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DL - FNN - RNN

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20 views5 pages

DL - FNN - RNN

Uploaded by

Sayan Das
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Introduction to Deep Learning


• Definition: Deep Learning is a subset of Machine Learning, which is itself a subset of Artificial
Intelligence. It focuses on learning from data using complex architectures called neural
networks.

• Key Features:

o Uses multiple layers of neural networks (hence "deep") to extract features and learn
representations.

o Works well with large datasets and high-dimensional data.

o Handles tasks like image recognition, speech processing, and natural language
understanding.

2. Introduction to Neural Networks


• Definition: A neural network is a computational model inspired by the way biological
neurons work in the brain.

• Basic Structure:

o Input Layer: Takes input data (e.g., image pixels or text).

o Hidden Layers: Perform feature extraction and transformations.

o Output Layer: Gives the final prediction or classification.

• Key Components:

o Neurons: Basic computational units that apply a mathematical operation (dot


product) followed by an activation function.

o Weights and Biases: Adjusted during training to optimize the performance of the
network.

o Activation Functions: Non-linear functions like ReLU, Sigmoid, or Tanh, which allow
neural networks to learn complex patterns.

3. Forward Propagation
• Explanation: Information flows forward from the input layer, through hidden layers, to the
output layer. Each neuron takes the weighted sum of inputs, applies an activation function,
and passes the output to the next layer.

• Key Process:

o Inputs → Weighted Sum → Activation Function → Output

4. Backpropagation and Training


• Error Calculation: The difference between predicted output and actual output is called the
error or loss.

• Backpropagation:
o A technique used to update the weights of the network based on the error.

o The gradient of the error is calculated with respect to each weight (via chain rule)
and weights are updated using Gradient Descent.

• Loss Function: A mathematical function used to compute the error (e.g., Mean Squared
Error, Cross-Entropy).

5. Deep Neural Networks (DNNs)


• Definition: Neural networks with multiple hidden layers (deep architectures) to model
complex patterns.

• Example Applications:

o Image classification (e.g., Convolutional Neural Networks for vision tasks).

o Language translation (e.g., Transformer-based models).

o Voice recognition (e.g., deep networks in speech-to-text systems).

6. Types of Neural Networks

• Feedforward Neural Networks (FNNs):


o Definition: Information flows only in one direction—from input to output. There are
no cycles or loops.

o Applications: Simple classification, regression tasks.

• Feedback Neural Networks:


o Definition: Networks where the output is fed back into the network to improve
performance or model dynamic behaviour.

o Characteristics:

▪ Can include cycles.

▪ Used in more advanced architectures.

o Example: Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), Hopfield Networks.

• Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs):


o Definition: A type of neural network where connections between neurons form a
directed cycle, allowing information to persist across time steps.

o Key Feature: The output at a given time step is fed back as input to the network at
the next time step, enabling memory of previous inputs.

o Applications:

▪ Sequence data like time series prediction.

▪ Natural Language Processing (e.g., text generation, translation).

o Challenges:
▪ Vanishing Gradient Problem: In long sequences, the gradient diminishes,
making learning difficult for distant time steps.

▪ Solved in part by Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent


Units (GRU).

7. Advanced Architectures
• Transformer Networks:

o Used for: NLP tasks, machine translation, language modeling.

o Key Feature: Self-attention mechanism to capture relationships in the data without


recurrence.

o Example: GPT, BERT.

9. Neural Network Training Challenges


• Overfitting: When a model performs well on training data but poorly on unseen data.

o Solution: Regularization techniques (Dropout, L2 regularization), data augmentation.

• Computational Complexity: Training deep networks requires significant computational


power and data.

o Solution: Use of GPUs and cloud computing for large-scale training.


FEEDFORWARD NEURAL NETWORKS
RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS

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