Practice Sheet-1

• সাধারণ নির্দেশিাাঃ Engineer’s BCS Care এর Passage Solving টেকনিক PDF ০২ নে ভার্ া কর্র পড়র্েি। প্রনিনে Passage ‘১৮
নিনির্ে’ সিাধাি করার টেষ্টা করর্েি।
• নির্ে টদয়া উত্তর্রর সার্ে ক্রস টেক কর্র নির্েি।
Passage Solving এ…
• উত্তর নভন্ন নভন্ন হর্ি পার্র। (িূ কো একই/কাছাকানছ োকর্ি হর্ে।)
• টেন িং, টেন্স ও শুদ্ধ োকয গঠর্ির নদর্ক নের্শষ িজর নদর্ি হর্ে।
• কনঠি োর্কয িা ন র্ে সর োর্কয এেিং প্রনি প্রশ্ন ৪/৫ িম্বর কর্র োর্ক িাই একানধক োর্কয গুনছর্য় উত্তর ন ের্ি হর্ে। (ির্ে োইর্ে
ো সন ড নকছু প্রশ্ন এক োর্কয ট ো সিীেীি।)
• হুেহু কনপ করা যার্েিা ো পযার্সজ এর োনহর টের্ক Import করা যার্েিা, পযার্সজ টের্কই ঘুনরর্য় ন ের্ি হর্ে।
• কনপ িা কর্র Synonyms Use ো পযারার্েনজিং টেকনিক ইউজ করুি। (Passage Solving Technique এর উপর টদয়া পূ র্েের
নপনডএফ দু নে ভার্ া কর্র পড়ুি।)
• পাশাপানশ, নেগি পরীক্ষায় আসা সে Previous Passage Practices করর্ি োকুি। IBA এর BBA এেিং, MBA এ এক্সার্ি
আসা নেগি 15-20 েছর্রর সে Passage(েুে টেনশ িা) সিাধাি কর্র টফ ু ি োকনর পাওয়া সহজ েযাপার হর্য় যার্ে।
• যিেুকু প্রর্শ্ন োওয়া হর্য়র্ছ, নঠক িিেুকুই ন ের্েি পুর্রাপুনর নির্জর ভাষায়। প্রনিনে প্রশ্ন অল্প কোয় গুনছর্য় সনঠকভার্ে
ন ের্ি পারর্ পুর্রা িাম্বার পাওয়া সম্ভে।
Passage-1 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-vi) [AD Written Test-2022]
The green movement is getting recognition which is a diverse scientific, social, conservation and political
movement for addressing the concerns of environmentalism. The drive is catching on in many pockets of the
world. Today's buzzwords, which include global warming and zero emissions, are causing everyday people to
look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint. Carbon footprint and Environmental issues are effects of human
activity on the biophysical environment, most often of which are harmful effects that cause environmental
degradation. Building an environment-friendly home is a good investment for those who are concerned about
their own health and the well-being of our planet. Based on this trend, entire villages or localities, known as
eco-communities or eco-villages are being designed with green initiatives in mind. Several of these eco-villages
are small, self-sufficient communities that live from and for their natural surroundings. Most eco-villages are
built in rural areas where their inhabitants build societies based on cooperation, self-sufficiency, renewable
energies, and ecological materials. The growing number of such eco communities attempt to become the zero-
emission neighbourhood to save our mother nature.
Most of the eco-villages are traditional or intentional communities to become more socially, culturally,
economically, and/or ecologically sustainable. Alongside residential facilities eco-communities have offices
and retail space with a variety of environmental features, some of which are unprecedented. The planers and
builders of these villages have the environment to mind with every choice they make. They ensure proper
ventilation and guarantee residents clean air indoors. Interior and exterior building materials. Such as paint and
wood, are natural and non-toxic. One of these is bamboo which is used because it's very durable and can be
grown without the use of dangerous pesticides.
Energy efficiency and energy saving are among the top priorities in eco-communities. Not only do energy-
efficient appliances and light fixtures reduce the environmental impact of heating cooking, and lighting, they
also save residents money. Minimizing energy consumption is the effect of sustainable design technics among
many others like designing buildings with solar access and natural ventilation, using climate-responsive design
materials, and effective insulation.
Eco-communities also take the future into account by recycling waste and reducing carbon emissions.
Wastewater is treated and reused on-site for flushing toilets and a biomass gas plant converts waste wood into
a renewable form of gas for hot water systems, stoves, and gas heaters. The community also reduces carbon
emissions by using local suppliers for all their transport and maintenance needs, and residents are encouraged

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to use mini transit system and join the community's vehicle share program. These initiatives arte exemplary to
reduce carbon footprints and create a model for sustainable living in the in the future. However, it is not always
easy to create such a village or community. Perhaps the biggest challenge faced by anyone attempting to create
an eco-village is that it requires changes in so many different areas of life. All too often attempt to, or feel
forced to, work on all aspects of these changes simultaneously.
Questions
i. What are the key intents of creating eco-villages or eco-communities?
ii. What causes carbon footprint and environmental concerns?
iii. How do eco-villages contribute to waste management and energy efficiency?
iv. What actions might contribute to reducing carbon emissions in a community?
v. What could be the key challenges on the way to creating an eco-community?
vi. What is your key lessons from the texts?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What are the key intents of creating eco-villages or eco-communities?
• Answer : The key intents of creating eco-villages or eco-communities is building an environment-
friendly home that is important for good health & well-being of our planet. Some other
intents are as follows-
• Attempt to become the zero-emission neighborhood to save our mother nature.
• Ensure energy efficiency and energy saving.
• Reduce carbon footprints and create a model for sustainable living in the in the future.
o Question : What causes carbon footprint and environmental concerns?
• Answer : Carbon footprint is the total amount of carbon dioxide emissions produced over a set
period of time. The major contributors to carbon footprints are global warming & carbon
emissions which affect the world badly and raises environmental concerns.
o Question : How do eco-villages contribute to waste management and energy efficiency?
• Answer : Eco-villages contribute to the waste management by recycling waste & reducing carbon
emissions. Besides waste management, eco-villages use energy savings appliances to
minimize energy consumption which helps to ensure energy efficiency.
o Question : What actions might contribute to reducing carbon emissions in a community?

• Answer : Following actions might contribute to reducing carbon emissions in a community:

• The community can contribute to reduce carbon emissions by using local
suppliers for all their transport & maintenance needs.
• Residents can be encouraged to use mini transit system and join the
community's vehicle share program.
o Question : What could be the key challenges on the way to creating an eco-community?

• Answer : The key challenge on the way to creating an eco-community is it requires changes in so
many different areas of life. Almost all of these changes take longer than expected and
are often more costly than expected. In addition, each area of change interacts with the
other areas in unpredictable ways. In the process, financial resources, emotional
resources, and interpersonal relationships can be put under great stress.
o Question : What is your key lessons from the texts?
• Answer : The key lesson from the text is Carbon footprint, global warming and related
environmental issues lead people thinking about eco-friendly home which is beneficial
for good health and wellbeing of our planet. But creating a eco-friendly home or village
or community is not easy task as it needs changes in every spheres of life.

Passage-2 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-iv) [ BB Officer (General)-2022 ]

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War and conflicts in their various forms and manifestations remain pervasive around the world. As history has
repeatedly shown, war and conflicts impose immeasurable human suffering and large economic and social
costs. The loss of human life, destruction of infrastructure, human capital, and institutions; political instability,
and greater uncertainty associated with conflicts can impede investment and economic growth not only during
the war but also afterward, making it difficult to escape in addition, conflicts tend to complicate public finances,
lowering revenue by destroying part of the tax base while raising military expenditures. Fiscal deficits and
public debt rise as a result, and resources shift away from social and developmental spending which further
accentuates the consequences. At the regional level war and conflicts pose an additional challenge because of
their potential spillover effects. War can spread to the neighboring countries-a direct spillover effect. They can
also have indirect spillover effects by depressing economic activity due to increased uncertainty in production
or trade disruption or by creating social strains due to a large influx of refugees in nearby countries.

Questions
i. What are the outcomes of war and conflicts?
ii. How war complicates public finances?
iii. How a neighboring country might be affected by war?
iv. What is your key lesson from the texts?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What are the outcomes of war and conflicts?

• Answer : The outcomes of war and conflicts are as follows:

• Immeasurable human sufferings,
• destruction of infrastructures,
• political instability,
• Economic and social costs etc.
o Question : How war complicates public finances?
• Answer : War and conflicts tend to decrease revenue by destroying part of the tax base while
increasing military expenditures which complicates public finances.
o Question : How a neighbouring country might be affected by war?
• Answer : War can directly spread to neighbour countries. It also increases uncertainty in
production or trade disruption by creating social strains which can affect the neighbour
countries.
o Question : What is your key lesson from the texts?
• Answer : War and conflicts have indescribable effects on human life, economy and it may also
affect neighbour countries which are not associated with the war. So, world leaders
should adopt peaceful means to attain their interests.

Passage-3 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-vi) [ 08 Bank Senior Officer ]
The weather can change day-to-day or even from hour-to-hour, whereas the climate in an area usually takes a
long time to change. Climate does not change day-to-day or even month-to-month, but usually takes hundreds,
thousands, or millions of years to change. In the world today, climate change is often heard, and it usually refers
to the process of the Earth heating up, which is often called global warming. Most people can agree on the
weather, but sometimes climate change or global warming leads to disagreement. During its life, the climate of
the Earth has changed quite often and has experienced an Ice Age, warming, and everything in between. It is a
proven fact that the Earth's average temperature has increased about 133°F over the past 100 years between the
1900s and 2000s. The Earth is covered like a greenhouse, which is used by some farmers, florists, and others
to grow plants, it is a 'glass-covered building that absorbs the heat from the Sun Greenhouses are very hot. The

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greenhouse gases include mostly carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. An increase in the greenhouse
gases causes the Earth to become warmer. A warmer climate can affect the planet negatively. It could lead to
heavier precipitation, unusual season changes, heat waves, etc. Farming in developing countries face increased
rain, floods, and droughts; plus, certain kinds of food items may become scarce, unavailable, or more expensive
for people to purchase. Many scientists believe it is a result of human behavior, and changing some of those
behaviors will have a positive effect on climate change and global warming.
Questions
i. What is the key difference between Climate and Weather?
ii. What is a green house?
iii. How did the Earth experience climate change over the years?
iv. How is the Earth getting affected by greenhouse gases?
v. How is farming in developing countries getting affected by global warming?
vi. What is your key lesson from the texts?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What is the key difference between Climate and Weather?
• Answer : Weather refers to short term atmospheric conditions while climate is the weather of a
specific region averaged over a long period of time. Besides, weather can change
frequently but climate doesn’t change frequently.
o Question : What is a green house?

• Answer : A greenhouse is a house made of glass that can be used to grow plants. The sun's
radiations warm the plants and the air inside the greenhouse. The heat trapped inside
can't escape out and warms the greenhouse which is essential for the growth of the
plants. Same is the case in the earth's atmosphere. During the day the sun heats up the
earth’s atmosphere. At night, when the earth cools down the heat is radiated back into
the atmosphere. During this process, the heat is absorbed by the greenhouse gases in the
earth’s atmosphere thus the effect is called greenhouse effect.
o Question : How did the Earth experience climate change over the years?
• Answer : The Earth is covered like a greenhouse. So the Earth’s temperature is increasing day by
day. It is a proven fact that the Earth's average temperature has increased about 133°F
over the past 100 years between the 1900s and 2000s. This high temperature has
changed our Climate.
o Question : How is farming in developing countries getting affected by global warming?
• Answer : Farming in developing countries face increased rain, floods, and droughts. Global
warming changes in extreme weather events, and reductions in water availability may
all result in reduced agricultural productivity. Increases in the frequency and severity
extreme weather events can also interrupt food delivery, and resulting spikes in food
prices after extreme events are expected to be more frequent in the future. Increasing
temperatures also can contribute to spoilage and contamination.
o Question : What is your key lesson from the texts?
• Answer : My key lessons from the texts is our planet is moving towards a great danger. If we
want to lead a happy & peaceful life, we should save our planet from greenhouse gas.
We should reduce Global warming.

Passage-4 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [ BB AD (General)-2018 ]

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Recently, the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BIMC (BJMC) annouunced a project to develop industrial
village for diversifying ite major jute producing districts. 1ne government is also re is also reportedly taking up
a balancing, modernization, rehabilitation expansion (BMRE) project for the state-owned Jute mills at a at a
cost of S 350 million. Jute, believed to be one of the key drivers of the economy has no doubt, suffered much
neglect over the decades due mainly improper planning. In fact, high prospect of this fibre as the most
environment- friendly and cheaply available one could not be made good use of. Stray initiatives were there,
but lack of concerted efforts and financing was the main impediment to prepare a detailed and comprehensive
roadmap. And it 1s here that planning matters. Experts, including industry 1nsiders, believe that one of the
crucial area where a big chunk of funds should go in research and development. In fact, the need emerged years
ago following the commendable achievement of genome sequencing of jute plant by Bangladeshi scientists and
researchers. It is commonly acknowledged that the only way the country's jute industry can shed much of its
sluggishness is by producing more and more diversified products in keeping with consumer's preferences at
home and abroad. It is more about product development, innovation an adaptation than just producing more
traditional products or dishing out funds to energize state-owned sick mills. In order for the desired
diversification to take place the government needs to work o systematic plan which among other things should
provide ample scope for research and development.
Questions
a. Why Is jute considered as one of the key drivers of Bangladesh economy
b. Explain BMRE by following the information of the passage
c. What does the term 'stray initiatives stand for?
d. What should be the best value of fund allocated by the government in the jute sector?
e. Give a suitable title for the passage. Answer
Solution & Hints
o Question : Why Is jute considered as one of the key drivers of Bangladesh economy

• Answer : Jute is considered as one of the key drivers of Bangladesh economy because this fibre
is the most environment friendly and myriad diversified products can be made of jute
to meet up the demands of consumers from home and abroad.
o Question : Explain BMRE by following the information of the passage
• Answer : BMRE stands for balancing, modernization, rehabilitation and expansion. It is a project
taken by the government with a view to developing industrial villages for diversifying
jute products in major jute producing districts. The estimated cost of the project is $ 350
million.
o Question : What does the term 'stray initiatives stand for?
• Answer : The term stray initiatives stand for such a measure that is set aimlessly having a
detrimental effect on the targeted goal. Here, Stray initiatives means ineffective steps
taken earlier by Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation.
o Question : What should be the best value of fund allocated by the government in the jute
sector?
• Answer : The best value of fund allocated by the government in the jute sector should be up to
date research and development which will result in more and more diversified products
that can satisfy consumers desire in home and abroad.
o Question : Give a suitable title for the passage. Answer
• Answer : A suitable title for the passage should be “Jute Industry: Limitation and Prospects”

Passage-5 Read the passage and answer the questions (1-5) [B AD (General)-2017 ]
Once, an ant who had come to drink at a stream fell into the water and was carried away by the swift current.
He was in great danger of drowning. A dove, perched on a nearby tree, saw the ant's danger and dropped a leaf

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into the water. The ant climbed onto this and was carried to safety. Sometime after this, a hunter, creeping
through the bushes, saw the dove asleep, and took a careful aim with his gun. He was about to fire when the
ant, who was nearby, crawled forward and bit him sharply on the ankle. The hunter missed his aim, and the
loud noise of the gun awakened the dove from her sleep. She saw the Danger and flew swiftly away to safety.
Thus, the ant repaid the dove for having saved its life in the foaming current to the stream.
Questions
1) Why did the ant come to the stream?
2) Why did the dove drop a leaf into the water?
3) Why was the dove in danger?
4) What does the word 'aim in this passage mean?
5) How did the ant repay the dove for his generosity?
Solution & Hints
o Question : Why did the ant come to the stream?
• Answer : The ant came to the stream to drink water.
o Question : Why did the dove drop a leaf into the water?
• Answer : The dove dropped a leaf into the water to save the life of the ant that was about to die
falling into steam water.
o Question : Why was the dove in danger?
• Answer : The dove was in danger because she was sleeping on a tree and a hunter lying in wait
in a bush saw the sleeping dove and attempted to shoot her soon after watchful
observation.
o Question : What does the word 'aim in this passage mean?
• Answer : The word 'aim in the passage means target to kill the sleeping dove
o Question : How did the ant repay the dove for his generosity?
• Answer : The ant, once rescued from sure death by the philanthropic effort 5. of the dove, repaid
his generosity by disrupting the target and attention of the hunter aimed to shoot the
dove while in sleep on a tree

Passage-6 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-f) [BBAD( FF Quota )-2015]
Polythene bag is certainly the most popular carrying container in our country. Jute gunny bags and the likes of
it are on the verge of extinction before the practical utility of the polythene bags. The reasons are quite Simple.
They are cheap, easy to handle and convenient. In a lower middle income country like ours, it is only natural
that low price of polythene bag 1S more than enough reason for its being the favourite one. Moreover, polythene
bag is available everywhere. Then why should one go for something else? In spite of all its utility, it cannot be
denied that polythene is causing havoc on our environment. We are accustomed to throwing polythene bag
anywhere and everywhere as soon as their need is over. On an average 55 lakh pieces of polythene bags are
being used in Dhaka city alone. Most of this huge quantity of used and then thrown out polythene bags find
their way into the drains and sewerage pipe blocking the easy and regular flow of waste which might result in
the complete breakdown of the drainage system. In fact, we often see the horrible sight of waste and poisonous
water gushing out of the manholes and flooding nearby places. Again, during the rainy seasons, this kind of of
block by polythene bag poses interruption on the way of rain water flowing to the drains because of the
polythene that man be low lying areas of Dhaka City are frequently submerged in water. In this regard, we can
recall arguably the long lasting flood in 1998 when flood water remained in many parts of Dhaka for over two
months. Polythene bag is also a potential threat as it is not biodegradable (capable of being decomposed by
natural means). And it is because of this characteristic that polythene does not mix with soil: it remains
unchanged lie as a strong block through which nothing can pass. As a result, natural working of the elements

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in soil is certainly obstructed that ultimately weakens the different fertility of soil. However, it is happy news
that the ban of production, distribution and marketing of polythene Shopping bag has already been imposed
through the country. The common citizens also responded in welcoming the move.
Questions
a) What is the main idea of the passage?
b) What is on the verge of extinction? why is it on the verge of extinction?
c) What are the reasons of polythene bags being popular among the citizens?
d) How does the use of polythene bags affect the fertility of cultivable land?
e) How does the use of polythene bag affect the drainage system ?
f) How should the citizens modify their behavior to solve the problem?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What is the main idea of the passage?
• Answer : The main idea of the passage is the reason of cheap popularity of Polythene bag, the
negative impact of its uses.
o Question : What is on the verge of extinction? why is it on the verge of extinction?
• Answer : Jute gunny bags and other products similar to jute bags are on the verge of extinction
because of widespread use polythene bags by people.
o Question : What are the reasons of polythene bags being popular among the citizens?
• Answer : Low price, availability, convenience to carry and handle as well as the unconsciousness
of people regarding the bad effects of polythene are the main reasons of polythene bags
being popular among the citizens.
o Question : How does the use of polythene bags affect the fertility of cultivable land?
• Answer : Polythene bags does not mix with soil it remain unchanged and affects natural process
of soil thus the use of polythene bags affects the fertility of cultivable land
o Question : How does the use of polythene bag affect the drainage system ?
• Answer : A large quantity of polythene bags thrown out after the necessity is over. These bags
find their ways into the drains and sewerage pipe result is blockage the drainage system
Thus use of polythene bag affect the drainage system.
o Question : How should the citizens modify their behaviour to solve the problem?
• Answer : The citizens should modify their behaviour by using alternate of Polythene bags &
realizing the bad consequence of using polythene bags as well as the should congratulate
the law of banning polythenes.

Passage-7 Read the passage and answer the questions (1-5 ) [ BKB Senior Officer-2017]
Creating affordability is crucial in tapping the unbanked market. No doubt pricing is a tool, but banks also need
to be innovating in right-sizing sizing their proposition to convince customers that they can derive big value
even from small amounts. One way of doing this is to show the target audience that a bank account is actually
a lifestyle enabler, a convenient and safe means to send money to family or make a variety of purchases. Once
banks succeed in hooking customers with this value proposition they must sustain their interest by introducing
a simple and intuitive user application, ubiquitous access over mobile and other touch points, and adopting a
banking mechanism which is not only secure but also reassuring to the customer. Technology is most important
element of financial inclusion strategy and an enabler of all others. Of the various selection criteria, cost is
perhaps the most important. This certainly does not mean buying the cheapest package, but rather choosing that
solution which by scaling transaction to huge volumes reduces per unit operating cost. An optimal mix of these
strategies would no doubt offer an innovative means of expansion in the unbanked market.
Questions
1) What should be the most suitable title of the passage?

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2) What according to the passage are the benefits one can obtain from a bank account?
3) What can the banks do to engage the customers permanently once the latter is hooked to the banks?
4) What should be the determinant factor in choosing technology for financial inclusion?
5) Explain the strategies suggested in the passage that offer an innovative means of expansion in the unbanked
Solution & Hints
o Question : What should be the most suitable title of the passage?
• Answer : The most suitable title of the passage may be ‘Bank's strategy: bank to the unbanked’
o Question : What according to the passage are the benefits one can obtain from a bank
account?
• Answer : According to the passage the benefits one can obtain from a bank are including sending
and receiving money to/from family in a safe and convenient way, variety of purchases
facilities and so on.
o Question : What can the banks do to engage the customers permanently once the latter is
hooked to the banks?
• Answer : Once the customers are hooked to the banks, the banks can take some initiatives to
engage the customers permanently such as maintaining interest through introducing a
simple and automatic application, providing universal access over mobile and other
touch-points and adopting secure and confident banking mechanism.
o Question : What should be the determinant factor in choosing technology for financial
inclusion?
• Answer : Cost should be the determinant factor in choosing technology for financial inclusion.
o Question : Explain the strategies suggested in the passage that offer an innovative means of
expansion in the unbanked
• Answer : The strategies suggested in the passage that will offer an innovative means of expansion
in the unbanked market include convincing and inclusion of customers who are out of
banking system, and ensuring access over latest technological devices with reasonable
cost.

Passage-8 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [Combined Govt. Banks:
Officer(Cash-2019)]
Plastics form an important part of synthetics—plastics are also polymers. Since most plastics can be easily
molded into any shape after heating, they are used for making a variety of objects of different shapes and sizes.
Plastics are poor conductors of heat which make them suitable for making handles of cooking vessels, for use
in refrigerators, and for making containers in microwave ovens. Plastics are also poor conductors of electricity
and that is why they are used as covering materials in electrical appliances, cords and writing. Plastics are
insoluble in water and, therefore, used for making bottles, buckets and other containers. Most plastics are
inflammable. However, they do not corrode or rust and so mostly used in homes and laboratories. Despite many
different uses of plastics, there are environmental and health hazards associated with their disposal. This is
because plastics are non-biodegradable. Accumulation of plastics is considered a serious problem because most
of the methods used to dispose them result in some type of damage to the environment. Though somewhere
between 500 million to one trillion plastic bags are consumed worldwide each year, most plastics wastes end
up littering roadside and form ugly dumps that harbor many disease causing organisms. Plastics dumped in
water bodies pose a threat to aquatic life, plastics that get buried prevent rain water from seeping into the
ground. This affects the growth of plants. When plastics are burnt, they produce toxic gases and smoke.
Questions
a) How do the plastics affect the growth of the plants?
b) What are the hazards associated with the disposal of plastics?
c) What is produced when plastics are burnt?
d) What does the word synthetic denote?

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e) What do you learn after reading the passage?
Solution & Hints
o Question : How do the plastics affect the growth of the plants?
• Answer : Plastics that get buried prevent rain water from seeping into the ground and thus affect
the growth of plants.
o Question : What are the hazards associated with the disposal of plastics?
• Answer : There are severe environmental and health hazards associated with the disposal of
plastics. Millions of plastics bags which are consumed worldwide each year are thrown
away roadside after use.
o Question : What is produced when plastics are burnt?
• Answer : When plastics are burnt toxic gases(CO2,CO) and smoke are produced.
o Question : What does the word synthetic denote?
• Answer : The word 'synthetic' denotes a substance made artistically especially to imitate a natural
product. Plastics form an important part of synthetics.
o Question : What do you learn after reading the passage?
• Answer : After reading the passage, I learn that we should be cautious and avoid using plastics in
our everyday life because plastics are responsible for environmental and health hazards.

Passage-9 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [SBL Officer (Cash-2018)]
Marina Hills High School is fighting pollution in an unusual way. It’s planting trees. In an effort to fight
pollution and help the environment, the Marina Hills Ecology Club offers free trees to consulting with his
teachers on where to plant the trees, took advantage of the offer was Marina Hills High School. After consulting
with his teachers on where to plant the trees, Principal Max Webb contacted the Ecology Club.But when the
seedlings arrived, Webb had an idea. Instead of planting the young trees in front of the school, he thought it
would be better to put them behind the school, where the sun gets very hot in the afternoon.‘It gets so hot inside
the building that the students start to sweat during their afternoon classes', said Webb. "Now the shade from
our trees will bring them some relief’.`There was no argument from the teachers', he added. 'When I proposed
the idea, everyone said, 'Now why didn't I think of that!' The relief won't come until the trees grow taller, but
the school will not have to wait long because it requested two species of trees that grow quickly.`Time is key
and we wanted our trees to get big fast,' said Webb. "We were given a wide choice, from shrubs to fruit trees.
We requested eucalyptus and willow trees," Webb said he was also looking forward to finally seeing some wild
life in the school yard at Marina Hills High School."If all you have a grass lawn with no trees, you can’t expect
the local birds to come and visit," said Webb. "They have no place to make their nests. Now that will change,
and we'll be able to see birds from classroom windows".
Questions
a) What would be the most appropriate headline for this article
b) What did the Ecology. Club do for Marina Hills High Sao.,
c) What problems does Principal Webb talk about?
d) What can be inferred from the article about eucalyptus and willow trees?
e) What does Principal Webb imply about the local birds?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What would be the most appropriate headline for this article
• Answer : The most appropriate headline for this article may be “Great and idea to combat
environment pollution'.
o Question : What did the Ecology. Club do for Marina Hills High Sao.,
• Answer : Ecology Club provided Marina Hills High School with trees free of cost in an effort to
combat with pollution with a view to protecting environment.

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 o Question : What problems does Principal Webb talk about?
• Answer : Principal Webb talked about the problem of excessive hot and emphasized on planting
the trees behind the school with a view 1 reducing the level of heat in the afternoon
classes.
o Question : What can be inferred from the article about eucalyptus and willow trees?
• Answer : Eucalyptus and willow trees are the trees which grow big faster than most other trees as
they were seeking quick solution of excessive temperature they chose eucalyptus and
willow trees giving up the option of fruit and other trees as the most suitable for the
school.
o Question : What does Principal Webb imply about the local birds?
• Answer : Principal Webb implies about the local birds that mere grass lawns cannot attract local
birds to make their nests. They can attract birds in the school premises by planting trees.

Passage-10 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-d) [Agrani Bank Officer Cash-18]
All our languages are the result of art. Whether there is a natural language, common to all mankind, has long
been a matter of investigation. Without doubt, there is such a language and it is the one that children utter before
they know how to talk. This language is not articulate, but it is accentuated, sonorous, and intelligible. The
using of our own language has led us to neglect this, even so far as to forget it altogether. Let us study children,
and we shall soon acquire it again from them. Nurses are our teachers in this language. They understand all
their nurslings say, they answer them, they hold really connected dialogues with them. And although they
pronounce words. these words are entirely useless; the child understands, not the meaning of the words, but the
accent which accompanies them. To the language of the voice is added the no less forcible language of gesture.
This gesture is not that of children's feeble hands; it is that seen in their faces. It is astonishing to see how much
expression these immature countenances already have. From moment to moment, their features change with
inconceivable quickness. On them you see the smile, the wish, the fear, spring into life, and pass away, like so
many lighting flashes. Each time you seem to see a different countenance.
Questions
a) When do children utter language?
b) Who are our teachers in natural language?
c) Where do we find the language of gesture?
d) Give a suitable title of the passage.
Solution & Hints
o Question : When do children utter language?
• Answer : Children utter language before they know how to talk which is not clear but
comprehensive.
o Question : Who are our teachers in natural language?
• Answer : Nurses are our teachers in natural language.
o Question : Where do we find the language of gesture?
• Answer : We find the language of gesture in the faces of children.
o Question : Give a suitable title of the passage.
• Answer : A suitable title of the passage may be ' Children and way of Acquiring natural language’

Passage-11 Read the passage and answer the questions (1-5) [Agrani Bank Senior Officer-17]
Bangladesh is in a position today to champion a revolution in the micro finance industry, a revolution that
necessitates the use of technology and innovation. Such a revolution would push, the microfinance industry
into the next generation. Just as the country broke away from the tradition that banking is only for the privileged

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and rich people, it can once again break away from the tradition that technology and innovation is only for the
sophisticated and rich industries. Micro finance is a major industry in Bangladesh and currently it serves more
than 26 million borrowers. With technology and innovation, however, micro finance institutions in Bangladesh
could serve more people who do not have access to finance using branchless banking. They could improve
access to financial serving with the help of mobile banking and automated teller machines - innovations that
can be rolled out even in rural areas. They could expand their product and service offerings to include savings
insurance, money transfers and remittances. In addition, micro ' finance institutions could make their day-to-
day operations more efficient by allowing institutional headquarters to have up-to-date information about work
being done in branch offices and liaising with loan officers spread throughout the country. Micro finance
institutions can do so at a lower cost without fully overhauling their operations and thus save money to help
their financial bottom line
Questions
1. What tradition did banks in Bangladesh break away from?
2. In what aspect of its operation can micro finance institutions brings about a revolutionary change?
3. How can micro finance institutions serve greater number of people?
4. What is meant by the expression 'to help their financial bottom line?
5. What should be the most suitable title for the passage?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What tradition did banks in Bangladesh break away from?
• Answer : Banks in Bangladesh broke away the tradition that banking is only for the wealthy and
affluent people of the society.
o Question : In what aspect of its operation can micro finance institutions brings about a
revolutionary change?
• Answer : In aspect of operation, micro-finance institutions can bring revolutionary change by
introducing technology and innovation.
o Question : How can micro finance institutions serve greater number of people?
• Answer : Micro finance institutions can serve greater number of people by adopting some
innovative activities which include the use of branchless banking, expanding and
improving the services of mobile banking and automated teller machines.
o Question : What is meant by the expression 'to help their financial bottom line?
• Answer : The term 'to help their financial bottom line' means to raise net earnings or net profits
that are derived after deducting all expenses from the revenues.
o Question : What should be the most suitable title for the passage?
• Answer : The suitable title for the passage may be 'Revolution in Micro- Finance system in
Bangladesh'.

Passage-12 Read the passage and answer the questions (1-5) [Senior Officer 2019 ]
Management is a set of processes that can keep a complicated system of people and technology running
smoothly. The most central characteristics of management include scheduling, accounting, organizing, staffing,
controlling, and problem -solving. Leadership is a set of processes that generates organizations in the first place
or acclimatizes them to expressively changing situations. Leadership outlines what the impending should look
like, brings into the line people with that vision, and inspires them to make it happen despite the obstacles. This
distinction is absolutely crucial for our purposes here: successful transformation is 70 to 90 per cent leadership
and only 10 to 30 percent management. Yet for historic motives, numerous organizations today don't have much
headship And almost everyone thinks about the problems here as one of managing change. For most of this
century, as we created thousands and thousands of large organizations for the first time in human history, we
don't have enough good managers to keep all those bureaucracies functioning. Thus many companies and
academies developed management programs and hundreds and thousands of people were stimulated to learn

Page 11 of 36
managing on the job. And they did. But, people were taught little about leadership. To some degree,
management was emphasized because it's easier to teach than leadership. But even more so, supervision was
the chief item on the twentieth-century outline because that's what was needed. For every entrepreneur of
business builder who was a leader, we needed hundreds of managers to run their ever growing enterprises. been
longstanding in co Regrettably, for us today this importance on management has often been long standing in
corporate cultures that dishearten workers from learning how to lead. Ironically, past success is usually the key
ingredient in producing this outcome. The condition, as I have perceived it on many cases, goes like this: victory
creates some degree of market supremacy, which in turn produces much progress. After a while keeping the
ever largest organizations under control becomes the primary challenge. So attention turns inward and
managerial competencies are nurtured. With a robust importance on supervision but not on headship,
administration and an inward focus take over. But with continued success, the result mostly of market
dominance, the problem often goes unaddressed and an unhealthy arrogance begins to evolve. All of these
features then make any renovation struggle much more problematic. Arrogant managers can over evaluate their
current performance and competitive position, listen poorly, and learn slowly. Inwardly focused employees can
have difficulty seeing the very forces that present threats and opportunities. Bureaucratic cultures make it a
smother for those who want to respond to shifting conditions. And the lack of leadership leaves no fore inside
these organizations to break out of the morass.
Questions
1. Why, according to the author, is a distinction between management and leadership crucial?
2. Why did companies and universities develop programs to prepare managers in such a large number? Explain.
3. How has the author defined management? Explain.
4. Why dose the attention of large organization turn inward?
5. Why people were taught little about leadership in management programs? Explain.
Solution & Hints
o Question : Why, according to the author, is a distinction between management and leadership
crucial?
• Answer : According to the author a distinction between management and leadership is crucial for
the purpose of attaining success in transformation in cases of expressively changing
situation.
o Question : Why did companies and universities develop programs to prepare managers in
such a large number? Explain.
• Answer : Companies and universities developed programs to prepare managers in such a large
number because in this century thousands and thousands of large organizations were
created for the first time in human history, but enough good managers to keep those
bureaucracies were not made.
o Question : How has the author defined management? Explain.
• Answer : The author defines management as a set of processes that can keep a complicated system
of people and technology running smoothly. The salient features of management include
scheduling, accounting, organizing, staffing, controlling and problem-solving.
o Question : Why dose the attention of large organization turn inward?
• Answer : Victory over some other organizations creates market supremacy to some extent for a
large organization and this results in much progress. Afterwards, keeping the over larger
organizations under control becomes challenging Thus, to establish control within the
organization, inward attention is emphasized and management competencies are
nurtured.
o Question : Why people were taught little about leadership in management programs?
Explain.
• Answer : People were taught little about leadership in management programs because
management was easier to teach than leadership. Apart from this supervision was the

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 top most emphasized matter in the twentieth century to manage over growing business
organizations.
Passage-13 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-vi) [ 10 Bank Officer (General)]
A leading Bangladeshi industrialist in a recent article on ways to strengthen Bangladeshi economy has drawn
attention to the problems of inflation and industrial sickness among other things. One of the main reasons for
industrial sickness in our country has been the fact that business and industrial managers, have not been able
to look beyond the immediate future. They have been too preoccupied with their attempts to report favorable
results for the current year- higher profits and larger dividends to the shareholders. The planning horizon has
hardly ever exceeded five years. Investments have been inadequate for new plants and towards diversification
and expansions. Modernization and asset creation have seriously lagged behind. In business, growth is needed
for survival, one has to grow if one does not want to be wiped out. This is particularly true today with
liberalization of imports and increasing competition. Moreover, growth and higher productivity create
employment and higher employment creates larger markets both for industrial and consumer products. It was
Henry Ford, American industrialist who revolutionized factory production with his assembly-line methods,
stressed the need for the creation of a larger and a more stable middle class, that is, a larger number of people
who can afford more and more of goods and services. Even after fifty-three years of independence, our
maximum industrialists have not been able to shed the petty shopkeeper's mentality and our highly educated
management has tagged along merrily and without concern.
Questions
1. Mention the shortcomings of Bangladeshi industrialists which have been highlighted by the author?
2. According to the passage, growth and increasing productivity leads to what types positivity for the economy?
3. Why did Henry Ford stress the need for a more stable middle class?
4. The planning horizon has hardly ever exceeded five years' implies what kind of barriers to industrialization?
Solution & Hints
o Question : Mention the shortcomings of Bangladeshi industrialists which have been highlighted by
the author?
• Answer : The shortcomings of Bangladeshi industrialists highlighted by the author are their short-
term focus on reporting favorable results and inadequate investment in new plants,
diversification, expansion, and modernization.
o Question : According to the passage, growth and increasing productivity leads to what types
positivity for the economy?
• Answer : According to the passage, growth and increasing productivity lead to employment
creation, higher employment creates larger markets for both industrial and consumer
products, and ultimately contributes to a larger and more stable middle class with higher
living standards.
o Question : Why did Henry Ford stress the need for a more stable middle class?

• Answer : Henry Ford stressed the need for a more stable middle class because a larger number of
people with disposable income creates a larger and more stable market for the sale of
goods and services.
o Question : The planning horizon has hardly ever exceeded five years' implies what kind of barriers
to industrialization?
• Answer : The statement "The planning horizon has hardly ever exceeded five years" implies a
barrier to industrialization due to the lack of long-term vision and strategic planning
among Bangladeshi industrialists. This short-sighted approach hinders investments in
long-term growth opportunities and hinders the country's ability to compete in the
global market.

Page 13 of 36
 Passage-14 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-vi) [Officer (General) 2019]
Mother Teresa passed away on 5 December 1997. People all over the world mourned her passing because she
was such an enormous inspiration. Even after her death, there are people everywhere continuing the work that
Mother Teresa had started years ago.
Mother Teresa was born in Albania in 1910.Her real name was Agnes. From a young age, her parents taught
her and her siblings the importance of being charitable. Her mother taught her by example, often welcoming
the poor or sick into their house or going out to help them. Mother Teresa was also taught the importance of
religion. As a child, she enjoyed going to church, even joining the choir and learning how to play a musical
instrument called the mandolin.
When Mother Teresa was twelve years old, she had the desire to dedicate her life to serve God. However, being
so young she was not yet sure what to do. After all, most children of her age were only concerned with their
school work and their friend. Thus, Mother Teresa did not act at once. Instead, she waited until she was eighteen
years old to decide that she wanted to be a missionary in India. Before going to India, however, she had to
undergo training first learning about being a nun and learning to speak English. Even after reaching India
in1929, Mother Teresa continued her training. By then she had taken on the name of Teresa.
In India, Mother Teresa had the first glimpse of the poverty of the people around her. She started off as a teacher
and the young children loved her for her kindness and patience. She even took care of those who were sick.
Soon, Mother Teresa felt that she had to do more. What she really wanted to do was to care for the poorest of
the poor, people who were cast aside by society. She understood that to help them, she had to experience their
life. She was willing to sacrifice all that she had to live among them. She ate only rice because that was all the
poor could afford. She even went for medical training so that she would know how to help the sick. All her life,
Mother Teresa helped these people out of love and compassion for them. People still continuing Mother Teresa
are few and far between.
Questions
a) What do you understand by people ‘mourned her passing’? Why are people still continuing Mother Teresa’s
work after her death?
b) In what way did Mother Teresa’s mother teach her death?
c) Referring to paragraph 3 give evidence that Mother Teresa did not know English initially. Give two qualities
of Mother Teresa that made her well-loved.
d) What motivated Mother Teresa to help those who were extremely poor?
e) What did the writer mean when he wrote that people like Mother Teresa are ‘few and far between’ ( last
paragraph).
Solution & Hints
o Question : What do you understand by people ‘mourned her passing’? Why are people still
continuing Mother Teresa’s work after her death?
• Answer : By the words, ‘people mourned her passing’ I understand that people expressed their
great sorrows on her physical demise from this transient world. People, are still
continuing Mother Teresa’s work after her death because her sacrifice for the welfare
of sick and helpless mankind created enormous inspiration for many people in
different parts of the world.
o Question : In what way did Mother Teresa’s mother teach her death?
• Answer : Mother Teresa’s mother taught her the importance of being charitable. For example,
her mother taught her to welcome the poor and sick into their home or going out to
help them. She was also taught the importance of religion.
o Question : Referring to paragraph 3 give evidence that Mother Teresa did not know
English initially. Give two qualities of Mother Teresa that made her well-loved.

Page 14 of 36
 • Answer : In paragraph 3, it has been mentioned that before going to India she had to undergo
training to speak English i.e., she did not know English initially. Two qualities of
mother Teresa that made her well-loved include kindness and patience.
o Question : What motivated Mother Teresa to help those who were extremely poor?
• Answer : The love of young children motivated Mother Teresa to help those who were
extremely poor.
o Question : What did the writer mean when he wrote that people like Mother Teresa are
‘few and far between’ ( last paragraph).
• Answer : The writer by people like Mother Teresa are ‘few and far between meant that people
like her were seldom found in the world because she dedicated her life to serve the
sick, helpless and abandoned people. For that she left her country for India and
experienced a lot of hardship in her life.
Passage-15 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [Officer (cash) 2018]
Once people wore garlic around their necks to ward off diseases. Today most Americans would scoff at the
necks to ward off diseases idea of wearing a necklace of garlic cloves to enhance their wellbeing. However,
you might find a number of Americans willing to ingest capsules of pulverized garlic or other herbal
supplements in the name of health.
Complementary and alternative medicine, which includes a range of practices outside of conventional medicine
such as herbs, homeopathy, massage therapy, yoga and acupuncture, hold h increasing appeal for Americans.
In fact, according to one estimate, 42% of Americans have used alternative therapies. In all age groups the use
of unconventional healthcare practices has steadily increased in the last 30 years, and the trend is likely to
continue, although people born before 1945 are the least likely to turn to these therapies. Why have so many
patients turned to alternative therapies? Many are frustrated by the time constraints of managed care and
alienated by conventional medicine's focus on technology. Others feel that a holistic approach to healthcare
better reflects their beliefs and values. Others seek therapies that relieve symptoms associated with chronic
disease, symptoms that mainstream medicine cannot treat.
Some alternative therapies have even crossed the line into mainstream medicine, as scientific investigation has
confirmed their safety and efficacy. For example, physicians may currently prescribe acupuncture for pain
management or to control the nausea associated with chemotherapy. Additionally, many US medical schools
teach courses in alternative therapies, and many health insurance companies offer some alternative medicine
benefits.
Questions
a) What is the main idea of the passage? Example briefly.
b) According to the passage, which practice would not be defined as alternative medicine?
c) Based on the information given, what kind of person would be least likely to seek out alternative medical
treatment?
d) The passage indicates that alternative treatments are increasingly being used by mainstream medical
professionals because—
e) What is the title of the passage? What do you learn after reading the passage?
Solution & Hints

o Question : What is the main idea of the passage? Example briefly.

• Answer : The main idea of the passage is increasing use of unconventional health-care
practices among Americans over the last few decades and growing popularity of
alternative medicine rather than mainstream medicine.
According to the passage, which practice would not be defined as alternative
o Question : medicine?

Page 15 of 36
 • Answer : According to the passage, practices such as herbs, homeopathy massage therapy,
yoga and acupuncture would not be defined as alternative medicine.

o Question : Based on the information given, what kind of person would be least likely to
seek out alternative medical treatment?

• Answer : Based on the information given, people born before 1945 would be least likely to
seek out alternative medical treatment.

o Question : The passage indicates that alternative treatments are increasingly being used by
mainstream medical professionals because—

• Answer : Alternative treatments are increasingly being used by mainstream medical

professionals because scientific investigation has co their safety and efficacy. In
addition, many US medical schools teach courses in alternative therapies, and many
health insurance companies offer some alternative medicine benefits.

o Question : What is the title of the passage? What do you learn after reading the passage?

• Answer : The title of the passage is growing popularity of alternative medicine. After reading
the passage I learn that because of constraints of mainstream medicine,' and fruitful
healing of using alternative medicine, a large number of people in America have
shown their inclination towards alternative medicine.

Passage-16 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-vi) [Officer (cash) 2018 ]
In some parts of Bangladesh, farmers are using their submerged lands for crop production by adopting scientific
methods which are similar to hydroponic agriculture practices whereby plants can be grown on the water in a
bio-land or floating bed of water hyacinth, algae or other plant residues. Floating gardens (locally known as
Dhap) are age old practice of crop cultivation in the southern floodplains of Bangladesh. The unique hydroponic
production system was developed in the hands of the locals by using their traditional knowledge for agricultural
practice and livelihood. Bio-diverse vegetables and species crops are grown sustainably over the years on
floating substrata made mainly of water hyacinth and other minor aquatic weeds on flooded water. The land
with water is used for production of fish in the open water and crops on the floating beds. Thus, it ensures a
sustainable utilization of agro biodiversity, natural resources and multiple use of the land. Floating agriculture
practices have minimal infrastructures and cost can also be kept low because raw materials for the construction
of floating beds are readily available from local waterways. This gives the opportunity to many people living
in this area to cultivate using this technique. The advantages of floating garden agricultural heritage system are
manifold. The floating beds are made of free, locally abundant materials, especially water hyacinth. This is
considered to be one of the most dangerous invasive species due to its high reproduction speed but in this
particular farming system, this notorious weed is converted to most useful resources. Since crops could absorb
prime nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorous from the floating beds and below water, there is
almost no need for fertilizer input. After collecting water hyacinth, bamboo is laid on a dense layer of water
hyacinth, bamboo is laid on a dense layer of water hyacinth to enable people to stand on it, and more water
hyacinth is piled on top to make compact. The eventual thickness depends on the duration of water logging, for
it must be able to float during that time. To accelerate the process, the previous year's decomposed bed or raft
can be used. Because it allows better control over this plant, some researchers have noted the greater
productivity of floating bed practices compared with traditional land based agriculture.
Questions
a) Describe how the DHAP is considered a type of hydroponic agriculture practice.

Page 16 of 36
b) What are the economic benefits of floating bed agriculture?
c) Why is water hyacinth called notorious weed?
d) How does ago-biodiversity maintain through DHAP?
e) How does the idea 'woe turns into wealth' resemble with this paragraph?
Solution & Hints
o Question : Describe how the DHAP is considered a type of hydroponic agriculture
practice.
• Answer : Floating garden locally known as Dhap is considered a type of hydroponic
agriculture practice because Dhap is almost a scientific method similar to hydroponic
agriculture practice whereby plants can be produced on the water hyacinth, algae or
other plant residues.
o Question : What are the economic benefits of floating bed agriculture?
• Answer : Floating bed agriculture which is practiced in some parts of Bangladesh has a lot of
economic benefits because it requires minimal infrastructure and low cost as raw
materials for the construction of floating beds are readily available from local
waterways.
o Question : Why is water hyacinth called notorious weed?
• Answer : Water hyacinth is called notorious weed because it is one of the most dangerous
invasive species owing to its high reproduction speed.
o Question : How does ago-biodiversity maintain through DHAP?
• Answer : Dhap maintains agro-biodiversity growing bio-diverse vegetables and species of
crops sustainably over the years on floating gar plants are cultivated on the water in
bio-land or floating bed of hyacinth, algae or other plant residues.
o Question : How does the idea 'woe turns into wealth' resemble with this paragraph?
• Answer : Because of high reproduction speed, water hyacinth is regarded as one of the most
dangerous invasive species. But this notorious hyacinth can be used to grow crops.
In this way, the idea into wealth' resembles with this paragraph.

Passage-17 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [Officer 2019]
We can never get people to act morally by providing as interest, because if they accept what we say and act on
the reasons given, they will only be acting self-interestedly, not morally. By s refuting this claim, it would be
stated that the substance of the Lion, what is actually done, is more important than the motive. People might
give money to help those in extreme poverty because their friends will think better of them if they do, or they
might give the same amount because they think it is their duty. Those helped by the gift will benefit to the same
extent either way. This is true but crude. It can be made sophisticated if it is combined with an appropriate
account of the nature and function of ethics. Ethics is a social practice that has evolved among beings living in
social groups, and it promotes way of living that are in the interests of individuals living in groups. Ethical
judgments can do this by practicing encouraging actions in accordance with these values.
Questions
a) What the ethical argument is stated in this passage?
b) Follow the idea stated above and formulate the definition of ethics in your own words.
c) What does the term sophisticated stand for?
d) What is the role of ethical judgments?
e) Give a suitable title for the passage.
Solution & Hints

Page 17 of 36
 o Question : What the ethical argument is stated in this passage?
• Answer : The ethical argument that is given in this passage is that the substance of the action
what is actually done is more important than the motive.
o Question : Follow the idea stated above and formulate the definition of ethics in your own
words.
• Answer : Ethics in my view are set of conducts which distinguish between the right and the
wrong. People living in a group or society practice ethical behavior to promote way
of living and ensure interest of the individuals of that particular group or society.
o Question : What does the term sophisticated stand for?
• Answer : The term sophisticated stands for sharpened, modern, and refined with technology.
In this reading passage, sophisticated refers to effective and fruitful way in using
ethical conduct for benefiting people to a great extent.
o Question : What is the role of ethical judgments?
• Answer : The role of ethical judgement is to bring greater betterment and welfare for the
individuals living in a society as it praises and encourages actions in accordance with
social values.
o Question : Give a suitable title for the passage.
• Answer : A suitable title of this passage is ‘ethics in ensuring greater welfare to a large number
of individuals.

Passage-18 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [BB Officer (General) 2018]
After the striking political theater that unfolded recently at the forbidding border between North and South
Korea, it seems almost mean spirited to cast aspersions on Kim Jong-Un's motives or to be apprehensive about
talks Mr. Kim is expected to have in a few weeks with President Trump. These contacts, after all, stand in stark
contrast to the scary talk of nuclear exchanges of only a few months ago, and meeting face —to-face seems
better than saber rattling. Mr. Kim's meeting with the dovish South Korean President, Moon Jae in, was heady
stuff, minutely choreographed to stir the hopes and longings of a nation bitterly divided for seventy years. Every
scene was suffused with symbolism: the joint steps across the concrete stab that marks the border, which on
member of the Kim dynasty ever breached before; the banter and the hand holding; the had soil heaped on a
tree planted when the Korean War ended in an armistice in 1953; the honor guard in 19 century imperial robes.
The `Panmunjom Declaration' signed by the two leaders was similarly upbeat, promising to rid the Korean
peninsula of nuclear weapons and to finally negotiate a peace treaty.
Questions
a) Which issues made everybody worried about the future of power play continued in Korean peninsula?
b) What does the phrase 'saber rattling' stand for?
c) Find out and account for the symbols available in the passage.
d) What benefit may the World get from 'Panmunjom Declaration'?
e) Write a suitable title for the passage.
Solution & Hints
o Question : Which issues made everybody worried about the future of power play continued
in Korean peninsula?
• Answer : The motive of Kim Jong-Un's, North Korean highest leader, prior to the long
expected meeting with the US President Donald Trump over nuclear exchanges made
everyone worried about the future of power-play continued in Korean peninsula.
o Question : What does the phrase 'saber rattling' stand for?
• Answer : Saber rattling stands for intimidating one country by showing off military power
especially by experimenting nuclear weapons

Page 18 of 36
 o Question : Find out and account for the symbols available in the passage.
• Answer : The symbols found available in the passage include :
i) 'In stark contrast to'
ii) 'Scary talk' means frightening discussion or talking about terrible matter.
o Question : What benefit may the World get from 'Panmunjom Declaration'?
• Answer : Panmunjom Declaration will help bring peace in Korean Peninsula through making
these two ever hostile countries free from nuclear weapons and finding ways to
negotiate peace treaty. If it happens, the world will get rid of the risk of another
nuclear war which may kill millions of people.
o Question : Write a suitable title for the passage.
• Answer : The suitable title of the Passage may be 'A Peace Treaty in Korean Peninsula'.

Passage-19 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [Senior Officer 2018]
agricultural production. Residents of low-lying islands and low flood-prone countries may be dislocated as sea
levels rise and river floods become harder to control. Some skeptics dispute whether the changes are entirely
man-made, but the vast majority of experts believe that one of the major causes of climate change is the burning
of fossil fuels, which are the primary energy source for modern societies. The resulting gases —carbon dioxide,
methane, fluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide among others — are released into the atmosphere. There, these gases
combine with water vapor and prevent the sun's infrared rays from radiating back into space. The trapped solar
radiation contributes to increased air temperature. In this way gases function much as do the glass panes of a
green-house. Newly released gases will remain in the atmosphere for thirty to a hundred years; since greenhouse
gas emissions continue to rise, their buildup in the atmosphere is expected to increase over time. Automobile
exhaust, along with industrial power plants and agricultural operations, produce most of the gases that lead to
climate change. Deforestation also contributes to the warming because there are fewer trees and other plant life
to absorb carbon dioxide before it reaches the atmosphere.
Questions
a) Give a suitable title for the passage.
b) Explain the term 'environmental refugee'.
c) Why do many professionals disagree with some skeptics?
d) What are the consequences of emitting detrimental rays?
e) How does forestation contribute in decreasing the global warming?
Solution & Hints
o Question : Give a suitable title for the passage.
• Answer : A suitable title for the passage should be 'Causes and consequence of ever increasing
climate change.'
o Question : Explain the term 'environmental refugee'.
• Answer : Environmental refugees are those who become refugees because of the consequence
of degradation of various elements of environment such as rising tides, storm
damage, changes in agricultural production, rising sea levels and uncontrolled flood.
o Question : Why do many professionals disagree with some skeptics?
• Answer : Many professionals disagree with some skeptics over the reasons of climate change.
Some skeptics do not agree that the changes are fully man made but many
professions firmly believe that one of the major causes of climate change is man
made especially burning fossil fuels as a primary source of energy by modern people.
o Question : What are the consequences of emitting detrimental rays?

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 • Answer : The consequences of emitting detrimental rays include increasing the air temperature
which is responsible for making the planet warmer with the passage of time.
o Question : How does forestation contribute in decreasing the global warming?
• Answer : Forestation means more and more plants which absorb greater amount of carbon
dioxide before it reaches the atmosphere. As a result, trees contribute in decreasing
the global warming.

Passage-20 Read the passage and answer the questions (1-4) [JB Executive officer 2017]
History with its flickering lamp stumbles along the trail of the past and kindles with pale gleams the passions
of the former days. What is the worth of all this? The only guide to a man is his conscience; the only shield to
his memory is the rectitude and sincerity of his actions. It is very imprudent to walk through life without this
shield, because we are so often mocked at by the failure of our hopes and upsetting of our calculations; but with
this shield, however the fates may play, we march always in the ranks of honour.
Questions
1) What would be the best meaning of the word 'conscience' in the given context?
2) What would be the appropriate replacement of the word `however' in the expression however the facts may
play?
3) How are rectitude and sincerity of our action help us ultimately, according to the author?
4) From which category of the eminent person's speech the extract is taken: religious preacher / businessman /
teacher / politician?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What would be the best meaning of the word 'conscience' in the given context?
• Answer : The best meaning of the word 'conscience' in the given context is own reasoning and
judgment over the incidents that people come across in their everyday life.
o Question : What would be the appropriate replacement of the word `however' in the
expression however the facts may play?
• Answer : Appropriate replacement of the word 'however' in the expression however fates may
play is nevertheless.
o Question : How are rectitude and sincerity of our action help us ultimately, according to
the author?
• Answer : According to the author, rectitude and sincerity of our actions are such unique
features that help us reach the pinnacle of honour smiling away the initial failure of
our lives.
o Question : From which category of the eminent person's speech the extract is taken:
religious preacher / businessman / teacher / politician?
• Answer : The extract is taken from Sir Winston Churchill — a politician.

Passage-21 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-vi) [B B (OG) 2015 ]
Advertising helps people recognize a particular brand, persuades them to try it, and tries to keep them loyal to
it. Brand loyalty is perhaps the most important goal of consumer advertising whether they produce cars, canned
foods or cosmetics. Manufacturers want their customers to make repeated purchases. The quality of the product
will
5 encourage this, of course, but so, too, will effective advertising. Advertising relies on the techniques of market
research to identify potential users of a product. Are they home makers or professional people? Are they young
or old? Are they city dwellers or country dwellers? Such questions have a bearing on where and when ads
should be placed. By studying readership breakdowns for newspapers and magazines as

Page 20 of 36
10 well as television ratings and other statistics, an advertising agency can decide on the best way of reaching
potential buyers. Detailed research and marketing expertise are essential today when advertising budgets can
run into thousands of millions of taka.
Advertising is a fast paced, high pressure industry. There is a constant need for creative ideas that will establish
a personality for product in the public's mind. Current
15 development in advertising increase the need for talented workers.
In the past, the majority of advertising was aimed at the traditional family bread winner— father, non-working
mother, and two children. Research now reveals that only about 5%-6% of households fit this stereotype.
Instead, society is fragmented into many groups, with working mother single people and older people on the
rise. To be most successful,
20 advertising must identify a particular segment and aim its message toward that group.
Advertising is also making use of new technologies. Computer graphics are used to grab the
22 attention of consumers and to help them see products in a new light. The use of computer graphics in
commercial advertisement for canned goods, for instance, gave a new image to the tin can.
Questions
a) What does the passage mainly discuss?
b) The word "this" in line 5 refers to what?
c) Which characteristics of the probable users should be looked upon by the advertising agency to reach
them?
d) What is the meaning of the phrase "in a new light" used in line 22?
e) What is the new development in advertising as mentioned in the passage?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What does the passage mainly discuss?
• Answer : The passage mainly discusses the objectives of advertisement, research technique to
make advertisement effective, role of advertising agency to draw the attention of the
potential buyers through creative advertisement, recent change in advertisement
sector and the use of modern technology in advertising.
o Question : The word "this" in line 5 refers to what?
• Answer : In line 5, the word "this" refers to 'repeated purchases' that is mentioned in the just
previous sentence.
o Question : Which characteristics of the probable users should be looked upon by the
advertising agency to reach them?
• Answer : The characteristics of the probable user upon by the advertising agency are the
professions, age and living place of the buyers.
o Question : What is the meaning of the phrase "in a new light" used in line 22?
• Answer : In line 22, phrase' in a new light means new dimension with color and shape.
o Question : What is the new development in advertising as mentioned in the passage?
• Answer : According to the passage, the new development means more on creative ideas for
advertisement, identification of particular segments of the potential buyers, the use
of new technologies especially graphics and so on.

Passage-22 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [BB AD (G) — 2014]
It is not enough to define 'democracy' by words alone: it must he defined by its methods. And it is certainly one
of the methods of democracy to accept, as final, the decision of the majority on the various issues that arise.
But this is not the whole method of democracy. Democracy is being confused with majority rule as a result of
concentrating on what is only a part of these methods. What we call the coming of democracy has been the

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progressive extension Ttohevery person of the right to choose a representative in parliament. The very name of
parliament from the old French parle-le-mc _ -nt, or debate `speak the mind' and the method of l. method of
participate in • c and dialogue. Spokesmen of is the at the end; but what comes at the end i metho minorities,
in this dialogue just parliament or majority The vote comes at en of the just as freely as spokesm d is notHow
to Learn Written English 495 cessarily what lies at the heart of the system. The debate is more portant than the
decision. For, it is the debate that makes it ssible for opinions to be formulated and exchanged. The debate ables
representatives of different points of view to persuade one other of the merits of their case. In this process the
minority articipates on equal terms.
Questions
a) The best title for the passage will be-
b) The word "House" in the passage means-
c) The passage suggests that-
d) The word "progressive" in the passage means-
e) What is meant by 'majority rule' in the passage?
Solution & Hints
o Question : The best title for the passage will be-
• Answer : Democratic system in true sense of the term.
o Question : The word "House" in the passage means-
• Answer : Parliament or Legislative Body of the state.
o Question : The passage suggests that-
• Answer : Democracy allows both the majority and the minority to raise voice and share
opinions equally.
o Question : The word "progressive" in the passage means-
• Answer : The word progressive in the passage means advancing.
o Question : What is meant by 'majority rule' in the passage?
• Answer : A system in which power is held and exercised by the largest number of members.

Passage-23 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [BB AD-2013]
The debate over environment development relationship is not new. However, for the last few decades, this
relationship has become extremely crucial for reasons that we, each and every citizen of the globe, and
particularly of Bangladesh experience each day. The path of development engineering of the developing
countries after decolonization started with growth based trickle down ideas.
Then came growth with equity followed by basic needs approach and participatory development. Subsequently
sustainable development which embodies all these previous strategies, with only one new element added i.e.
environment sustainability, came in the mid 1980s. This developmental tool developed a consensus based on
three dimensions—economic, social and environmental.
How has environmental sustainability affected globalization? Human-induced climate change is universally
agreed to be the Red Light of global unsustainability. The glaring contradiction is that while the industrial
countries press for adopting newer market mechanisms for emissions reduction, they do not commit to binding
reductions. In 2012, global greenhouse gas emissions witnessed a 40% rise instead of the set target of 5.2%
average reduction in industrial countries under Keoto protocol. On the other hand, the LDCs have been
condemned to double exposure to run away globalization and climate change, making them 'double losers'. For
example: Bangladeshi garment products end up paying 4-5 more tariff to enter the US market than other
industrial countries, top of this, the imposed burden of climate change is pulling us decades back.
With a population half of the US, but 65 times smaller in territory, Bangladesh, is regarded as a development
paradox, with its average, of 6% growth a year during the last few years. Bangladesh is regarded as a test-case

Page 22 of 36
of sustainable development, given its socio- economic and physical-geographical parameters. The question is:
How can countries like Bangladesh develop sustainably under this model of globalization?
Questions
a) What would be an appropriate title for the above passage?
b) What path has the developing economies travelled during their development process after decolonization?
c) What makes sustainable development a unique developmental tool?
d) What makes Bangladesh a 'double loser' according to this passage?
e) Why is the example of Bangladesh termed as a 'development paradox'?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What would be an appropriate title for the above passage?
• Answer : The appropriate title for the passage would be "The effects of environment on
sustainable development".
o Question : What path has the developing economies travelled during their development
process after decolonization?
• Answer : During development process after decolonization, the developing countries have
started with growth based trickle down ideas followed by two approaches basic needs
approach and participatory development.
o Question : What makes sustainable development a unique developmental tool?
• Answer : A consensus which is based on three dimensions-economic, social and
environmental makes sustainable development a unique tool.
o Question : What makes Bangladesh a 'double loser' according to this passage?
• Answer : According to the passage two aspects globalization and climate change make
Bangladesh double losers.
o Question : Why is the example of Bangladesh termed as a 'development paradox'?
• Answer : Bangladesh has maintained 6% annual growth over the last few years in spite of
having huge population in a small territory. That is why the example of Bangladesh
is termed as a development paradox.

Passage-24 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [BB AD- 2012]
The urban population in Bangladesh is increasing rapidly. In the last decade, the number of people living in the
country's capital Dhaka almost doubled from 5.3 to 9.3 million. This development has led to an increase in the
demand for relatively inexpensive and ready to eat foods as many urban residents spend most of the day outside
of the house and have little time and money to spend on food. Rapid urbanization also turned street food vending
into an important business; in Dhaka alone, around 2,00,000 people earn their living by selling street foods. In
Bangladesh, street foods include cholaboot, dalpuri and samucha as well as drinks like sugarcane juice and
lassi. Other popular snacks are ghugoni singara and different types of cakes. Recent evidence suggests that
street foods in Bangladesh are highly contaminated with germs that can cause diseases and illness such as
typhoid, fever, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, dysentery and related infections. Contamination is the result of a
combination of factors, including the unhygienic environment in which the foods are prepared and stored and
improper handling and preparation practices. Vendors generally prepare food with their bare hands, passing on
germs to what they have on offer. The water used to prepare foods and to clean cooking and eating utensils and
sometimes even the swab cloths used for drying are another source of contamination. Finally, since foods are
often stored and sold on open trays, germs from waste collected on the streets are easily transmitted.
Several measures could address the food safety concerns of the street food sector in Bangladesh. The
Government should formulate realistic laws, rules and regulations on street food vending, establish adequate
infrastructural facilities and develop plans of action for Implementation of street food vending. But rules and

Page 23 of 36
regulation alone are not enough. Food safety and quality control measures need to be strengthened for example
through regular inspections adulteration can largely be reduced: There is also a need to train street food vendors
on proper food handling, preparation, protective display and safe storage. Enhancing public awareness and
media advocacy on the safety and nutritional aspects of street foods would also be an important complement
to such measures.
Questions
a) What is the main message of the above paragraph?
b) Describe the street food industry of Bangladesh highlighting at least three features.
c) What are the main sources of street food contamination in Bangladesh?
d) What type of diseases and illnesses are associated with street food contamination in Bangladesh?
e) What measures can be adopted to improve the hygiene of street food industry?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What is the main message of the above paragraph?
• Answer : The main message of the above paragraph is how safety and quality of food sold in
the street of urban areas can be ensured.
o Question : Describe the street food industry of Bangladesh highlighting at least three
features.
• Answer : Three features of street food industry of Bangladesh are as follows-
(i) Street food industry is the main source of livelihood of around 2,00,000 people in
Dhaka alone.
(ii) These foods are mainly inexpensive and ready to eat.
(iii) These foods are also highly contaminated with germs.
o Question : What are the main sources of street food contamination in Bangladesh?
• Answer : Main sources of street food contamination in Bangladesh are the bare hands of the
vendors preparing foods, impure water used in preparing food, swab clothes used in
for drying foods and open trays which are used to store and sell food.
o Question : What type of diseases and illnesses are associated with street food
contamination in Bangladesh?
• Answer : Diseases and illness such as typhoid, fever, hepatitis, gastroenteritis, dysentery and
related infections are associated with street food contamination in Bangladesh.
o Question : What measures can be adopted to improve the hygiene of street food industry?
• Answer : Formulating realistic laws, rules and regulations, establishing adequate infrastructure
facilities, developing plans of actions for implementation of street food vending,
strengthening safety and quality control measures, enhancing public awareness and
so on can be adopted to improve hygiene of street food industry.

Passage-25 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [BB AD -2010]
In complete defiance of the court order and notices served by the Department of Environment (DoE) to install
Effluent Treatment plants (ETPs) most of the industries falling under the severe and heavy polluter categories,
have been found to release their effluents in the rivers, canals and marshy lands surrounding the capital. And
surprisingly, though some of the industries have complied with the order to install ETPs they are also defaulting
on their uses. The reason that they have not been using their ETPs, according to reports, is that it adds to the
cost of their products. Their fear, if they use ETPs, they would lose out to the non-user rivals in terms of
production costs. This is undoubtedly a logic to reckon with so long as the defaulters on the court and DoE
orders are able to get away with their defiance.
In fact, without a proper implementation mechanism, the court order remained largely ignored. And seeing that
a large number of industries in the red category have ignored the DoE notices. There is reason to believe that
the government needs to further strengthen its enforcement mechanism to ensure that the polluters are

Page 24 of 36
compelled to abide by the orders. Moreover, those going by the government order can also expect that their
compliance is paying dividends in the long run, especially in comparison with the non-compliant ones. The
government also needs to look into the realities why large number of the polluters are becoming non-compliant.
On this source, the Bangladesh Knitwear Manufacturers and Exporters Industry Association (BKMEA)
president's explanation of the non-compliance by some polluters is worth attention. The authorities need to
discuss the issue with these industries especially about the `master plan' the President of BKMEA has talked
about. But once a solution is reached, the government should no more entertain any further excuse from the
industries concerned regarding meeting the dead line. The Monitoring and Enforcement unit of the DoE needs
more implementation muscle to force the toxic effluent producing industries to comply with its orders and then
install and operate the ETPs. The proper enforcement of the Environment Conservation Act should not be
looked upon merely as a concern to protect only environment, but it should also be treated as a credibility
challenge before the government.
Questions
a) What is the best title of the passage?
b) What is the main objective of the passage?
c) According to the passage, what is the institutional lacking of the government which is largely responsible for
non-compliance of court order?
d) What are the effects of compliance to install and use of ETPs?
e) According to the passage, what is the appropriate way to ensure compliance by the industries to install and
use of ETPs?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What is the best title of the passage?
• Answer : The title of the passage is "Installation of ETPs for the protection of environment".
o Question : What is the main objective of the passage?
• Answer : The main objective of the passage is installation of ETPs complying court order for
the protection of the environment.
o Question : According to the passage, what is the institutional lacking of the government
which is largely responsible for non-compliance of court order?
• Answer : Department of environment (DoE) lacks adequate manpower for monitoring and
enforcement of installation of ETPs and this is the institutional lacking of the
government which is largely responsible for non-compliance of court order.
o Question : What are the effects of compliance to install and use of ETPs?
• Answer : The effects of compliance to install and use of ETPs is receiving dividends in the
long run and protection of environment is another effect of it.
o Question : According to the passage, what is the appropriate way to ensure compliance by
the industries to install and use of ETPs?
• Answer : The ways to ensure compliance are reaching consensus by the government and
business leaders regarding installation and use of ETPs paying dividends to the users
and fining to the non-users, strengthening monitoring and regulation by Department
of Environment (DoE).

Passage-26 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-v) [BB AD-2009]
The Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) approach, initiated by the IMF and the World Bank in 1999,
results in a comprehensive country based strategy for poverty reduction. The introduction of PRSPs was a
recognition by the IMF and the World Bank of the importance of ownership as well as the need for a greater
focus on poverty reduction. PRSPs aim is to provide the crucial link between national publications, donor
support and the development outcomes needed to meet the united Nation's Millennium Development Goals

Page 25 of 36
(MDGs), which are centered on halving poverty between 1990 and 2015. PRSPs help guide Fund and Bank
concessional lending as well as debt relief under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC). -.rie principles
underlie the PRSP approach. These are: (1) How to Learn Written English 501 country driven, promoting
national ownership of strategies through broad based participation of civil society; (ii) result oriented and
focused on outcomes that will benefit the poor; (iii) comprehensive in recognizing. the multidimensional nature
of poverty; (iv) partnership oriented, involving coordinated participation of development partners (government,
domestic stakeholders and external donors); and (v) based on a long-term perspective for poverty reduction.
Key messages from reviews of past PRSPs include: the importance of country ownership; realism, flexibility
and better prioritization in setting goals and targets; and more open discussion of alternative policy choices.
The need for donors to enhance the overall effectiveness of aid by better aligning their support around the
priorities articulated in the PRSP, and by harmonizing and simplifying their policies and practices was also
highlighted. The latest in-depth assessment conducted jointly by IMF and World Bank staff further emphasized
the role PRSPs can play in balancing the different tensions inherent in the formulation of national development
strategies, notably between realism and ambition, and between domestic accountability closely related to
ownership and external accountability vis-a-vis donors and other development partners. The IMF's 2007 review
clarified the parameters of Fund staffs involvement in the PRSP process, emphasizing that IMF support should
be focused on policy advice and technical support in the design of appropriate macroeconomic frameworks and
macro economically critical structural reforms.
Questions
i) What are the main objectives of PRSP?
ii) Discuss the core principles of PRSP?
iii) What are the major lessons for the donors from the review of past PRSP?
iv) What should be the areas of IMF's involvement in the PRSP process?
v) How can PRSP reduce poverty?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What are the main objectives of PRSP?
• Answer : The main objectives of PRSP are providing the crucial link between national
publications, donor support and development outcomes needed to meet the United
Nation's Millennium Development Goals targeting to reduce poverty to half between
1990 and 2015.
o Question : Discuss the core principles of PRSP?
• Answer : Core Principles of PRSR are—
(a) country driven, promoting national ownership of strategies through broad based
participation of civil society;
(b) result oriented and focused outcomes that will benefit the poor;
(c) comprehensive in recognizing multidimensional nature of poverty;
(d) partnership oriented, involving coordinated participation of development
partners;
(e) based on a long term perspective for poverty reduction.
o Question : What are the major lessons for the donors from the review of past PRSP?
• Answer : The major lessons for the Donors from the review of past PRSP include the
importance of country ownership; realism, flexibility and better prioritization in
setting goals and targets and more open discussion of alternative policy choices.
o Question : What should be the areas of IMF's involvement in the PRSP process?
• Answer : The areas of IMF's involvement in the PRSP process should be limited to policy
advice and technical support in the design of appropriate macro-economic
frameworks and macro economically critical structural reforms.
o Question : How can PRSP reduce poverty?

Page 26 of 36
 • Answer : PRSP can reduce poverty by guiding Bank for concessional lending and ensuring
debt relief for the heavily indebted poor countries.

Passage-27 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-e) [BB AD -2008]
The theoretical links between openness and growth are strong. First, the presence of an import duty or
restriction creates an anti export bias raising the price of importable goods relative to exportable goods.
Removal of this bias through trade liberalization will encourage a shift of resources from the production of
import substitutes to the production of exports, which will generate growth in the short to medium run as the
country adjusts to a new allocation of resources more in keeping with its comparative advantage.
Furthermore, the traditional Heckscher-Ohlin theory of trade states that under certain assumptions, countries
will export the goods that make intensive use of their most abundant factor. Thus, if developing countries are
characterized as labour-abundant and developed countries as capital-abundant, then trade liberalization should
encourage a shift of resources towards the production of labour intensive exports by developing countries. This
in turn should increase the demand for labour, generate growth and reduce poverty. The theoretical models of
'endogenous growth' have been constructed suggest that openness is positively associated with growth. Such
models suggest that openness spurs growth through numerous channels, including: (i) embodiment of
technology, (ii) availability of inputs (iii) associated technical assistances and learning; and (iv) reduction of
networking costs.
Numerous empirical studies have examined the relationship between different measures of openness and
economic growth. Typically these studies construct a measure of the openness of trade policy and then see if it
is statistically related to growth across a large number of countries. Over the 1990s, there was a growing
conviction that openness was good for growth due to the results of some visible and well promoted cross
country studies, all of which found strong positive association between openness and growth later on; however,
these studies have been strongly criticized, among other things, on the ground that the measures of openness
used in these papers are flawed and weak econometrics. This adds to earlier concerns that the results are
dependent on the chosen measure of openness and the specification used.
Questions
a) What is the main focus of the above paragraph?
b) How can trade liberalization reduce poverty?
c) In what ways trade liberalization spurs growth?
d) What are the major drawbacks of the empirical studies on "openness and growth"?
e) Did the empirical studies conclude that trade liberalization promotes growth?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What is the main focus of the above paragraph?
• Answer : The main focus of the above paragraph is the relationship between different measures
of openness and economic growth.
o Question : How can trade liberalization reduce poverty?
• Answer : Trade liberalization can reduce poverty by increasing the demand of labour through
a shift of resources towards the production of labour intensive exports by developing
countries.
o Question : In what ways trade liberalization spurs growth?
• Answer : Trade liberalization spurs growth through numerous channels. These are –
(i) embodiment of technology
(ii) availability of inputs,
(iii) associated technical assistance and learning;
(iv) reduction of networking cost
o Question : What are the major drawbacks of the empirical studies on "openness and
growth"?

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 • Answer : The main drawbacks of the empirical studies on "openness and flawed and weak
econometrics used in these papers.
o Question : Did the empirical studies conclude that trade liberalization promotes growth?
• Answer : The empirical studies concluded that the growth through trade 504 liberalization is
dependent on the chosen measure of openness and the specification used.

Passage-28 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-vi) [BB AD -2006]
For obvious reason, the globalization debate is long and unending. As we focus on the gendered impact of
globalization on women of Bangladesh, we find that the socially manufactured roles of women in the society
have served to enhance the interest of men at the expense of women. Branches of study that focuses on women,
said to have started in 1970s, have served a very useful purpose in unearthing the inequalities that women face
in societies. But the advancement of information technology has helped women spread their campaign globally.
This is undeniably one of the positive attributes of globalization that stresses on bridging the digital divide and
bringing everyone together under a global village. However, at the same time, the growth of technology enabled
services such as picture message on cell phones and tomography on the internet has amplified sexual assaults
on women and 'gendered' people. Although Bangladesh still languishes at the technological backyard or Asia,
these vices are already starting to tell on the society, especially on women and children. Clearly, more needs to
be done to bring about changes in gender power relations. It would take long to achieve a semblances of equality
between men and women, but charge of attitude should start at some point sooner the better.
Questions
a) Why do women in Bangladesh face the problem of inequality?
b) What impact does technology have on women power?
c) What should be appropriate title of the passage? Justify.
d) What ought to be done to improve the status of women in Bangladesh?
e) What is the position of Bangladesh in technology?
Solution & Hints
o Question : Why do women in Bangladesh face the problem of inequality?
• Answer : The women in Bangladesh face the problem of inequality because of societal roles
that made for women but go in favour of men.
o Question : What impact does technology have on women power?
• Answer : Technology has both positive and negative impact on women power. Advancement
of technology has enabled women to spread their campaigns worldwide. At the same
time, the growth of technology has made an easy access to picture message and
pornography which make women vulnerable to sexual assaults.
o Question : What should be appropriate title of the passage? Justify.
• Answer : The appropriate title of the passage should be "The impact of globalization on
women of Bangladesh." This title is justified because the passage deals in the effect
of globalization on the women of Bangladesh.
o Question : What ought to be done to improve the status of women in Bangladesh?
• Answer : To improve the status of women in Bangladesh some other steps ought to be done to
bring about changes in gender power relations and change in attitude should also be
made.
o Question : What is the position of Bangladesh in technology?
• Answer : Bangladesh is still languishes in case of technology in Asia and a lot needs to be done
to bring about changes in gender power relations.
Passage-29 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-c) [AB Bank Officer – 2015]

Page 28 of 36
The unit by which the loudness of sound is measured is called a decibel. According to the UN the normal
tolerable and pleasant level is simply called sound. But when it is sharp and harsh to the ears it becomes noise.
Serious harm can be caused to people if they are regularly exposed to sounds exceeding 70 decibels. Because
of the growth of urban population and the increasing use of machine in our everyday life there has been .a
general increased in the level of sound around us. On an average people in the cities are exposed to sounds
ranging from 30 to 90 decibels or even more. A study in Japan has found that housewives who live in the city
were exposed to almost the same amount of sound that a factory worker was exposed to at his or her workplace.
The occupations that the study found to be the noisiest were factory work, truck driving and primary school
teaching. Many developed countries are trying to control sound pollution by careful town planning and
developing public awareness. In Holland schools are not allowed near airports and houses which are situated
near airports are provided with special types of insulation to limit the sound heard inside the buildings.
Questions
a) What is a decibel and what is it used for?
b) When does sound become a noise and what is the threshold in decibel?
c) How does Holland control sound near airports and what is its policy regarding locating primary schools?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What is a decibel and what is it used for?
• Answer : Decibel is a logarithmic unit of describing a ratio of two values of a physical quantity.
It is usually used for measuring the loudness of sound.
o Question : When does sound become a noise and what is the threshold in decibel?
• Answer : Sound becomes noise when it is sharp and harsh to the ears. The threshold of it is the
sound that is more than 40 decibel.
o Question : How does Holland control sound near airports and what is its policy regarding
locating primary schools?
• Answer : Holland controls sound near airports by providing special types of insulation to limit
the sound heard inside the building. It's policy is not permitting primary schools to
be set up near airports.

Passage-30 Read the passage and answer the questions (a-c) [AB Bank Officer – 2015 ]
In Bangladesh the retirement age for government employees in 59 years, for university teachers 65 years and
for Supreme Court Judges 67 years. But this does not mean that after this age people suddenly become useless
and unfit to work. These people are an asset to society with knowledge that only experience can bring. In the
developed countries social security is provided by the government in the form of post-retirement and old age
benefits, so that these people get free medical facilities and can also be economically independent. In
Bangladesh, government employees are granted a pension and there are a few facilities at the government
hospitals for the old but these are hardly enough. Besides, the majority of our female population does not belong
to the working class. They are housewives and are not eligible for any pension. According to the National
Bureau of Statistics, about 6% of the population of Bangladesh is aged people which came to about 13.3 Million
people in 2000. This includes male and female elderly people both from the villages and towns. These people
have served their nation and their families through the years. In their old age, it is their right to expect service
in return. Their physical health have started deteriorating and they need as much care and consideration as
possible. The government still does not have any system to meet the health and economic needs of this large
population.
Questions
a) What are the different retirement ages in Bangladesh?
b) Why are retired persons considered as assets?
c) What is the number of elderly people in Bangladesh and who do they include?
Solution & Hints

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 o Question : What are the different retirement ages in Bangladesh?
• Answer : There are different retirement ages for various professionals in Bangladesh. The
retirement age for the government employees is 59 years; the same for the university
teachers and supreme court judges are 65 and 67 respectively.
o Question : Why are retired persons considered as assets?
• Answer : Retired persons are considered as assets because they have experienced based
knowledge which is highly essential to make things happen.
o Question : What is the number of elderly people in Bangladesh and who do they include?
• Answer : The number of elderly people, according to the National Bureau of Statistics, is 13.3
million in 2000. This includes male and female elderly people both from the villages
and town.

Passage-31 Read the passage and answer the questions (1-5) [Bank Asia MTO– 2015]
The consequences of global warming can no longer be ignored. Islands are sinking into the sea. The entire
world knows the disaster to be caused by global warming. As the sea level continues to rise, many countries
including Bangladesh face the prospect of partially or full disappearing into the sea. The prospect of Bangladesh
losing 20 percent of its land would spell disaster for at least 20 percent of its over 150 million people. At least
twenty percent of the earth's long space is similarly threatened by global warming. The consequences for the
countries to be submerged by the sea partially or fully would be disastrous. Global warming would not spare
even some of the cities of relatively more developed countries. Among them, Bangkok, Manila and Jakarta also
face grim prospects.
Climate change, no doubt, calls for a collective response from the international community. Experts have called
for a drastic reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from the burning of fossil fuel. But there has been less of
action and more of lip-service so far. The United States is responsible for approximately one-fourth of world's
carbon dioxide emission.
In the twentieth century, global warming doubled from 0.4 degree to 0.8. But the temperature would rise
sharply, unless checked, in the coming year. By 2100, the sea level is expected to rise by 60 centimeters. In the
worst-case scenario, however, the sea could rise by 3.5 meters due to the melting of ice caps in the Artie and
Antarctic. Global warming is causing droughts in many parts of the earth. A change in rainfall patterns has
become a matter of worry across the world. Global warming is also adversely affecting agriculture.
Questions
1. What was the rate of increase in global warming in the last century?
2. What is main cause of global warming as inferred from the passage?
3. What should be the most appropriate title of the above passage?
4. What is the meaning of the word 'lip-service' in the second paragraph of the passage?
5. What is the critical message of the passage?
Solution & Hints
o Question : What was the rate of increase in global warming in the last century?

• Answer : 100%

o Question : What is main cause of global warming as inferred from the passage?

• Answer : Emission of Carbon di oxide

o Question : What should be the most appropriate title of the above passage?

• Answer : Consequences of Global Warming

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 o Question : What is the meaning of the word 'lip-service' in the second paragraph of the
passage?

• Answer : A promise not followed by actions

o Question : What is the critical message of the passage?

• Answer : Global warming is changing the patterns of rainfall in many parts of the earth.

Passage-32 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-vi) [A1-Arafah Islami Bank
Ltd. (MTO-2013)]
Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of various forms of communication. Generally,
this expression of thoughts and feeling has been in the form of oral speech. When there is a language barrier,
communication is accomplished through sign language in which motions stand for litters, words and ideas.
Tourists, the deaf, and the mute have had to resort this t„ this of expression. Many of these symbols of whole
words are very picturesque and exact and can be used internationally; spelling, however, cannot.
Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions, either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink
can be a way of flirting's or indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, while shaking the
head indicates a negative reacting.
Other forms of nonlinguistic language can be found in Braille (a system of raised dots read with the fingertips),
single flags, Morse code, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also guide, warn and instruct people.
While verbalization is the most common form of language, other systems and techniques also express human
thoughts and feeling.
Questions
1. Which of the following best summarizes this passage?
2. Which form other than oral speech would be most commonly used among blind people?
3. How many different forms of communication are mentioned here?
Solution & Hints
o Question : Which of the following best summarizes this passage?

• Answer : When language is a barrier, people will find other forms of communication.

o Question : Which form other than oral speech would be most commonly used among blind
people?

• Answer : Braille

o Question : How many different forms of communication are mentioned here?

• Answer : 9

Excercise-1
Passage-33 Read the passage and answer the questions (i-iv) [09 Bank Officer(General)]
Peace within the country and between nations have always been of great importance. Peace and order are to
secure national and international progress and development. Global economics are coming closer today due to
faster means of transport and communication. Economically, economies are becoming increasingly inter-
dependent. If peace is disturbed in one part of the world, it has adverse effect in other parts of the world as well.
If the conflicts between different nations are not settle in time, they might culminate in a nuclear war destroying
the whole world. It is, therefore, in our own interest that the world is free of conflicts. A country needs the help

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 and co-operation of other countries for its scientific, industrial and economic development, especially in those
fields where a nation is yet to achieve self-sufficiency. A nation should be keen on maintaining friendly relations
with other countries. Such friendly relations foster international understanding. All nations should participate
in the international conferences on issues like energy crisis, environmental imbalance, nuclear arms race, etc.
A nation should always offer a helping hand to other nations affected by natural calamities such as famines,
earthquakes, floods and so on.
Questions
i. What would be the outcome if conflicts between nations cannot be settled?
ii. What kind of supports a country may need from other countries?
iii. What kind of support a friendly country should offer to other countries?
iv. What is your key lesson from the texts?
Solution & Hints
Write Your Answer & Mark Yourself
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Passage Solving-30
• নে হযান্ড রাইনেিং েেো করর্ি হর্ে। নরনডিং রাইনেিং নি োড়ার্ি হর্ে। পযার্সজ উত্তর িা টদর্েই সল্ভ করর্ি পারর্ছি
নক িা? আপিার ক ি ে র্ছ নক িা? এো এিনশওর করর্ি হর্ে।
Argument Practice
Janata RC Written
❖ “Should everyone get the internet for free?” [***]
There is an enormous scope of debate on the mentioned topic. The debate over whether everyone should have free access
to the internet is complex and multifaceted, encompassing social, economic, and ethical considerations. Intellectuals,
economists and even common people get divided while giving one sided comment on the topic. In the following
paragraph, I am writing in favor of and in against of the argument as an independent observer. And lastly, I will
provide my opinion prudently based on today’s discussions and present global situations.
Firstly, the internet is a vital resource for information, education, and knowledge sharing. Providing free internet access
ensures that everyone, regardless of their socioeconomic status, can access educational materials, government services, and
critical information.
Secondly, in today’s digital economy, internet access is essential for job searching, remote work, and entrepreneurship. Free
internet can empower marginalized communities, helping them break the cycle of poverty by providing access to job
opportunities and skills training.
Secondly, free internet can foster innovation and creativity by providing everyone with the tools and resources to create and
share content. This can lead to a more vibrant and diverse cultural landscape.
Moreover, ensuring free internet access can help bridge the digital divide between different socioeconomic groups. This can
lead to greater social equity, as everyone would have equal opportunities to participate in society, from accessing healthcare
to engaging in civic activities.
In contrast, providing free internet to everyone would require significant funding. It raises questions about who would pay
for it and how to sustain the infrastructure. Relying on government funding could divert resources from other essential
services. Besides, there are concerns that if internet access is provided for free, the quality of service may decline. Internet
service providers might not have the same incentive to invest in infrastructure and technology if they cannot charge for access.
Free internet access could lead to increased government control and regulation. Evidently, there may be concerns about
censorship, surveillance, and the potential for governments to dictate what content is available to users. Moreover, introducing

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free internet could disrupt the market, leading to negative consequences for existing providers and potentially stifling
competition. This could result in fewer options for consumers and less innovation in the industry. This might discourage
private investment and innovation in internet services.
In summary, the question of whether everyone should have free access to the internet involves weighing the potential benefits
of universal access against the challenges of funding, quality, and regulation. While the ideal of free internet access aligns
with principles of equity and opportunity, practical considerations must also be addressed to create a sustainable and effective
solution.
In conclusion, after analyzing all the points, in favor of both the views, I like to opine that internet should be free for all
as a fundamental right of human being because providing free internet access for everyone is a necessary step towards ensuring
that everyone has access to the digital economy, education, and communication.

❖ “Social media does more harm than good in terms of mental health and societal cohesion.” [***]
An Argument on
“Social media does more harm than good in terms of mental health and societal cohesion”

উপর্রর িি টসইি ফরর্ির্ে ন ের্ি হর্ে। Mental Health এেিং Societal সাইড হাই াইেস করর্ি হর্ে। সম্পূ রক নকছু িেয টজর্ি নিি।

Impact on Mental Health:

1. Increased Anxiety and Depression:
• Comparative Stress: Social media encourages constant comparison through curated profiles and idealized images
of others' lives. This can lead to feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem, as individuals compare their real lives
to the seemingly perfect lives of others.
• Fear of Missing Out (FOMO): Seeing others engage in exciting or desirable activities can exacerbate feelings of
exclusion and anxiety, as individuals feel they are missing out on experiences or opportunities.
2. Addiction and Digital Dependency:
• Behavioral Addictions: Social media platforms are designed to be addictive, employing features such as infinite
scrolling and push notifications to keep users engaged. This can lead to compulsive usage patterns, which in turn can
disrupt daily life, reduce productivity, and impact mental health.
• Sleep Disruption: Excessive social media use, particularly before bedtime, can interfere with sleep patterns,
contributing to insomnia and other sleep-related issues.
3. Cyberbullying and Harassment:
• Online Abuse: The anonymity and reach of social media can foster environments where cyberbullying and
harassment thrive. This can have severe effects on mental health, including increased stress, anxiety, and depression
among victims.
• Toxic Interactions: Negative interactions and online abuse can lead to feelings of isolation and can exacerbate
existing mental health issues.
Impact on Societal Cohesion:
1. Spread of Misinformation:
• False Information: Social media platforms often facilitate the rapid spread of misinformation and fake news, which
can undermine trust in credible sources and institutions. This misinformation can influence public opinion and
behavior in harmful ways.
• Polarization: The algorithms that drive social media often create echo chambers by promoting content that aligns
with users’ existing beliefs. This can deepen societal divides and contribute to increased polarization.
2. Decreased Face-to-Face Interaction:
• Superficial Connections: While social media enables numerous online interactions, it often replaces deeper, more
meaningful face-to-face relationships with superficial digital connections. This can lead to weakened community
bonds and a reduction in genuine social support.
• Social Isolation: The ease of virtual communication can paradoxically contribute to real-world social isolation, as
individuals may prioritize online interactions over in-person engagement.
3. Erosion of Trust:

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 • Privacy Concerns: The frequent breaches of privacy and data misuse on social media platforms can erode trust
between users and the platforms themselves, as well as between users within social networks.
• Manipulation and Exploitation: The manipulation of user behavior through targeted ads and algorithmic curation
can lead to a sense of being controlled or exploited, further contributing to societal distrust and alienation.

❖ “Social media-isolating or connecting people” [***]

An Argument on
“Social media-isolating or connecting people”
Social media platforms are often described as both connecting and isolating people, creating a paradox that reflects the
complex impact on human interaction. On one hand, social media offers unprecedented opportunities for connectivity and
community building. On the other hand, it can foster isolation and contribute to a sense of disconnection. Thus, the “Duality
of Social Media” creates a scope of enormous amount of debate. Intellectuals, Psychologists and even common people
get divided while giving one sided comment on the topic.
In the following paragraph I am writing in favor of and in against of the argument as an independent observer. And
lastly, I will provide my opinion prudently based on today’s discussions and present situations.
First of all, social media platforms break down geographical barriers, allowing individuals to connect with friends, family,
and colleagues around the world. This global reach fosters relationships that would otherwise be difficult or impossible to
maintain. In addition, these platforms facilitate cultural exchange and understanding by exposing users to diverse
perspectives, experiences, and traditions from different parts of the world which connects people.
Secondly, social media enables people to find and join communities centered around shared interests, hobbies, and causes.
This can create a sense of belonging and provide support networks for those with niche interests or unique experiences.
Thirdly, social media has become a powerful tool for social movements and activism, connecting people who are passionate
about social justice issues and driving collective action for change. Example: Anti-discrimination Students Movement-
2024 where social media was the ‘Lifeline’ of the movement to connect the people.
Moreover, the ability to communicate in real-time through messaging, video calls, and live streaming, group calls enhance
personal and professional interactions. This immediacy can strengthen relationships and facilitate collaboration and
connection.
In contrast, social media interactions often lack depth, as they are typically constrained to brief comments, likes, or shares.
These superficial engagements can replace more meaningful, face-to-face conversations, leading to a sense of disconnection
despite a high volume of online interactions. Secondly, the ease of digital communication can lead to reduced face-to-face
interactions, contributing to feelings of loneliness and isolation. The preference for online engagement can sometimes
overshadow the importance of physical presence and personal touch. Thirdly, the addictive nature of social media can result
in excessive screen time, which may displace time spent on real-world activities and relationships. This can lead to social
withdrawal and a sense of isolation despite being "connected" online. It may also causes ‘Mental Health Implications’ such
as anxiety and depression. It often creates ‘echo chambers’ by showing users content that aligns with their existing views.
This can reinforce biases and limit exposure to diverse perspectives, leading to social polarization and reduced social cohesion.
In summary, social media embodies a paradox of connection and isolation. The dual nature of social media's impact on
connectivity and isolation highlights the need for a balanced approach to its use. While social media offers tools for connection
and community building, it also presents challenges that can lead to isolation.

In conclusion, after analyzing all the points, in favour of both the views, I like to opine that ‘Social Media is connecting
people more than the amount of isolation’

❖ “The Internet Is Doing More Good Than Harm” [***]

An Argument on

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 “The Internet Is Doing More Good Than Harm”
The internet is a powerful tool that has dramatically transformed modern life, providing numerous benefits while also
presenting some challenges. Thus, the “Duality of Internet” creates a scope of debate. Intellectuals, sociologists and even
common people get divided while giving one sided comment on the topic.
In the following paragraph I am writing in favor of and in against of the argument as an independent observer. And
lastly, I will provide my opinion prudently based on today’s discussions and present situations.
First of all, the internet has democratized access to information, providing users with a vast repository of knowledge on
virtually any topic. This has empowered individuals to learn new skills, pursue education, and stay informed about global
events.
Secondly, online platforms offer a wealth of educational resources, including online courses, tutorials, and academic articles.
This has made education more accessible, especially for those in remote or underserved areas by the sake of internet.
Thirdly, the internet enables people to connect with friends, family, and colleagues around the world. This global reach fosters
relationships, supports international collaboration, and helps maintain personal connections regardless of distance. Moreover,
Platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn facilitate professional networking and personal interactions, creating
communities and support networks based on shared interests and experiences.
In addition, the internet has spurred economic growth by enabling e-commerce, digital entrepreneurship, and remote work.
Small businesses and startups can reach global markets, and individuals can find freelance opportunities and remote jobs.
Besides, the rise of the digital economy has led to the creation of new job sectors and opportunities, from tech development
to content creation and digital marketing.
Raise awareness, and drive change on issues ranging from human rights to environmental sustainability has become possible
due to internet. It also enhances transparency and accountability by allowing citizens to report, discuss and criticize issues
related to governance, corruption, and social justice.
In contrast, the internet has introduced significant privacy concerns, with personal data often being collected, stored, and
potentially misused by corporations or malicious actors. Data breaches and identity theft are common threats. The rise of
surveillance technology and data tracking can infringe on personal privacy, with governments and companies potentially
monitoring online activities without individuals' full awareness or consent. Secondly, the addictive nature of social media
platforms can lead to excessive screen time, negatively impacting mental health by contributing to anxiety, depression, and
reduced social well-being. Thirdly, the anonymity of the internet can facilitate harmful behaviors such as cyberbullying and
harassment, which can have severe psychological effects on victims. The internet is rife with misinformation and fake news,
which can spread quickly and mislead the public on important issues. ‘Economic and Social Disparities’ like ‘Digital Divide’
may cause due to internet. Lastly, automation and digitalization can lead to job displacement and economic disruption,
affecting workers in traditional industries who may struggle to adapt to new technological demands.
In summary, the internet is both a powerful tool and a source of significant challenges. It provides unparalleled access to
information, fosters global connectivity, creates economic opportunities, and supports social and political activism. However,
it also introduces risks related to privacy, mental health, misinformation, and economic disparities. By implementing robust
privacy protections, fostering digital literacy, promoting responsible use, and working to bridge the digital divide, society can
maximize the positive impacts of the internet while mitigating its negative consequences.
In conclusion, after analyzing all the points, in favour of both the views, I like to opine that “The Internet Is Doing More
Good Than Harm”

❖ Write Both ‘For’ and ‘Against’ the Motion of the following topic in English: Current Monetary Policy in
Combating High Inflation
There is an enormous amount of debate on the topic of whether the new Monetary Policy will be able to combat the ongoing
High Inflation or not. Intellectuals, noted economists, elites and even common people get divided while giving comments on
the topic. Some people closely related to Bangladesh Bank, the central Bank of Bangladesh and the Government opine that it
will be able enough But some other people argue that it is not possible.

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Firstly, on the surface, the monetary policy appears to be tuned to the need of the hour: bring down inflation and
conserve reserves. But it comes caving down on careful reading.
“There is a question of how the central bank will actually implement this seemingly contractionary monetary policy”
according to most of the reputed economists regarding the ongoing monetary policy.

Secondly, In a break with tradition, it shifted from a quantitative-based monetary policy to an interest-based one as per the
terms agreed with the International Monetary Fund for the $4.7 billion loan.Under the quantitative-based monetary policy, a
central bank increases or decreases the money supply to achieve its inflation target.
Most importantly, Monetary policy mainly affects inflation by the Riksbank raising or cutting the policy rate. The level of
inflation is largely determined by changes in economic activity and developments in the exchange rate when the Riksbank
adjusts the policy rate.
If inflation is lower than the target of 2 per cent, the Riksbank can help boost inflation by cutting the policy rate, which
increases economic activity and contributes to a weaker exchange rate. In the same way, the Riksbank can raise the policy
rate if inflation needs to be subdued.
But the interest-based monetary policy focuses fully on the key interest rates -- repo, reverse repo, and special repo -- to tackle
higher prices.

Accordingly, the central bank increased the rate at which cash-strapped banks take short-term loans by 50 basis points to 6.50
percent.This is the fifth time in a year that the BB has increased this rate, known as the repo rate.The central bank also
increased the rate at which banks keep funds at the BB -- known as the reverse repo -- by 25 basis points to 4.50 percent.Both
the measures can potentially mop up the money supply and hopefully bring down inflation.
According to the most of the noted economists of our country, "The new method for setting interest rates will not bring any
major change to the financial sector,"

Under the new method, the central bank would initially set a monthly reference rate based on the weighted average rate that
would be calculated based on the interest rates of the six-month short-term treasury bill.
The interest rate for consumer finance was 12 percent before. This will be lower under the new system.This means the
disbursement of consumer loans may increase further due to the lower interest rate, which may add inflationary pressure.
Inflation raced to an 11-year high of 9.94 percent in May, pushing up the average to 8.95 percent this fiscal year, way above
the revised target of 7.5 percent.country's foreign exchange market will become stable riding on the monetary policy.Foreign
direct investment will increase and the gap in the financial account will come down in the next fiscal year.
The exact nature of price increases is the subject of much economic debate, but the word inflation narrowly refers to a
monetary phenomenon in this context.

Most Importantly, Monetary policy influences interest rates in the economy– like interest rates for housing loans, business
loans and interest rates on savings accounts. Changes in interest rates influence people's decisions to invest or consume, which
ultimately affects economic growth, employment and inflation. This occurs through a number of channels

In conclusion, overviewing all the opinions which are in favor of and in against of the argument, my opinion is ‘Monetary
Policy is not a Panacea’ it may reduce the inflation slightly but not enough to combat the inflation.

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