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Biology Paper 2

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18 views2 pages

Biology Paper 2

Uploaded by

vrshedge2009
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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### **Section C: Short Answer Questions (2 marks each, attempt any 3 out of 4, 6

marks)**

1. **Differentiate between prokaryotes and eukaryotes**:


- Prokaryotes lack a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Eukaryotes have a defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- Prokaryotes are smaller and simpler in structure (e.g., bacteria).
- Eukaryotes are larger and more complex (e.g., plants, animals).

2. **What is photophosphorylation?**
- It is the process of synthesizing ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate.
- Occurs in the thylakoid membranes during the light reactions of
photosynthesis.
- Uses light energy to drive the phosphorylation of ADP.
- Produces ATP, which is then used in the Calvin cycle.

3. **Describe the role of vitamins in metabolism**:


- Vitamins act as coenzymes that assist enzymes in catalyzing metabolic
reactions.
- B-vitamins play a key role in energy metabolism by helping to break down
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
- Vitamins support the body's biochemical functions, including cell growth and
repair.
- They are essential for maintaining normal bodily functions and overall health.

---

### **Section D: Long Answer Questions (3 marks each, attempt any 2 out of 3, 6
marks)**

1. **Compare and contrast light reactions and dark reactions in photosynthesis**:


- **Light Reactions**:
- Occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts.
- Use sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH.
- Water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
- **Dark Reactions (Calvin Cycle)**:
- Occur in the stroma of chloroplasts.
- Use ATP and NADPH from light reactions to fix CO₂ into glucose.
- Do not require light but depend on the products of light reactions.

2. **Explain the role of nucleic acids in living organisms**:


- **DNA** stores genetic information and directs cell activities.
- **RNA** translates DNA’s genetic code into proteins through transcription and
translation.
- Nucleic acids are responsible for heredity and regulation of protein
synthesis.
- Mutations in DNA can lead to genetic variations and evolutionary changes.

3. **Define biodiversity and discuss its importance**:


- **Biodiversity** refers to the variety of living organisms within an
ecosystem.
- Provides ecological stability by enabling ecosystems to resist disturbances.
- Supports a wide range of ecosystem services, including pollination, nutrient
cycling, and climate regulation.
- Enhances genetic diversity, enabling species to adapt to environmental changes
and evolve over time.

---
### **Section E: Very Long Answer Questions (4 marks each, attempt any 1 out of 2,
4 marks)**

1. **Describe the different stages of the Calvin cycle**:


1. **Carbon Fixation**: CO₂ is captured by RuBP (Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate) to
form 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA).
2. **Reduction**: ATP and NADPH from light reactions are used to convert 3-PGA
into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).
3. **Regeneration of RuBP**: Some G3P molecules are used to regenerate RuBP,
allowing the cycle to continue.
4. **Glucose Formation**: Two G3P molecules combine to form glucose, which is
used for energy and growth in plants.
5. Occurs in the **stroma** of the chloroplast.
6. ATP provides energy, and NADPH donates electrons for the reduction process.
7. The cycle runs multiple times to produce enough G3P for glucose synthesis.
8. Calvin cycle is also known as the **C3 pathway** due to the formation of the
three-carbon compound 3-PGA.

2. **Explain the process of protein synthesis and the role of mRNA, tRNA, and
ribosomes**:
1. **mRNA** carries the genetic information from DNA to the ribosome.
2. **tRNA** brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome based on the codon
sequence of the mRNA.
3. **Ribosomes** are the sites where protein synthesis occurs by linking amino
acids in the correct order.
4. **Transcription**: DNA is transcribed into mRNA in the nucleus.
5. **Translation**: mRNA is translated into a polypeptide chain at the ribosome.
6. The ribosome reads mRNA codons and matches them with tRNA anticodons.
7. The amino acids brought by tRNA are linked together by peptide bonds.
8. Once the polypeptide chain is complete, it folds into a functional protein.

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