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Classification of Crude Oil.

Classification of Crude Oil

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25 views22 pages

Classification of Crude Oil.

Classification of Crude Oil

Uploaded by

mdnasimuddinbgs002
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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The oil classified in several ways, either the

chemical composition or the natural properties.

 For example, oil classifies by qualitative density and its


viscosity to light, medium and heavy.

 According to its components of hydrocarbon to paraffinic,


naphthenic, Naphthenic-aromatic and asphaltic.

 It can also called Paraffinic base, Naphthenic base, mixed or


hybrid Oil and Asphaltic base.
1- Paraffinic base:
It contains a high proportion of paraffins with straight or
branched chains, these chains consisting of carbon atoms up to
more than 44 carbon atoms. Carbon atoms are linked together
by single bonds.

These chains exist as: (Gaseous C1-C4), (Liquid C5-C15), (Solid-


state C16- to up).

This oil is called Light paraffinic oil. it the most important


components of natural gasoline (low-octane number) and
paraffin wax and types of lubricant.
2- Naphthenic base oil.
Crud oil in this type contains a high percentage of
naphthenes such as annular cyclic paraffin like cyclopentane and
cyclohexane.

The presence of these compounds by a significant proportion


earns crude oil more viscosity and so-called, in this case the
heavy oil. The most important components of these groups
gasoline which has a higher octane number, kerosene, diesel,
lubricants and asphalt.
3- Mixed or hybrid Oil:
Crude oil in this type contains a mixture of paraffin
components and naphthenic components in similar percentage
and a few aromatic hydrocarbons and this type of crude oil
represents most of the crude oil.

4- Crude oil with asphalt composition

This type of crude oils contains aryl compounds and a


high proportion of asphalt.
Assessment of petroleum

Petroleum raw materials vary in physical and chemical


properties according to:

1. The diversity of sources production of the rocks.


2. Physical properties.
3. Chemical properties of the rocks contained it.
4. The depths of the container layers ore and the difference in
their geology and mineral structures.
You can determine the quality of petroleum product and its chemical
composition by studying of some :physical and chemical properties, such as

1- Sulfur content:
The quality of crude oil decrease with the more proportion of sulfur
compounds and vice versa.

The implications of the increase in the sulfur content of crude oil:

1- Corrosion caused a continuous basis in all parts of the engines.


2- Gas SO2 and SO3 is formed and in combination with air moisture consists
of sulfuric acid which causes corrosion in engine and iron pipes.
3- Works to reduce the octane number, especially in gasoline,
which reduces the quality and becomes invalid as a fuel for
cars.

4- Reduces the solubility of organic compounds produced from


the distillation of petroleum which leading to the existence of
other side reactions in addition to the basic interaction.

5-Increased sulfur content helps to form more complex


compounds, which leads to form a resin heavy compounds are
concentrated in heavy distillates (diesel and asphalt).
2- Density and specific gravity:
Density is the mass per unit volumes. The mass of unit
volume specific gravity is the ratio between the liquid mass to
the same size of the mass of water at the same temperature.

Density = Mass / Volume

The density of petroleum hydrocarbons ranging from 0.69 to


0.95. An increase in density at the hydrocarbons of the sam
number of carbon atoms from normal hydrocarbons to cyclic
hydrocarbons then to aromatic.

We also find heavy types which increases the value of density


about 0.88, a species that contain high proportions of asphalt.
Relative density = density of pet. fraction / density of water at
the same temperature.

3- Aniline Point:

The aniline point is a physical characteristic of


hydrocarbon compounds, such as oils, and refers to the minimum
temperature at which the hydrocarbon and the same amount of
the aniline (C5H5NH2) are perfectly miscible.

 At temperatures below this point, a mixture of the compound


and an equal volume of aniline will not dissolve together.
 The result of a test, called the aniline test, gives chemists
this information about a hydrocarbon, including certain
details about its composition, such as the relative content of
aromatic chemicals and various paraffins.

 The aniline point of a liquid will vary, depending upon the


relative concentration of aromatic compounds dissolved in it.

 Generally, a higher aniline point means a relatively low level


of dissolved aromatics.
 By using reference materials for a pure sample of a given
substance and comparing the aniline point of the pure sample
to that of the test sample, a chemist can calculate the
amount of aromatics in the test sample with a high degree of
accuracy.

Aniline Point
• Increase by increasing carbon atoms in the paraffinic carbon
chain
• Increase by increasing side chains in the paraffinic carbon
chain
• Decrease by increasing aromatic content.
Arrange the following compounds according to
increasing in their Aniline point.
4- Flash Point:
The flash point of a volatile material is the lowest
temperature at which it can vaporize to form an ignition mixture
in air. Measuring a flash point requires an ignition source

5- Fire Point:
The fire point of a fuel is the temperature at which the
vapor produced by that given fuel will continue to burn for at
least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. At the flash
point, a lower temperature, a substance will ignite briefly, but
vapor might not be produced at a rate to sustain the fire.
6- Viscosity :-
Kinematic viscosity: a measure of the time for a fixed volume
of liquid to flow by gravity through a capillary. The cgs
(centimeter-gram-second) unit of kinematic viscosity is the
stoke which has the dimensions centimeters-squared per
second. In the petroleum industry kinematic viscosity is
usually expressed in centistokes, cSt, so that 1 St = 100 cSt.
Kinematic viscosity, cSt = C . t

where:
C = calibration constant of the viscometer, cSt/s, and
t = flow time, s.
Dynamic viscosity:- (sometimes called absolute viscosity) is
numerically the product of kinematic viscosity and the density of the
liquid, both at the same temperature. The cgs unit of dynamic
viscosity is the poise, P, which has the dimensions grams per
centimeter per second.

Dynamic viscosity, cP = ρ . ν
where:

ρ = density, g/cm3 (Note 6) at same temperature as kinematic viscosity, and


ν = kinematic viscosity, cSt.
Paraffinic-base oil has lower viscosity (higher quality) and vice-
versa.

- Viscosity increased by rings increased

<

- Viscosity increased by side-chains increased at the same


carbon atoms.
H2
H2C C CH3

H3C CH3

<
H3C
- Viscosity in olefinic hydrocarbons is lower than viscosity of
paraffinic hydrocarbons.

HC CH2 H2C CH3

>

Absolute viscosity (dynamic viscosity) provides a measure of a


fluid’s internal resistance to flow. For liquids, viscosity
corresponds to the informal notion of "thickness".
For example, honey has a higher viscosity than water.
7- Salt Content:
The salt content expressed in milligrams of sodium
chloride per liter oil (or in pounds/barrel) indicates the amount
of salt dissolved in water. Water in crudes is mainly present in an
emulsified form. A high salt content in acrude oil presents
serious corrosion problems during the refining process. In
addition, high salt content is a major cause of plugging heat
exchangers and heater pipes. A salt content higher than10
lb/1,000 barrels (expressed as NaCl) requires desalting.
Jet fuel
Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF) is a type of aviation fuel
designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. It is
colorless to straw-colored in appearance.

The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A
and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international
specification.

The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine


powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-
weather performance.
Jet fuel is a mixture of a large number of different
hydrocarbons. The range of their sizes (molecular weights or
carbon numbers) is restricted by the requirements for the
product, for example, the freezing point or smoke point.

Types of Jet fuel:

1- Kerosene-type jet fuel (including Jet A and Jet A-1) has a


carbon number distribution between about 8 and 16 (carbon
atoms per molecule), (boiling range 150-250).
2- Jet B is a fuel in the gazoline-kerosene region

that is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance.


However, Jet B's lighter composition makes it more dangerous
to handle. For this reason it is rarely used, except in very cold
climates.

A blend of approximately 30% kerosene (C8-C16) and 70%


gasoline (C4-C12), it is known as wide-cut fuel. It has a very low
freezing point of −60 °C (−76 °F) and a low flash point as well. It
is primarily used in some military aircraft.

It is also used in Canada because of its freezing point.

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