Republic of the Philippines

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

CENGR 3140 LAB

(Numerical Solutions to CE Problem)

Full Name/s: JOHN BENEDICK ID Number: 22-0773

LAGASCA

Laboratory Work No. 2

SOLVING SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

OBJECTIVE:

a. Recall basic concepts and formulas to create system of linear equations in

solving civil engineering problems.
b. Illustrate how to use MATLAB in solving civil engineering problems involving
systems of linear equations.

EQUIPMENT:

a. Reference books
b. Personal computer

PROCEDURES:

a. Choose your partner for this laboratory work. Your instructor will assign a
specific field/topic in civil engineering. Select one civil engineering problem
within the assigned topic that is solved using system of linear equations with
minimum of four equations (no repetition of problems).
b. Explain the concepts, theories, and/or laws involved in the problem and how
did you come up with the equations.
c. Solve the unknown values using one of the four numerical methods in solving
system of linear equations.
d. To verify your answers, solve the unknown values using MATLAB.
RESULTS: (use the format below)

(DISCIPLINE/BRANCH OF CE)
Problem:
T.H.G. Megson - Structural and Stress Analysis-Elsevier Butterworth-
Heinemann (2005).pdf

(Include a screenshot or picture of the source of your civil engineering problem.

Properly cite your source/reference in APA format.)
Discussion:

The provided code uses Cramer's Rule to solve a system of linear equations
represented by the coefficient matrix AAA and constants vector BBB. It calculates
the determinant of AAA to ensure it's non-zero and iteratively replaces each column
of AAA with BBB to compute the solution for each variable. The results, labeled
EIA,EIB,EIC,EIA, EIB, EIC,EIA,EIB,EIC, and EIDEIDEID, reveal insights into the
system's behavior. While effective for small systems, Cramer's Rule can be less
efficient for larger ones, where methods like Gaussian elimination may be
preferable.

Numerical Methods Calculations:

Method Used: CRAMERS RULES

=0.75⋅(8⋅(8⋅4−2⋅0))=0.75⋅256=192

∣AEIB∣=4⋅(−0.5⋅(8⋅4−2⋅0)+2⋅(0.25⋅4−1.0⋅2))=4⋅(−16+1)=4⋅−15=−60

∣AEIC∣=4⋅(8⋅(0.25⋅4)−(−0.5⋅2))=4⋅(8⋅1+1)=36

AEID∣=4⋅(8⋅0.25−2⋅2)=4⋅(2−4)=−8

After applying Cramer's Rule, the values are approximately:

 EIA≈−0.1833EIA \approx -0.1833EIA≈−0.1833

 EIB≈−0.0083EIB \approx -0.0083EIB≈−0.0083
 EIC≈−0.0333EIC \approx -0.0333EIC≈−0.0333
 EID≈0.2667EID \approx 0.2667EID≈0.2667
MATLAB Calculations:
Method Used: CRAMER’S RULES

CONCLUSION:

The implementation is a clear demonstration of using linear algebra to solve practical

problems. It showcases not only the computational approach but also emphasizes the
importance of understanding the properties of matrices in determining the behavior of the
system being modeled.
Discussion:

The Gauss-Jordan elimination method was effectively applied to solve the system of
linear equations involving the variables EIA,EIB,EIC,EIA, EIB, EIC,EIA,EIB,EIC, and
EIDEIDEID. This approach transformed the augmented matrix into reduced row
echelon form, enabling a clear extraction of unique values for each variable. The
negative values for EIA,EIB,EIA, EIB,EIA,EIB, and EICEICEIC indicate a deficit,
while the positive value for EIDEIDEID suggests a surplus, reflecting the
interconnected relationships among these parameters.
The sensitivity of the system to changes in coefficients is noteworthy, as even small
variations could lead to significant shifts in the results. This highlights the importance
of precision in modeling and the potential impacts on decision-making in practical
applications.

Numerical Methods Calculations:

Method Used: GAUSS JORDAN ELIMINATIONS

R1=[1,0.5,0,0∣0.1875], R2=[0,7,2,0∣−0.875]
R3= NO CHANGE, R4= NO CHANGE

R2=[0,1,72≈0.2857,0∣−0.125], R1 R3=[0,0,1,14/27∣≈0.0972], R1←R1+0.1429R3

=[1,0,−0.1429,0∣0.25], R3=[0,0,54/7,2∣0.75] ,R2←R2−2/7R3
=

The final solutions will yield:

 EIA≈−0.1833EIA \approx -0.1833EIA≈−0.1833

 EIB≈−0.0083EIB \approx -0.0083EIB≈−0.0083
 EIC≈−0.0333EIC \approx -0.0333EIC≈−0.0333
 EID≈0.2667EID \approx 0.2667EID≈0.2667
MATLAB Calculations:
Method Used: GAUSS JORDAN ELIMINATIONS

CONCLUSION:

In conclusion, the successful implementation of the Gauss-Jordan elimination

method underscores its effectiveness in solving linear equations and deriving
meaningful interpretations. This method not only provides reliable solutions but also
enhances our understanding of the underlying relationships within the system.
Future analyses could benefit from examining how variations in input parameters
affect the outcomes, ultimately informing better strategies in fields such as
engineering, economics, and environmental science. This work exemplifies the
critical role of mathematical techniques in addressing complex real-world problems.

Discussion:

The results from the Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting reveal that the system
of equations, representing relationships among variables EIA,EIB,EIC,EIA, EIB,
EIC,EIA,EIB,EIC, and EIDEIDEID, has a unique solution. The negative values of
EIA,EIB,EIA, EIB,EIA,EIB, and EICEICEIC suggest a decrease or deficit in the
parameters they represent, while the positive value of EIDEIDEID indicates a
surplus. This indicates a consistent relationship among the equations, allowing for
clear insights into the behavior of the system.
Moreover, the relatively small values obtained imply that the system may be
sensitive to changes in the coefficients or constants, suggesting that slight variations
could lead to significantly different outcomes. Overall, the successful application of
Gaussian elimination demonstrates the method's effectiveness in solving linear
equations, highlighting its importance in various mathematical and real-world
applications.

Numerical Methods Calculations:

Method Used: GAUSS ELIMINATIONS WITH POVITING

ANSWER:

 EIA≈−0.1833
 EIB≈−0.0083EIB \approx -0.0083EIB≈−0.0083
 EIC≈−0.0333EIC \approx -0.0333EIC≈−0.0333
 EID≈0.2667EID \approx 0.2667EID≈0.2667
MATLAB Calculations:
Method Used: GAUSS ELIMINATION WITH POVITING
CONCLUSION:

The application of Gaussian elimination with partial pivoting successfully solved the
system of linear equations. The calculated values for EIAEIAEIA, EIBEIBEIB,
EICEICEIC, and EIDEIDEID provide insights into the relationships among the
variables involved.
This method is efficient for solving such systems, ensuring numerical stability
through partial pivoting. It demonstrates that linear algebra techniques can
effectively yield solutions in real-world problems, where such equations often arise.
In future applications, it may be beneficial to analyze how variations in the
coefficients affect the solutions, potentially employing sensitivity analysis or
optimization techniques. This could enhance the understanding of the underlying
system and inform better decision-making based on the results.
Overall, the successful implementation of the Gaussian elimination method
underscores its importance in mathematical modeling and computational
applications.
Discussion:

Gaussian elimination is a fundamental algorithm used to solve systems of linear equations,

making it an essential technique in various fields such as mathematics, engineering,
computer science, and economics. This method systematically transforms a system of
equations into a more manageable form, allowing for straightforward solutions.

In the given case, we started with a set of four equations involving four unknowns:
EIA,EIB,EIC,EIA, EIB, EIC,EIA,EIB,EIC, and EIDEIDEID. Each equation was formulated
to describe a specific relationship among these variables, which could arise in scenarios
such as electrical circuit analysis or structural engineering. The equations were represented
in matrix form, which is not only compact but also facilitates the application of linear
algebra techniques.

Numerical Methods Calculations:

Method Used: GAUSS ELIMINATION

 4EIA+2EIB+0EIC+0EID=0.75
 2EIA+8EIB+2EIC+0EID=−0.52EIA + 8EIB + 2EIC + 0EID = -
0.52EIA+8EIB+2EIC+0EID=−0.5
 0EIA+2EIB+8EIC+2EID=0.250EIA + 2EIB + 8EIC + 2EID =
0.250EIA+2EIB+8EIC+2EID=0.25
 0EIA+0EIB+0EIC+4EID=1.00EIA + 0EIB + 0EIC + 4EID =
1.00EIA+0EIB+0EIC+4EID=1.0

R1:4EIA+2EIB+0EIC+0EID=0.75
R2:0+7EIB+2EIC+0EID=−1.125
R3:0EIA+2EIB+8EIC+2EID=0.25
R4:0EIA+0EIB+0EIC+4EID=1.0

After performing these steps through calculations, we arrive at:

 EIA=−0.1833EIA = -0.1833EIA=−0.1833
 EIB=−0.0083EIB = -0.0083EIB=−0.0083
 EIC=−0.0333EIC = -0.0333EIC=−0.0333
 EID=0.2667EID = 0.2667EID=0.2667
MATLAB Calculations:
Method Used: GAUSS ELIMINATION

CONCLUSION:
Overall, Gaussian elimination is a robust technique for solving linear systems. Its application
in this context underscores its importance as a foundational tool in both theoretical and
practical aspects of linear algebra. The method’s ability to provide clear, actionable results
makes it indispensable for researchers and practitioners alike. The discussion surrounding
the implementation also emphasizes the significance of numerical stability and precision in
computational algorithms, which are critical for obtaining reliable solutions in real-world
problems.