from t a n g e n t t o t h e c u r v e is h o r i z o n t a l o r v e r t i c a l . E x t r e m a are c r i t i c a l \ point of
geometry that a line is tangent to points at w h i c h a f u n c t i o n changes its increasing o r decreasing inflection

i
a curve if it intersects a curve in b e h a v i o r . A t these p o i n t s , t h e f u n c t i o n h a s a m a x i m u m o r a
exactly one point. m i n i m u m value, either relative o r absolute. A p o i n t o f i n f l e c t i o n
c a n also b e a c r i t i c a l p o i n t . A t these p o i n t s , t h e g r a p h c h a n g e s i t s
shape, b u t n o t its increasing or decreasing behavior. Instead, t h e minimum
vertical
tangent line ^ curve changes f r o m b e i n g bent u p w a r d t o being bent d o w n w a r d ,
or vice versa.
^ (
0
point of
inflection KeyConcept Relative and Absolute Extrema

Words A relative maximum of a function fis the Model

greatest value f(x) can attain on some interval
of the domain.

Symbols f(a) is a relative maximum of /if there exists

an interval (x x ) containing a such that
v 2

f(a) > f(x) for every x ± a in (x x ). v 2

Words If a relative maximum is the greatest value a

function f can attain over its entire domain,
then it is the absolute maximum. f{a) is a relative maximum of /.

Symbols f(b) is the absolute maximum of /if f(b) > f(x) fib) is the absolute maximum of /.
for every x =/= b, in the domain of f.

Words A relative minimum of a function f is the least Model

value f(x) can attain on some interval of the
domain. y \y=f(x)\<

Symbols f(a) is a relative minimum of /if there exists

an interval (x x ) containing a such that
v 2
/(a)-
f{a) < f{x) for every x±a'm (x x ). v 2

f(b)-
Words If a relative minimum is the least value a
0 i *
function /can attain over its entire domain, a
1
b
ReadingMath then it is the absolute minimum.
f{a) is a relative minimum of /.
Plural Forms Using Latin,
Symbols f(b) is the absolute minimum of /if f(b) < fix) fib) is the absolute minimum of /.
maxima is the plural form of
for every x ^ b, in the domain of /.
maximum, minima is the plural
form of minimum, and extrema is
the plural form of extremum.

E s t i m a t e a n d c l a s s i f y t h e e x t r e m a f o r t h e g r a p h o f fix). y
Support the answers numerically.

Analyze Graphically

I t a p p e a r s t h a t fix) has a r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m at x = —0.5 \ X

a n d a r e l a t i v e m i n i m u m at x = 1 . I t also a p p e a r s t h a t
lim fix) = —oo a n d l i m fix) = oo, so w e c o n j e c t u r e t h a t
X—•—oo x—•oo x) - X
t h i s f u n c t i o n has n o a b s o l u t e e x t r e m a .
T
Support Numerically

Choose x-values i n half u n i t intervals o n either side of the estimated x-value f o r each e x t r e m u m ,
as w e l l as o n e v e r y l a r g e a n d o n e v e r y s m a l l v a l u e f o r x.

-100 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 100

-1.0 - 10 6 -1.00 0.125 0 -0.63 -1 -0.38 9.9 - 10 5

Because/(—0.5) > /(—1) a n d / ( — 0 . 5 ) > / ( 0 ) , t h e r e is a r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m i n t h e i n t e r v a l ( — 1 , 0)

n e a r —0.5. T h e a p p r o x i m a t e v a l u e o f t h i s r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m is/(—0.5) o r a b o u t 0.13.

36 | L e s s o n 1-4 | E x t r e m a a n d A v e r a g e R a t e s o f C h a n g e
 L i k e w i s e , b e c a u s e / ( l ) < / ( 0 . 5 ) a n d / ( l ) < / ( 1 . 5 ) , t h e r e is a r e l a t i v e m i n i m u m i n t h e i n t e r v a l
StudyTip (0.5,1.5) n e a r 1 . T h e a p p r o x i m a t e v a l u e o f t h i s r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m i s / ( l ) o r — 1 .
Extrema Relative extrema /(100) >/(—0.5) a n d / ( — 1 0 0 ) < / ( l ) , w h i c h s u p p o r t s o u r c o n j e c t u r e t h a t / h a s n o a b s o l u t e
a. so called local extrema, and
extrema.
extrema are also called
extrema.
• GuidedPractice
Estimate a n d classify the extrema f o r the g r a p h o f each f u n c t i o n . S u p p o r t the answers
numerically.

2A. y 2B. y

Af
—r
Y) — — V> _ Y* -u 3 y2 J - 9 Y

l\
f
\
V1
<y X \
0

\
x

\
\
1
1
w
w

gix) = x - 2 x - 2 x
5 A 3 + 3x 2

Because c a l c u l u s is n e e d e d t o c o n f i r m t h e i n c r e a s i n g a n d d e c r e a s i n g b e h a v i o r o f a f u n c t i o n ,
c a l c u l u s i s also n e e d e d t o c o n f i r m t h e r e l a t i v e a n d a b s o l u t e e x t r e m a o f a f u n c t i o n . F o r n o w ,
h o w e v e r , y o u can use a g r a p h i n g calculator t o h e l p y o u better a p p r o x i m a t e the l o c a t i o n a n d
function value of extrema.

Example 3 Use a Graphing Calculator to Approximate Extrema

GRAPHING CALCULATOR A p p r o x i m a t e t o t h e n e a r e s t h u n d r e d t h t h e r e l a t i v e o r a b s o l u t e extrema
o f fix) = — 4x 3 — 8x + 9x — 4 . State t h e x - v a l u e ( s ) w h e r e t h e y o c c u r .
2

lechnoiogyTip G r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n a n d a d j u s t t h e w i n d o w as
n e e d e d so t h a t a l l o f t h e g r a p h ' s b e h a v i o r 1
\
*ning When locating maxima
: minima, be sure to zoom in or is v i s i b l e .
enough in order to see details \ fix) = - 4 x - 8 x + 9x - 4
3 2

: the overall appearance of the

zh. The standard window may
tell the entire story.
[ - 5 , 5 ] scl: 1 by [ - 3 0 , 1 0 ] scl: 4

F r o m t h e g r a p h of/, i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n h a s o n e r e l a t i v e m i n i m u m i n t h e i n t e r v a l
(—2, —1) a n d o n e r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m i n t h e i n t e r v a l ( 0 , 1 ) o f t h e d o m a i n . T h e e n d b e h a v i o r
o f t h e g r a p h suggests t h a t t h i s f u n c t i o n h a s n o a b s o l u t e e x t r e m a .

U s i n g t h e minimum a n d maximum selections f r o m t h e CALC m e n u o f y o u r g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t o r , y o u

c a n e s t i m a t e t h a t / ( x ) h a s a r e l a t i v e m i n i m u m o f —22.81 at x = —1.76 a n d a r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m o f
- 1 . 9 3 at x « 0.43.

V1=

Hinir-iupi
X=-i.7£9E?H Y=-£2.B137
/ ^\
92 Y=-i.92?0H9
-3, 0.5] scl: 1 by [ - 2 8 , 1 2 ] scl: 4 [-0.9,1.6] scl: 1 by [-7.3, 2.7] scl: 4

w GuidedPractice
GRAPHING CALCULATOR A p p r o x i m a t e t o t h e n e a r e s t h u n d r e d t h t h e r e l a t i v e o r a b s o l u t e extrema
o f e a c h f u n c t i o n . State t h e x - v a l u e ( s ) w h e r e t h e y occur.

3A. hix) = 7 - 5x - 6x 2 3B. gix) = 2x 3 - 4x - x + 5

2
 Optimization i s a n a p p l i c a t i o n o f m a t h e m a t i c s w h e r e o n e searches f o r a m a x i m u m o r a m i n i m u m
q u a n t i t y g i v e n a set o f c o n s t r a i n t s . I f a set o f r e a l - w o r l d q u a n t i t i e s c a n b e m o d e l e d b y a f u n c t i o n ,
t h e e x t r e m a o f t h e f u n c t i o n w i l l i n d i c a t e these o p t i m a l v a l u e s .

Real-World Example Use Extrema for Optimizatior

AGRICULTURE S u p p o s e e a c h o f t h e 75 o r a n g e trees i n a F l o r i d a g r o v e p r o d u c e s 400 o r a n g e s p e r
season. A l s o s u p p o s e t h a t f o r each a d d i t i o n a l tree p l a n t e d i n t h e o r c h a r d , t h e y i e l d p e r tree
decreases b y 2 o r a n g e s . H o w m a n y a d d i t i o n a l trees s h o u l d b e p l a n t e d t o a c h i e v e t h e g r e a t e s t
total yield?

W r i t e a f u n c t i o n P(x) t o d e s c r i b e t h e o r c h a r d y i e l d as a f u n c t i o n o f x, t h e n u m b e r o f a d d i t i o n a l
trees p l a n t e d i n t h e e x i s t i n g o r c h a r d .

orchard number of trees number of oranges

yield in orchard produced per tree

P(x) (75 + x) (400 - 2x)

W e w a n t t o m a x i m i z e t h e o r c h a r d y i e l d o r P(x). G r a p h t h i s
Real-WorldLink f u n c t i o n u s i n g a g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t o r . T h e n u s e t h e maximum
Florida produces 95% of the s e l e c t i o n f r o m t h e CALC m e n u t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e x - v a l u e
orange crop for orange juice in the t h a t w i l l p r o d u c e t h e g r e a t e s t v a l u e f o r P{x).
United States. In a recent year,
more than 880,000 tons of T h e g r a p h h a s a m a x i m u m o f 37,812.5 f o r x « 62.5. So b y K=fi2.H999Bfi Y=37Bi2.£ \
oranges were consumed in
p l a n t i n g a n a d d i t i o n a l 62 trees, t h e o r c h a r d c a n p r o d u c e [-100, 221.3] scl: 1 by
the United States. •12270.5, 87900] scl: 5000
a m a x i m u m y i e l d o f 37,812 o r a n g e s .
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture

• GuidedPractice
4. CRAFTS A glass c a n d l e h o l d e r i s i n t h e s h a p e o f a r i g h t c i r c u l a r c y l i n d e r t h a t h a s a b o t t o m a n d
n o t o p a n d h a s a t o t a l s u r f a c e area o f 10TC s q u a r e i n c h e s . D e t e r m i n e t h e r a d i u s a n d t h e h e i g h t
of the candle h o l d e r that w i l l a l l o w the m a x i m u m v o l u m e .

2 Average Rate of Change i n algebra, y o u learned that the slope b e t w e e n a n y t w o p o i n t s

o n t h e g r a p h o f a l i n e a r f u n c t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a constant rate o f change. For a nonlinear f u n c t i o n ,
t h e s l o p e c h a n g e s b e t w e e n d i f f e r e n t p a i r s o f p o i n t s , so w e c a n o n l y t a l k a b o u t t h e average r a t e o f
change between any t w o points.

'Concept Average Rate of Change

Words The average rate of change Model
between any two points on the graph
of f\s the slope of the line through
y {x v f(xj)
those points.

Geometry The line through two points on a

curve is called a secant line. The secant line
slope of the secant line is denoted m s

Symbols The average rate of change on

the interval [x x ] is
v 2

W h e n t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e o v e r a n i n t e r v a l is p o s i t i v e , t h e f u n c t i o n increases o n a v e r a g e o v e r
t h a t i n t e r v a l . W h e n t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e i s n e g a t i v e , t h e f u n c t i o n decreases o n a v e r a g e o v e r
that interval.

38 | L e s s o n 1-4 | E x t r e m a a n d A v e r a g e Rates o f C h a n g e
 •LOijjjjIiJ 3 Find Average Rates of Change
F i n d t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f fix) = —x + 3x o n e a c h i n t e r v a l ,
3

fix) = -x 3 + Zx a. [-2,-1]

n y U s e t h e S l o p e F o r m u l a t o f i n d t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f / o n t h e i n t e r v a l [—2, — 1 ] .
L.

f(x ) -fix,) fi-1)-fi-2)

H
2

1 - 1 - (-2)

Ix .(_l)3 + 3 ( _ 1 ) ] _ [ _ ( _ 2 ) 3 + 3 ( _2)]
Evaluate f~(-1) and fi-2)
1 - (-2)

-2-2
o r —4 Simplify.
1 2 - 1 - (-2)

Figure 1.4.1 T h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e o n t h e i n t e r v a l [—2, —1] i s —4. F i g u r e 1.4.1 s u p p o r t s t h i s

conclusion.

b. [0,1]

/(* ) 2 /(i) -m
1-0
2-0
or 2 Evaluate f(1) and f(0) and simplify.
1 - 0
T h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e o n t h e i n t e r v a l [ 0 , 1 ] i s 2. F i g u r e 1.4.1 s u p p o r t s t h i s c o n c l u s i o n .

• GuidedPractice
F i n d t h e average rate o f change o f each f u n c t i o n o n t h e g i v e n i n t e r v a l .

5A. f(x) = x 3 - 2x2 - 3x + 2; [2, 3] 5B. fix) = x - 6x

4 2 + 4x; [ - 5 , - 3 ]

A v e r a g e rate o f change has m a n y r e a l - w o r l d applications. O n e c o m m o n a p p l i c a t i o n i n v o l v e s the

a v e r a g e s p e e d o f a n object t r a v e l i n g o v e r a d i s t a n c e d o r f r o m a h e i g h t h i n a g i v e n p e r i o d o f t i m e t.
Because s p e e d i s d i s t a n c e t r a v e l e d p e r u n i t t i m e , t h e a v e r a g e s p e e d o f a n object c a n n o t be n e g a t i v e .

Real-World Example Find Average Speed

PHYSICS T h e h e i g h t o f a n o b j e c t t h a t i s t h r o w n s t r a i g h t u p f r o m a h e i g h t o f 4 f e e t a b o v e
g r o u n d i s g i v e n b y hit) = — 1 6 f + 30£ + 4 , w h e r e t i s t h e t i m e i n s e c o n d s a f t e r t h e o b j e c t i s
2

t h r o w n . F i n d a n d i n t e r p r e t t h e a v e r a g e s p e e d o f t h e o b j e c t f r o m 1.25 t o 1.75 s e c o n d s .

hit ) - hit,)
2 /2(1.75) - fi(1.25)
Substitute 1.75 for t and 1.25 for
2
1.75 - 1 . 2 5

16(1.75)2 + 30(1.75) + 4] 16(1.25)2 + 30(1.25) + 4]

Evaluate /?(1.75) and h (1.25).
0.5

7.5 - 16.5
or-18 Simplify.
0.5

T h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e o n t h e i n t e r v a l i s —18. h(t)
T h e r e f o r e , t h e a v e r a g e speed o f t h e object f r o m 1.25 24
hlf\ 1G t + 30t+4
"\I —
2

t o 1.75 s e c o n d s is 18 feet p e r s e c o n d , a n d t h e d i s t a n c e
18
t h e object i s f r o m t h e g r o u n d is d e c r e a s i n g o n a v e r a g e / /
i
o v e r t h a t i n t e r v a l , as s h o w n i n t h e f i g u r e a t t h e r i g h t . 12
/
Real-WorldLink 6 /
Due to air resistance, a falling \t
object will eventually reach a O 0.5 1 1.5 2.0
constant velocity known as
terminal velocity. A skydiver with
a closed parachute typically
w GuidedPractice
reaches terminal velocity of 120 6. PHYSICS I f w i n d resistance is i g n o r e d , t h e d i s t a n c e d(f) i n feet a n o b j e c t t r a v e l s w h e n d r o p p e d
to 150 miles per hour.
f r o m a h i g h p l a c e is g i v e n b y rf(f) = 1 6 £ , w h e r e t is t h e t i m e i s s e c o n d s a f t e r t h e object i s
2

Source: MSN Encarta d r o p p e d . F i n d a n d i n t e r p r e t t h e a v e r a g e s p e e d o f t h e object f r o m 2 t o 4 s e c o n d s .

39
 J \
Exercises Step-by-Step Solutions begin on page R29.

Use the g r a p h o f each f u n c t i o n t o estimate i n t e r v a l s t o 11. BASKETBALL T h e h e i g h t o f a f r e e - t h r o w a t t e m p t c a n b e

t h e n e a r e s t 0.5 u n i t o n w h i c h t h e f u n c t i o n i s i n c r e a s i n g , m o d e l e d b y / ( f ) = -16t + 23.8* + 5, w h e r e t i s t i m e i n
2

decreasing, or constant. S u p p o r t the answer n u m e r i c a l l y . s e c o n d s a n d fit) i s t h e h e i g h t i n feet. (Example 2)

(Example 1) a. G r a p h the h e i g h t o f the b a l l .
1.
-8
y f b. E s t i m a t e t h e g r e a t e s t h e i g h t r e a c h e d b y t h e b a l l .
S u p p o r t the answer numerically.
f(x) = - x - 4 x
3 2 + 2\~
I
JV
Q 4 8 12 X 8 12x Estimate a n d classify the extrema f o r the g r a p h o f each
- 2 x- - 3 f u n c t i o n . S u p p o r t t h e a n s w e r s n u m e r i c a l l y . (Example 2)
-j f x) <- 2

12.
\ -8
x + 4x - 1 |_
4 2

/(x) = x - 3 x + 2x
5 4 2

f{x) = x - 3 x - x + 14 3

3. y.\ i -4 -2 Ax ' 8x
fix) = - x 5 + 3x \
3

14. 15.
80

40

-4 8x

x-2
f(x) = |/-(x) = - x + 1 0 x5 ;

III I Li
-4 O 4 8x
16.

-4 -2 4x

/(x) = 0 . 5 x - 4 x - 3 x + 1 0 x [
: 4 3 2 \fjx) = - x 7 +x -3x -x +8x
6 5 4 3

18. 19.

2.5x+11 ifx<-2 -0.5x -4x

2 ifx<-4
0 . 5 x - 4 x + 2 if x > 0
2 f(x) -0.5x if—4<x<4 8x
-8x + 8 0 x - 190 i f x > 4
2
_ J _
fix) = x - 3x 1 5

9. 10.

20.

2x
4 8x

f Vx if x > 0
\ - V = x if x < 0
-12
4 ifx<-5
fix) =,
x - 7x if x > - 5
2
f(x) = x - 4 x - 5
7 3

40 | L e s s o n 1-4 | E x t r e m a a n d A v e r a g e R a t e s o f C h a n g e
GRAPHING CALCULATOR A p p r o x i m a t e t o t h e n e a r e s t h u n d r e d t h 46. WEATHER T h e a v e r a g e h i g h t e m p e r a t u r e b y m o n t h i n
the r e l a t i v e o r a b s o l u t e e x t r e m a o f e a c h f u n c t i o n . S t a t e t h e P e n s a c o l a , F l o r i d a , c a n b e m o d e l e d b y / ( x ) = —0.9x + 2

r - v a l u e ( s ) w h e r e t h e y o c c u r . (Example 3) 13x + 4 3 , w h e r e x i s t h e m o n t h a n d x = 1 r e p r e s e n t s
January. F i n d t h e average rate o f change for each t i m e
22. f{x) = 3x - 6x + 8 3 2

i n t e r v a l , a n d e x p l a i n w h a t t h i s r a t e r e p r e s e n t s . (Example 6)
23. gix) = -2x 3 + 7x - 5 a. A p r i l toM a y b. J u l y t o N o v e m b e r

24. f{x) = - x 4 + 3x - 2 3

25. fix) = x - 2 x + 5x
4 2
COFFEE T h e w o r l d coffee c o n s u m p t i o n f r o m 1990 t o 2000
can be m o d e l e d b y / ( x ) = - 0 . 0 0 4 x + 0.077x - 0.38x
4 3 2 +
26. fix) = x - 2x
5 3 - 6x - 2 0.46x + 12, w h e r e x i s t h e year, x = 0 c o r r e s p o n d s w i t h
1990, a n d t h e c o n s u m p t i o n i s m e a s u r e d i n m i l l i o n s o f
27. fix) = - x 5 + 3x + x - 1 2

p o u n d s . F i n d t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e f o r each t i m e
28. gix) = x — 4 x + x
6 4 i n t e r v a l . (Example 6)

29. gix) = x + 6x 7 2 - 4 a. 1990 t o 2000 b. 1995 t o 2000

30. fix) = 0 . 0 0 8 x - 0 . 0 5 x - 5 4 0 . 2 x + 1 . 2 x -0.7x

3 2

48. TOURISM T o u r i s m i n H a w a i i f o r a g i v e n y e a r c a n b e
31- fix) = 0 . 0 2 5 x - O . l x + 0 . 5 7 x +
5 4 3 1.2x - 3.5x - 2
2
m o d e l e d using/(x) = 0.0635x - 2.49x + 37.67x6 5 4 -
2 7 5 . 3 x + 9 8 6 . 6 x - 1547.1x + 1390.5, w h e r e 1 < x < 12,
3 2

x r e p r e s e n t s t h e m o n t h , x = 1 c o r r e s p o n d s w i t h M a y 1st,
32. GRAPHIC DESIGN A g r a p h i c d e s i g n e r w a n t s t o create a
and/(x) represents t h e n u m b e r o f tourists i n thousands.
r e c t a n g u l a r g r a p h i c t h a t h a s a 2 - i n c h m a r g i n o n each s i d e
a n d a 4-inch m a r g i n o n the top a n d the b o t t o m . T h e a. G r a p h the equation.

d e s i g n , i n c l u d i n g t h e m a r g i n s , s h o u l d h a v e a n area o f b. D u r i n g w h i c h m o n t h d i d t h e n u m b e r o f t o u r i s t s r e a c h
392 s q u a r e i n c h e s . W h a t o v e r a l l d i m e n s i o n s w i l l its a b s o l u t e m a x i m u m ?
m a x i m i z e t h e size o f t h e d e s i g n , e x c l u d i n g t h e m a r g i n s ?
C. D u r i n g w h i c h m o n t h d i d t h e n u m b e r o f t o u r i s t s r e a c h
{Hint: I f o n e s i d e o f t h e d e s i g n is x , t h e n t h e o t h e r s i d e i s
a relative m a x i m u m ?
392 d i v i d e d b y x . ) (Example 4)

49. Use the g r a p h t o complete the following.

33. GEOMETRY D e t e r m i n e t h e r a d i u s a n d h e i g h t t h a t w i l l
m a x i m i z e t h e v o l u m e o f t h e d r i n k i n g glass s h o w n . R o u n d Speed of Object
to t h e nearest h u n d r e d t h o f a n i n c h , i f necessary. (Example 4)

SA = 20.5-TV in 2

F i n d t h e average rate o f change o f each f u n c t i o n o n t h e

g i v e n i n t e r v a l . (Example 5)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
34. gix) = - 4 x + 3 x 2 •1,3] Time (s)

35. gix) = 3 x - 8 x + 2 ; [4, 8]

2

a. F i n d t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e f o r [ 5 , 1 5 ] , [15, 20], a n d
36. fix) = 3 x - 2 x + 6; [2, 6]
3 2 [25,45].

37. fix) -2x 3 - 4 x + 2 x - 8; [ - 2 , 3 ] 2

b. C o m p a r e a n d c o n t r a s t t h e n a t u r e o f t h e s p e e d o f t h e
object o v e r these t i m e i n t e r v a l s .
38. fix) 3x 4 - 2 x + 6x - 1 ; [5, 9 ] 2

C. W h a t c o n c l u s i o n s c a n y o u m a k e a b o u t t h e m a g n i t u d e
39. fix) -2x 4 - 5 x + 4 x - 6; [ - 1 , 5 ] 3
o f t h e r a t e o f c h a n g e , t h e steepness o f t h e g r a p h , a n d
the nature of the function?
40. h(x) : - x 5 - 5 x + 6x - 9; [3, 6 ] 2

41. h(x) x 5 + 2 x + 3x - 12; [ - 5 , - 1 ]

4

50. TECHNOLOGY A c o m p u t e r c o m p a n y ' s r e s e a r c h t e a m

42. fix) d e t e r m i n e d that the p r o f i t per chip for a n e w processor

^Y ; 1 [5,12]
c h i p c a n b e m o d e l e d b y P(x) = - x 3 -I- 5 x + 8x, w h e r e x
2

x + 5. is t h e sales p r i c e o f t h e c h i p i n h u n d r e d s o f d o l l a r s .
43. fix) -6, 2 ]
x-4'
a. Graph the function.
44. fix) = V * + 8 ; [ - 4 , 4 ]
b. W h a t i s t h e o p t i m u m p r i c e p e r c h i p ?

45. Hx) = V x - 6 ; [ 8 , 1 6 ] C. W h a t i s t h e p r o f i t p e r c h i p a t t h e o p t i m u m p r i c e ?

41
51. INCOME T h e a v e r a g e U.S. n e t p e r s o n a l i n c o m e f r o m 1997 67. TRAVEL E a c h h o u r , S i m e o n r e c o r d e d a n d g r a p h e d t h e
t o 2007 c a n be m o d e l e d b y I(x) = - 1 . 4 6 5 * + 3 5 . 5 1 *
5 4 - total distance i n miles his f a m i l y d r o v e d u r i n g a t r i p . G i v e
2 7 7 . 9 9 x + 7 4 1 . 0 6 x + 847.Sx + 25362, 0 < x < 10, w h e r e x
3 2 s o m e reasons as t o w h y t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e v a r i e s
is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s since 1997. a n d even appears constant d u r i n g t w o intervals.

a. G r a p h t h e e q u a t i o n .

b. W h a t w a s t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e f r o m 2000 t o Total Distance Traveled

2007? W h a t d o e s t h i s v a l u e r e p r e s e n t ?
c. I n w h a t 4-year p e r i o d w a s the average rate of change
600
highest? lowest?
at

52. BUSINESS A c o m p a n y m a n u f a c t u r e s r e c t a n g u l a r
1ai 400
w
a q u a r i u m s t h a t h a v e a c a p a c i t y o f 12 c u b i c feet. T h e glass B
u s e d f o r t h e base o f e a c h a q u a r i u m is $ 1 p e r s q u a r e f o o t . »/> 200

T h e glass u s e d f o r t h e sides is $1.75 p e r s q u a r e f o o t .

0
a. I f t h e h e i g h t a n d w i d t h o f t h e a q u a r i u m are e q u a l ,
2 4 6 8 10
f i n d t h e d i m e n s i o n s t h a t w i l l m i n i m i z e t h e cost t o
Time (hours)
build an aquarium.

b. W h a t is t h e m i n i m u m cost?

C. I f t h e c o m p a n y also m a n u f a c t u r e s a c u b e - s h a p e d 68. POINTS OF INFLECTION D e t e r m i n e w h i c h o f t h e g r a p h s i n

a q u a r i u m w i t h t h e s a m e c a p a c i t y , w h a t is t h e Exercises 1-10 a n d 1 2 - 2 1 h a v e p o i n t s o f i n f l e c t i o n t h a t are

d i f f e r e n c e i n m a n u f a c t u r i n g costs? c r i t i c a l p o i n t s , a n d e s t i m a t e t h e l o c a t i o n o f these p o i n t s o n
each g r a p h .

53. PACKAGING K a l i n e e d s t o d e s i g n a n e n c l o s e d b o x w i t h a
s q u a r e base a n d a v o l u m e o f 3024 c u b i c i n c h e s . W h a t
d i m e n s i o n s m i n i m i z e t h e s u r f a c e area o f t h e b o x ? S u p p o r t
y o u r reasoning.

H.O.T. Problems Use Higher-Order Thinking Skills

OPEN ENDED S k e t c h a g r a p h o f a f u n c t i o n w i t h e a c h set o f

characteristics.

69. i n f i n i t e d i s c o n t i n u i t y at x = —2
i n c r e a s i n g o n (—oo, —2)
i n c r e a s i n g o n (—2, oo)
S k e t c h a g r a p h o f a f u n c t i o n w i t h e a c h set o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . /(-6) = - 6

54. f(x) i s c o n t i n u o u s a n d a l w a y s i n c r e a s i n g . 70. continuous

55. f(x) i s c o n t i n u o u s a n d a l w a y s d e c r e a s i n g . a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e f o r [3, 8] is 4

d e c r e a s i n g o n (8, oo)
56. f(x) i s c o n t i n u o u s , a l w a y s i n c r e a s i n g , a n d / ( x ) > 0 f o r a l l /(-4) = 2
v a l u e s o f x.

57. f(x) i s c o n t i n u o u s , a l w a y s d e c r e a s i n g , a n d / ( x ) > 0 f o r a l l (7l) REASONING W h a t is t h e s l o p e o f t h e secant l i n e f r o m

v a l u e s o f x. (a,f(a)) t o (b,f(b)) w h e n / ( x ) is constant for the i n t e r v a l
[a, b]l E x p l a i n y o u r r e a s o n i n g .
58. f(x) i s c o n t i n u o u s , i n c r e a s i n g f o r x < —2 a n d d e c r e a s i n g
for x > -2.
72. REASONING I f t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e o f f(x) o n t h e
59. f(x) is c o n t i n u o u s , d e c r e a s i n g f o r x < 0 a n d i n c r e a s i n g f o r
i n t e r v a l (a, b) i s p o s i t i v e , i s / ( x ) sometimes, always, o r never
x > 0.
i n c r e a s i n g o n {a, b)? E x p l a i n y o u r r e a s o n i n g .

D e t e r m i n e the c o o r d i n a t e s o f the a b s o l u t e extrema o f each

f u n c t i o n . State w h e t h e r e a c h e x t r e m u m i s a maximum or 73. CHALLENGE U s e a c a l c u l a t o r t o g r a p h f{x) = sin x i n
minimum value. degree m o d e . Describe the relative extrema of the
function a n d the w i n d o w used for y o u r graph.
60. / ( * ) = 2(x - 3 ) 2 + 5

61. / ( * ) = - 0 . 5 ( x + 5 ) - 1 2
74. REASONING A c o n t i n u o u s f u n c t i o n / h a s a r e l a t i v e

62. / ( * ) = - 4 | x - 22| + 65 m i n i m u m at c a n d i s i n c r e a s i n g as x increases f r o m c.

D e s c r i b e t h e b e h a v i o r o f t h e f u n c t i o n as x increases t o c.
63.
m = 4(3x - 7 ) + 8 4 Explain y o u r reasoning.

64.
m = (36 - x ) - 2 0 5

75. WRITING IN MATH D e s c r i b e h o w t h e a v e r a g e r a t e o f c h a n g e

65. fix) = -(25 - x ) - 2 0 5

o f a f u n c t i o n relates t o a f u n c t i o n w h e n i t i s i n c r e a s i n g ,
66. fix) = X + X 3 decreasing, a n d constant o n an i n t e r v a l .

42 | L e s s o n 1-4 | E x t r e m a a n d A v e r a g e R a t e s o f C h a n g e
 Spiral Review
D e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r each f u n c t i o n is c o n t i n u o u s at the g i v e n x-value(s). Justify u s i n g the
c o n t i n u i t y test. I f d i s c o n t i n u o u s , i d e n t i f y t h e t y p e o f d i s c o n t i n u i t y as infinite, jump, o r
removable. (Lesson 1 -3)
25
76. f{x) = V * - 2 ; 2 77. f{x) = y/x + 1; 78. hix) ; x = —5 and x = 5
x +5

GRAPHING CALCULATOR G r a p h e a c h f u n c t i o n . A n a l y z e t h e g r a p h t o d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r e a c h
f u n c t i o n i s even, odd, o r neither. C o n f i r m a l g e b r a i c a l l y . I f o d d o r e v e n , d e s c r i b e t h e s y m m e t r y
o f t h e g r a p h o f t h e f u n c t i o n . (Lesson 1 -2)
x +8
79. f(x) = \x \ 5 80. fix) 81. gix)
x-4 x + 3

State t h e d o m a i n o f e a c h f u n c t i o n . (Lesson 1-1)

x +2
82. fix) = 83. gix) = V x - 9 2 84. hix)
x - 5
z

85. F i n d t h e v a l u e s o f x, y, a n d z f o r 3
Ix y - i l [15 6 1 . (Lesson 0-6)
.4 3z . 6z 3* + y.

86. I f p o s s i b l e , f i n d t h e s o l u t i o n o f y = x + 2z, z = — 1 — 2x, a n d x = y — 14. (Lesson 0-5)

S o l v e e a c h e q u a t i o n . (Lesson 0-3)

87. x + 3x - 18 = 0
2 88. 2a + H a - 2 1 = 0
2 4z - 2 1 = 0

S i m p l i f y . (Lesson 0-2)

90. i 1 9 91. (7 - 4 i ) + (2 - 3i) 92.

93. ELECTRICITY O n a c o l d d a y , a 1 2 - v o l t car b a t t e r y has a resistance o f 0.02 o h m . T h e p o w e r

a v a i l a b l e t o s t a r t t h e m o t o r i s m o d e l e d b y the e q u a t i o n P = 127 — 0 . 0 2 I , w h e r e / is the
2

c u r r e n t i n a m p e r e s . W h a t c u r r e n t is n e e d e d t o p r o d u c e 1600 w a t t s o f p o w e r t o start t h e
m o t o r ? (Lesson 0-2)

Skills Review for Standardized Tests

94. SAT/ACT I n t h e f i g u r e , iiq^n, w h a t i s the s l o p e o f t h e 96. The f u n c t i o n / ^ ) + 2x — 4 x — 6 has a r e l a t i v e
2

line segment? m a x i m u m a n d r e l a t i v e m i n i m u m l o c a t e d at w h i c h
of the f o l l o w i n g x-values?
A r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m a t x = —0.7,
(Q. Q )
2
relative m i n i m u m a t x « 2
B r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m at x ~ —0.7,
r e l a t i v e m i n i m u m at x ~ —2
in, n>) C r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m at x ~ —2,
r e l a t i v e m i n i m u m at x ~ 0.7
D r e l a t i v e m a x i m u m a t x « 2,
r e l a t i v e m i n i m u m at x « 0.7
q2 + q
A q+ n
97. REVIEW A w i n d o w i s i n t h e s h a p e o f a n e q u i l a t e r a l
B q— n t r i a n g l e . E a c h side o f the t r i a n g l e i s 8 feet l o n g . T h e
q + n
w i n d o w is d i v i d e d i n h a l f b y a s u p p o r t f r o m o n e
95. REVIEW W h e n t h e n u m b e r o f a y e a r is d i v i s i b l e b y 4 , v e r t e x t o the m i d p o i n t o f t h e side o f t h e t r i a n g l e
t h e n a l e a p y e a r o c c u r s . H o w e v e r , w h e n the y e a r i s o p p o s i t e the v e r t e x . A p p r o x i m a t e l y h o w l o n g i s t h e
d i v i s i b l e b y 100, t h e n a leap y e a r d o e s n o t o c c u r support?
u n l e s s t h e y e a r i s d i v i s i b l e b y 400. W h i c h i s not a n F 5.7 f t
example o f a leap year?
G 6.9 f t
F 1884 H 1904
H 11.3 f t
G 1900 J 1940
J 13.9 f t

43