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Morphology Full Notes

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Morphology Full Notes

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Morphology

Word morphology has 2 roots:

• Morph means nature / form / shape


• Logy means study / science

Morphology is the science and study of smallest grammatical units of a language,


their formation into word, including inflection, derivation and composition etc.in
other words, it is study of word formation and inflection.

It is basically study of how words are formed.

Different linguist and scholars define it in different ways. According to

Jack.C. Richard it is

"morphology is the the study of internal structure of word and


how they are formed from smaller unit called morphemes."

According to Dorfman:” Morphology is study of the ways and the methods of


grouping sounds into sound-complexes or words of definite, distinct, conventional
meaning."

According to George Yule,

"It is the study of investigating forms of words .”


It means morphology deals with how words are formed. It also deals with grammar
of how a word is formed and how it is combined with other words to form a phrase.
It deals with phonological rrepresentation of words. Broadly speaking, it is the
study of patterns of word forms. There are two types of words in morphology:

1. Functional words
2. Content words

Functional words do not have a clear lexical meaning, but they work as a
functional word, and they are also called closed class.
Examples: in, at, for, conjunction, preposition, articles, etc.

Content words have clear lexical meaning, and it also referred as to open class,

Example: nouns, adjectives, names, adverbs, etc.

Reaching back to our topic, morphology is grammar of words as syntax is grammar


of sentences. In morphology, words are formed according to grammatical rules
whereas in syntax sentence are formed according to grammatical rules.

1
MORPOLOGY is form of words themselves in language whereas syntax refers to
arrangement of words in sentence and phrases.

Morphology is synchronic and diachronic study of words forms

It helps us to study and understand the structure of words with the help of three
basic elements:

➢ Morph
➢ Allomorph
➢ Morpheme

Morph

According to Hockett:

"Any phonetic shape or representation of a phoneme is morph."

Each morph, like each phone, or each person or each day, happens only once and
then it is gone.

According to John Lyons:


When the world can be segmented into the parts these segments are
referred to as the morph. Example the word shorter is analyzable in two morphs
which can be written orthographically as short and er.

And phonological

| F α t | and | α |

The plural noun sheep has one morph and two morphemes.
[ sheep] and [ ]

• Allomorph:

It frequently happens that a particular morpheme is not represented


everywhere by some morph but by different morphs in different environment. In
other words, a morph is written always same but pronounced differently. Says a
linguistic,

“The alternative phonological manifestation or representations of such a


morpheme are called allomorph and Morpheme Alternant or morpheme
variant.”

An allomorph is not distinctive variant of morpheme and family or class of


morph which are phonemically and semantically identical.

2
And allomorph is

“A family of morphs which are alike in two ways”

1. In Allophones there they are composed of


2. In meanings they are possess

(Nelson Francis)

Example:

The |-z|,|-s| and |-iz | All various popular Morphemes |-z| In English.

|-s| = cups, pops

|-z|=dogs, girls

|-iz|= classes, washes

Morpheme:
A morpheme is smallest meaningful and syntactical or grammatical unit of a
language which cannot be divided without changing its actual meaning

Example: The word love is morphine but if we dispel any character such as E then
it will be meaningless or may lose actual meaning of word

“Minimal grammatical unit of a language by which meaningful words are


formed...”

“Minimal individual unit in morphology”


Example The word unlikely has three morphemes.

Un like Ly

1 2 3
Characteristic of morpheme
➢ Smallest grammatical unit.
➢ They are meaningful.
➢ They are Indivisible.
Therefore, we can say that
Sound unit are combined to form morpheme
Morpheme are combined to form words
Words are combined to form phrases
Phases are combined to form sentences

3
Types of morphemes
There are two basic and five secondary types of morphemes.

morpheme

free bound
morpheme morpheme

lexial functional
morpheme morpheme inflection derivational
morpheme morpheme

class
maintaning class changing
morpheme morpheme

4
Free morpheme:
These can stand alone and have their own meaning (They are called open class
morpheme)
Example: Nouns, adjectives or adverbs
Types: There are two subdivisions of free morpheme.
1. Lexical Morpheme
2. Functional morpheme.

Lexical Morpheme:
Search more themes have their on meanings and independent morpheme. for example: Ali,
Sarah , Fresh,ate.

Noun : Ahmed, Ali


Adjective : Read, work etc.
Adverb : fast, slow
Functional morpheme:
These morphine perform grammatical functions and show grammatical aspect and relation
of words. They can also understand by their own.
Example preposition, conjunction articles etc
Articles: the,this,that etc
Preposition: Of , it, on.
Conjunction: After, And, Before.
Bound morphine such morphemes are dependent on free morpheme and cannot stand alone
they are also called Closed morpheme
Bound morpheme are usually affixes.

affixes

prefix infix suffix


Prefix: When are bound morpheme occurs before a free morphine or other words it is called
prefix because pre means “early”.
Example: disagree, unknown
Infix: When are bound morphine is added between two words it becomes infix.
Example: Men, Forgetfulness
Suffix: When are bound morphine is added after award it becomes suffix.

5
Example: Preacher ,Climbing

Bound morphine is further divided into two types.


1. Inflectional
2. Derivational

Derivational morpheme or such morphine which changes the category of the word
when attached to it but there are some exception. It has further subdivided
1.Class changing morpheme 2. Class maintaining morpheme
1.Class changing morpheme :
One attached to the other words are free morpheme they change their grammatical
status when er is added with verb.
Drive: it It becomes driver a noun.
Teach Teacher
Verb noun
2.Class maintaining morpheme:
When attached to two other words or free morpheme they do not harm their grammatical
status or category.
Valid Invalid
Adjective Adjective

Inflectional morpheme:
These morphemes indicate grammatical aspects of the words in language
Example: NOUN : cats : plural , Rubina s : Possessiveness
VERB: plays playing =present continous died=past particle
ADJECTIVE :happier = comparative prettiest = superlative

defferent kinds of
word formation
with help of
morphlogy
Following types of words are usually found ,
Derivation words:
When new words enter in with new meaning in our language with the derivational
morpheme and free morphine it become derivational word for example : ir + regular.
Lexical gaps:These are well formed words but fear of possible aggressive reaction

6
Let them exist for example this obvious, linguisticism .
Compound:When two words are combined they result in compounding that is hard plus
work plus hard work .
Acronym build a new word from initial of the larger word. Example :WASA= Water and
sanitation authority
Blend :Similar to compound but in it when two words are combined half part of what word is
deleted and a new word is formed For example: smoke +fog= smoke .
Back formation it happens when a word is found by wrong morphological analysis. For
example: edit become editor .
Eponym: Are made out of proper noun For example: sandwich
Abbreviations: Are made when large nouns are lexicized. For example: TV for television
Some secondary types of morpheme :
Root morpheme : which are not analyzeable Into smaller units for example un faith ful .Root
morphine can be bound or free . i.e. Ir and cat are examples respectively .Nouns, verbs,
adjective are also involved .
Mono-morpheme consist of one single free root morpheme. Example cat , rat.
Poly-morpheme exist of two pre root morpheme. For example: aircraft ,frying pan .
Stem morpheme : when a bound morpheme (mostly affixes) are added with free root
morpheme it becomes stem morpheme.For example Ir – regular, un -stable .
Following chart can help to understand it easily.
1.Root = believe =verb 2. Stamp =belief able = verb + derivation
3. Word =Unbelievable =Prefix + verb +Suffix .
The morphine is a broad and vast discipline of linguistics attracting great attention of linguist.
Morphological conditioning is allophones referred to how the form of morpheme(Smallest
unit of sound )Changes based on its morphological contacts meaning its position and
functions in words. allophones are the variation in pronunciation of a single phonemesDad do
not change the meaning of the word .
FOR EAMPLE:
The phoneme |t| Can be pronounced differently based on its morphological
placement :in top [t o p] It is aspirated while in cat [k a t ] , It is not . The changes in
pronunciation can be influenced by the factors like surrounding sounds or the grammatical
structure of word such as pluralization or tense .

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