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CAT Set Theory and Venn Diagrams Formulas PDF

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20 views9 pages

CAT Set Theory and Venn Diagrams Formulas PDF

Uploaded by

SUHANI GULATI 21111063
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© © All Rights Reserved
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CAT Set Theory And Venn

Diagrams Formulas
● It's one of the easiest topics of CAT. Most of the
formulae in this section can be deduced logically with
little effort.
● The difficult part of the problem is translating the
sentences into areas of the Venn diagram. While
solving, pay careful attention to phrases like ‘and, or,
not, only, in’ as these generally signify the
relationship.
● Set is defined as a collection of well-defined objects.
Ex. Set of whole numbers.
● Every object is called an element of the set.
● The number of elements in the set is called cardinal
number.

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Types of Sets
➔ Null Sets:

A set with zero or no elements is called a Null set.

It is denoted by { } or Ø. Null set cardinal number is 0.

➔ Singleton Sets:

Sets with only one element in them are called

singleton sets. Ex. {2}, {a}, {0}

➔ Finite and Infinite Sets:

A set having a finite number of elements is called a

finite set. A set having infinite or uncountable

elements in it is called an infinite set.

➔ Universal Sets:

A set which contains all the elements of all the sets

and all the other sets in it, is called a universal set.

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➔ Subsets:

A set is said to be a subset of another set if all the

elements contained in it are also part of another set.

Ex. If A = {1,2}, B = {1,2,3,4} then, Set “A” is said to

be a subset of set B.

➔ Equal Sets:

Two sets are said to be equal sets when they contain

the same elements Ex. A = {a,b,c} and B = {a,b,c}

then A and B are called equal sets.

➔ Disjoint Sets:

When two sets have no elements in common then

the two sets are called disjoint sets.

Ex. A = {1,2,3} and B = {6,8,9} then A and B are

disjoint sets.

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➔ Power Sets:

➔ A power set is defined as the collection of all the

subsets of a set and is denoted by P(A)

➔ If A = {a,b} then P(A) = { { }, {a}, {b}, {a,b} }

➔ For a set having n elements, the number of subsets


𝑛
are 2

➔ Properties of Sets:

➔ The null set is a subset of all sets

➔ Every set is subset of itself

➔ A ∪ (B ∪ C) = (A ∪ B) ∪ C

➔ A ∩ (B ∩ C) = (A ∩ B) ∩ C

➔ A ∪ (B∩C) = (A ∪ B) ∩ (A ∪ C)

➔ A ∩ (B ∪ C) = (A ∩ B) ∪ (A ∩ C)

➔A∪Ø=A

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➔ Venn Diagrams:

A Venn diagram is a figure to represent various sets

and their relationship.

I,II,III are the elements in only A, only B & only C resp.


IV – Elements which are in all of A, B and C.
V - Elements which are in A and B but not in C.
VI – Elements which are in A and C but not in B.
VII – Elements which are in B and C but not in A.
VIII – Elements which are not in either A or B or C.

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➔ Union of sets is defined as the collection of elements
either in A or B or both. It is represented by the
symbol “U”. Intersection of set is the collection of
elements which are in both A and B.
➔ Let there are two sets A and B then,
n(A ∪ B) = n(A) + n(B) - n(A ∩ B)
➔ If there are 3 sets A, B and C then,
n(A ∪ B ∪ C) = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A∩B) - n(B∩C)
- n(C ∩ A) + n(A∩B∩C)
➔ To maximise overlap,
➔ Union should be as small as possible
➔ Calculate the surplus = n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A∪
B∪C)
➔ This can be attributed to n(A∩B∩C′), n(A∩B′∩C),
n(A′∩B∩C), n(A∩B∩C).
➔ To maximise the overlap, set the other three
terms to zero.

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➔ To minimise overlap:
➔ Union should be as large as possible.
➔ Calculate the surplus =
n(A) + n(B) + n(C) - n(A∪B∪C).
➔ This can be attributed to n(A∩B∩C′), n(A∩B′∩C),
n(A′∩B∩C), n(A∩B∩C).
➔ To minimise the overlap, set the other three
terms to maximum possible.
➔ Some other important properties
➔ A’ is called complement of set A, or A’ = U-A
➔ n(A-B) = n(A) - n(A∩B)
➔ A-B = A∩B’
➔ B-A = A’∩B
➔ (A-B) ∪ B = A ∪ B

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