Scribd
Upload
38 views16 pages

Heat Conduction Equation

Uploaded by

mm0006798
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
38 views16 pages

Heat Conduction Equation

Uploaded by

mm0006798
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

Heat conduction equation

Heat conduction: rate of heat transfer in medium by conduction, not the amount of heat
transfer.

Heat transfer rate doesn’t depend on how long the process takes, while the amount does.

This is specified equation, used when we know specified temperature relative to locations
(temp. gradient is known).

In general, we may not know the specified temperatures, in this case we will use the differential
form:

Heat is conducted in the direction of decreasing temperature, and thus the temperature
gradient is negative when heat is conducted in the positive x-direction. The negative sign in the
equation ensures that heat transfer in the positive x-direction is a positive quantity

This represents heat conduction in x-direction only. Due to temperature variation relative to x

In general, there is three-dimensional heat conduction.

To determine the heat conduction in any direction, at first, we need to know the temperature
variation in that direction, which can be obtained from head conduction equations.

When we obtain the heat conduction equation, we need to consider:


1- Heat transfer is Three-dimensional in the medium
2- Heat transfer is Transient (time dependent)

3- Heat generation may be involved in the medium through which heat is conducted

Due to the conversion of electrical, nuclear, or chemical energy into heat (or thermal) energy. In
heat conduction analysis, such conversion processes are characterized as heat generation

We can develop the heat conduction equation in any coordinate system: rectangular, cylindrical,
and spherical coordinates

❖ Rectangular coordinates
An energy balance on the rectangular element during a small-time interval t can be
expressed

Equation 2–38 is the general heat conduction equation in rectangular coordinates.


Heat conduction in many geometries can be approximated as being one-dimensional since heat
conduction through these geometries will be dominant in one direction and negligible in other
two directions

Example: One- dimensional heat conduction equation in a large plane wall:

The thermal conductivity k of a material, in general, depends on the temperature T (and


therefore x), and thus it cannot be taken out of the derivative. However, the thermal
conductivity in most practical applications can be assumed to remain constant at some average
Temperature value
The previous cases can be applied for the three dimensional as well:

- In the case of constant thermal conductivity

Fourier-Biot equation

- For specified conditions:


❖ Cylindrical coordinate

Example: One- dimensional heat conduction equation in a Long Cylinder:


For specified conditions:

❖ Spherical coordinate

Example: One- dimensional heat conduction equation in a sphere:


For specified conditions:

❖ Combined One-Dimensional Heat Conduction Equation


To solve differential equations, we need boundary and initial conditions to find the arbitrary
constants resulted from the integration.

Initial conditions are related to time.

we need just one initial condition, because the head conduction equations are first order in time
(involves first derivates of temperature with respect to time)

Since we consider steady head condition, there is no need for initial conditions right now.

Boundary conditions describe the thermal conditions at the bounding surfaces of the medium.

For each dimensional we need two boundary conditions. Because the head conduction
equations are second order in space (involves second derivates of temperature with respect to
space variables)

Since we consider one-dimensional heat conduction, we need two boundary conditions for each
problem.

Boundary conditions types:

1 Specified Temperature Boundary Condition

2 Specified Heat Flux Boundary Condition


.

Special Case: Insulated Boundary

well-insulated surface can be modeled as a surface with a specified heat flux of zero
Another Special Case: Thermal Symmetry

There will be no heat flow across the center plane. Therefore, the center plane can be viewed as
an insulated surface

3 Convection Boundary Condition


4 Radiation Boundary Condition
5 Interface Boundary Conditions
6 Generalized Boundary Conditions
Heat generation; (heat generated within the material not form external source)

We consider uniform heat generation: (constant rate of heat generation per unit volume), so:

Example: heat generation in an electrical wire of can be expressed:

We consider also steady operating conditions:

As heat generation occurs the solid temperature increases and thus the heat transfer rate to the
surroundings, until we reach a state that any heat generation will be dissipated to the
surroundings due to heat transfer (convection mostly). And at this steady-state, the solid
temperature are the reaches the highest values at at all location, with the minimum at the
surface and the maximum at furthest point form the surface (mostly at the center)

We can easily determine the surface temperature:


Note that, L is the the half of the thickness

To determine the maximum temp rise:

To determine the maximum temperature at the solid (the center temperature)

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy