ABOUT VARIOUS DRIVING SYSTEM

Created by A. Jana
1. CHAIN DRIVE
Analogous to belt driving system, the tension in tight side is balanced with the force imparted by the teeth of the
driven sprocket plus the tensional force remaining in the slack side of the chain. Like belt drive, where the
tangential force transmitted depends upon the wrapping angle over the driven pulley, for the chain driving, there
are required numbers of teeth to be engaged for transmitting required tangential force. Mathematically, it can be
written as T 1=F+T 0 , where T1 is the tensional force along the driving direction, F is the force imparted by the
engaged teeth of the sprocket opposite to the driving direction and T0 is the tension remained in the slack side. It
is to be mentioned that, the force is transmitted through the center line of the chain. If a sprocket is completely
wrapped with chain, it will be regular polygon, the number of sides of whose will be equal to the number of
360
teeth of the sprocket. With reference to the Fig. 1, O is the center of the sprocket and its tooth angle, 2 β= ,
N
where N is the number of teeth. Here, to analysis the force transmission, two chain links AB & BC, two
numbers of teeth are in consideration. AB link pulls the tooth and BC link. Let, chain link AB pulls with force
TK and TK-1 is the force induced in the BC link. F is the reactive tooth force; g is the minimum sprocket angle,
through the direction of which, this reactive force will act. Naturally,
T K > T K−1

Figure 1(Horizontal Analysis)

At equilibrium condition, all horizontal (along X1X2 line) components as shown in Fig. 1 and all vertical (along
Y1Y2 line) components as shown in Fig. 2, will balance each other.
Therefore, resolving horizontally (Fig.1)
T K cos β=F cos ( β +γ ) +T K −1 cos β
Or,
F cos ( β+ γ ) =(T K −T K −1)cos β …………………………………….(1)
And resolving vertically,
F cos { 90−( β+ γ ) }=T K cos ( 90−β ) +T K −1 cos (90−β)
Or, F sin ( β +γ )=T K sin β +T K −1 sin β=(T K +T K −1)sin β ………..(2)
 ABOUT VARIOUS DRIVING SYSTEM
Created by A. Jana

Figure 2 (Vertical Analysis)

Dividing equation (2) with (1)

(T K +T K−1)
tan ( β + γ )= tan β
(T K −T K−1)
(T K +T K −1 ) tan(β + γ )
Or, =
(T K −T K −1) tan β
Again with the method of Addition – Subtraction method,
a x a+b n+1 x + y
[About the method, mentioned above, if b = y =n , then, a−b = n−1 = x− y ]
TK tan( β+ γ )+tan β
Therefore, =
T K−1 tan(β + γ )−tan β
With the formula of Compound angle of Trigonometry
tan β+ tan γ
+ tan β
TK 1−tan β tan γ tan β+ tan γ +tan β (1−tan β tan γ )
= =
T K−1 tan β + tan γ tan β+ tan γ −tan β (1−tan β tan γ )
−tan β
1−tan β tan γ
2
2 ¿ tan γ +2 tan β−tan β tan γ
¿ tan β + tan γ + tan β−tan β tan γ ¿ ¿=
2
tan β+ tan γ −tan β + tan β tan γ ¿ tan γ ¿ ¿ ¿
2
tan γ +2 tan β−tan β tan γ
¿ 2
tan γ sec β
2
2 sin β cos γ 2 sin β 2 2 2sin β cos β 2
¿ cos β +2 co s β−¿ 2
cos β=cos β + −si n β ¿
cos β sin γ cos β tan γ
2 2 sin β cos β 2 2 2sin β cos β
¿ 1−si n β + −sin β=1−2 si n β +
tan γ tan γ
cos β sin β tan γ −cos β
¿ 1−2 sin β (sin β− ¿ )=1−2 sin β( )¿
tan γ tan γ
 ABOUT VARIOUS DRIVING SYSTEM
Created by A. Jana
sin γ
sin β −cos β
cos γ
¿ 1−2 sin β ( )
sin γ
cos γ
¿ 1−2 sin β ( sin β sin γ −cos β cos γ cos γ
cos γ )
sin γ
=1+2 sin β ( sin γ )
cos β cos γ −sin β sin γ
=1+
2 sin β cos ( β +γ )
sin γ
[As per formula, 2 sin A cos B=sin ( A+ B ) +sin (A−B)]
TK sin (2 β +γ ) +sin(−γ ) sin ( 2 β +γ ) sin ( 2 β + γ )
=1+ =1+ −1=
T K−1 sin γ sin γ sin γ
TK sin (2 β +γ )
= =Z (a Constan t)
T K−1 sin γ
It is to be mentioned that, the tooth angle 2b and Minimum Sprocket angle g for a certain sprocket is
unchanged.
T K T K−1 T 2
Therefore, = = =Z
T K−1 T K−2 T 1
So, it can be written
K −1
sin (2 β +γ )
T K =Z T K −1 =Z 2 T K−2=…=Z K −1 T K−(K −1 )=Z K−1 T 1={ } T1
sin γ
Where, TK is the link force at tight side, and T1 is the link force at slack side, K is the number of teeth engaged
in transmitting the force.

Figure 3
The center distance between the rollers of a link is the circular pitch of sprocket, then with reference to Fig.3,
Pitch Circle Diameter will be achieved with this formula given below-

P
D=
180 where, D= Pitch Circle Diameter, P=Linear Pitch, N= Numbers of teeth of the sprocket.
sin( )
N
The maximum Outside Diameter of Sprocket is given by KHURMI as
D+1.25 p−d1 where, p=Pitch=2.5”=63.5 mm, T= Numbers of Teeth=15, D=Pitch Circle
Diameter=305.418 mm ( as per above formula) and d1=Roller Diameter the Chain=39.37 mm.
According to the Data, Max OD will be=345.423 mm
And the minimum Outside Diameter of Sprocket is given by KHURMI as
D0=D+ 0.8 d 1
Where, d1 is diameter of the roller chain.
 ABOUT VARIOUS DRIVING SYSTEM
Created by A. Jana

Figure 4

Figure 5
2. GEAR DRIVE
Gears-(1) Spur Gear: Spur gears connect two parallel and Co-planer shafts. The teeth are parallel to the
axis of rotation.
To design a spur gear, when blank diameter and numbers of teeth are given
Let, the blank diameter Do (OD) and the number of teeth T are given. If Pitch Circle Diameter is D, then
we can write D o =D+2 m=D+2 ( ) ( )
D
T
2
=D 1+ =D (
T
T +2
T
)
Do T D D
D= and the Module, m= = o , the tooth height, h=2.25m.
T +2 T T +2
 ABOUT VARIOUS DRIVING SYSTEM
Created by A. Jana

Figure 6
It is to be noted that, the pitch point is that point where, two pitch circles touches each other.
Finding of circular and linear tooth thickness
It is to be mentioned that, the circular pitch is the circular distance from one corresponding point of a
teeth to the corresponding point of adjacent teeth on pitch circle. Mathematically,
pc =Perimeter of Pitch ¿˚ =
πD
=πm ¿, it is clear that, the circular tooth thickness is just
Numbers of Teeth T
p πm
the half of the circular pitch. Therefore, Thc = c =
2 2
0 0
360 360
Therefore, angular pitch, pa= . So, angular tooth thickness, Tha= . So, the linear thickness,
T 2T
0
360
Thl=2 R sin
4T
Formation of Involute profile along the side of tooth
 ABOUT VARIOUS DRIVING SYSTEM
Created by A. Jana

Figure 7
The proceeding figure displays how the involute curvature is forming. A taut string with length
Rad ius of ,̊ r∗α will wrap a circumference of subtending angle α in radians. The end of the taut string
follows a path called as involute.
Helical Gear
Types are helical, double helical or Herringbone gear. There are various terms related to helical gear.
(a) Helix angle- It is the angle between the helices of the teeth on pitch surface and the axis of
rotation. Fig.8 shows the angle of Helix, denoted by φ

Figure 8
Common helix angles are 150, 230, 300 or 450. Above 450is not recommended.

There is another type of helical gear, called as double gear or herringbone gear. Fig. 9 shows the herringbone
gear. Axial thrust will be neutralized with this type of gear.
 ABOUT VARIOUS DRIVING SYSTEM
Created by A. Jana

Figure 9
It should be noted that, for two mating gears, if one is right hand, then other is left hand.

The tooth profile of helical gear is Involute Helicoid. To understand the profile of Involute Helicoid, a piece of
paper in the shape parallelogram is wrapped around a cylinder called as Base Cylinder. Now the piece of paper
unwrapped. During removing of the paper, the edge of the paper creates an Involute on the plane perpendicular
to the plane axis.

Figure 10
Like spur gear Circular Pitch and Pressure angle are measured on the plane of rotation
 ABOUT VARIOUS DRIVING SYSTEM
Created by A. Jana

Figure 11

AB P n
With reference to the Fig. 11, cos φ= = , where, Pn is the Normal Circular Pitch, measured on the plane
AC P
perpendicular to the line of teeth and P is the Circular Pitch on the Plane of rotation.

Therefore, Pn=P cos φ

Finding of the relation between the Normal Module and Module