Morphology Full Notes
Morphology Full Notes
Jack.C. Richard it is
1. Functional words
2. Content words
Functional words do not have a clear lexical meaning, but they work as a
functional word, and they are also called closed class.
Examples: in, at, for, conjunction, preposition, articles, etc.
Content words have clear lexical meaning, and it also referred as to open class,
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MORPOLOGY is form of words themselves in language whereas syntax refers to
arrangement of words in sentence and phrases.
It helps us to study and understand the structure of words with the help of three
basic elements:
➢ Morph
➢ Allomorph
➢ Morpheme
Morph
According to Hockett:
Each morph, like each phone, or each person or each day, happens only once and
then it is gone.
And phonological
| F α t | and | α |
The plural noun sheep has one morph and two morphemes.
[ sheep] and [ ]
• Allomorph:
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And allomorph is
(Nelson Francis)
Example:
The |-z|,|-s| and |-iz | All various popular Morphemes |-z| In English.
|-z|=dogs, girls
Morpheme:
A morpheme is smallest meaningful and syntactical or grammatical unit of a
language which cannot be divided without changing its actual meaning
Example: The word love is morphine but if we dispel any character such as E then
it will be meaningless or may lose actual meaning of word
Un like Ly
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Characteristic of morpheme
➢ Smallest grammatical unit.
➢ They are meaningful.
➢ They are Indivisible.
Therefore, we can say that
Sound unit are combined to form morpheme
Morpheme are combined to form words
Words are combined to form phrases
Phases are combined to form sentences
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Types of morphemes
There are two basic and five secondary types of morphemes.
morpheme
free bound
morpheme morpheme
lexial functional
morpheme morpheme inflection derivational
morpheme morpheme
class
maintaning class changing
morpheme morpheme
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Free morpheme:
These can stand alone and have their own meaning (They are called open class
morpheme)
Example: Nouns, adjectives or adverbs
Types: There are two subdivisions of free morpheme.
1. Lexical Morpheme
2. Functional morpheme.
Lexical Morpheme:
Search more themes have their on meanings and independent morpheme. for example: Ali,
Sarah , Fresh,ate.
affixes
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Example: Preacher ,Climbing
Derivational morpheme or such morphine which changes the category of the word
when attached to it but there are some exception. It has further subdivided
1.Class changing morpheme 2. Class maintaining morpheme
1.Class changing morpheme :
One attached to the other words are free morpheme they change their grammatical
status when er is added with verb.
Drive: it It becomes driver a noun.
Teach Teacher
Verb noun
2.Class maintaining morpheme:
When attached to two other words or free morpheme they do not harm their grammatical
status or category.
Valid Invalid
Adjective Adjective
Inflectional morpheme:
These morphemes indicate grammatical aspects of the words in language
Example: NOUN : cats : plural , Rubina s : Possessiveness
VERB: plays playing =present continous died=past particle
ADJECTIVE :happier = comparative prettiest = superlative
defferent kinds of
word formation
with help of
morphlogy
Following types of words are usually found ,
Derivation words:
When new words enter in with new meaning in our language with the derivational
morpheme and free morphine it become derivational word for example : ir + regular.
Lexical gaps:These are well formed words but fear of possible aggressive reaction
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Let them exist for example this obvious, linguisticism .
Compound:When two words are combined they result in compounding that is hard plus
work plus hard work .
Acronym build a new word from initial of the larger word. Example :WASA= Water and
sanitation authority
Blend :Similar to compound but in it when two words are combined half part of what word is
deleted and a new word is formed For example: smoke +fog= smoke .
Back formation it happens when a word is found by wrong morphological analysis. For
example: edit become editor .
Eponym: Are made out of proper noun For example: sandwich
Abbreviations: Are made when large nouns are lexicized. For example: TV for television
Some secondary types of morpheme :
Root morpheme : which are not analyzeable Into smaller units for example un faith ful .Root
morphine can be bound or free . i.e. Ir and cat are examples respectively .Nouns, verbs,
adjective are also involved .
Mono-morpheme consist of one single free root morpheme. Example cat , rat.
Poly-morpheme exist of two pre root morpheme. For example: aircraft ,frying pan .
Stem morpheme : when a bound morpheme (mostly affixes) are added with free root
morpheme it becomes stem morpheme.For example Ir – regular, un -stable .
Following chart can help to understand it easily.
1.Root = believe =verb 2. Stamp =belief able = verb + derivation
3. Word =Unbelievable =Prefix + verb +Suffix .
The morphine is a broad and vast discipline of linguistics attracting great attention of linguist.
Morphological conditioning is allophones referred to how the form of morpheme(Smallest
unit of sound )Changes based on its morphological contacts meaning its position and
functions in words. allophones are the variation in pronunciation of a single phonemesDad do
not change the meaning of the word .
FOR EAMPLE:
The phoneme |t| Can be pronounced differently based on its morphological
placement :in top [t o p] It is aspirated while in cat [k a t ] , It is not . The changes in
pronunciation can be influenced by the factors like surrounding sounds or the grammatical
structure of word such as pluralization or tense .