REFERENCES

MEETING 7 ACADEMIC READING

 Objectives:

1. Learners will be able to arrange the order of entries

for References (APA) and Works Cited (MLA).

2. Learners will be able to write a list of References

(APA) and/or Works Cited (MLA) from various
kinds of sources according to the appropriate
academic rules.
Any references used in a piece of writing, either directly
quoted or paraphrased, should be included in an orderly
list at the end. In APA, the list is called References, while
Works Cited is the term used in the MLA style. There are
certain rules or conventions that should be followed. It
cannot be denied that there are varieties of styles in writing
references; still, a writer should be consistent, following a
particular set of rules.

For their references, students may include books, theses,

dissertations, final projects, journals, magazines, electronic
journals, seminar or conference articles, electronic seminar
or conference articles, internet websites, and even certain
e-mails, in accordance with their needs. This unit will deal
with how to write references properly.
There are several citing styles used in English
academic writing. Different styles serve different
purposes, and particular styles tend to be used by
certain faculties or fields of study. However, in this
chapter we will only include two kinds, namely, the
APA and MLA styles. A writer should find out which
style is required for a piece of writing; when no
particular style is stipulated, you may follow your own
preference of a particular style. The writer must be
consistent, however, with one style in a piece of
writing.
 APA

APA stands for American Psychological Association. APA style

makes a difference between a reference list and
bibliography. In the former, it only includes those references
which have been actually cited in the text of one's paper; on the
other hand, the latter includes all relevant literature consulted
although the material has not been cited.

A. Order of References in an APA Reference List

1. Arrange entries in alphabetical order by surname of the first
author.
2. Single author entries precede multiple author entries
beginning with the same surname, with no influence from
the earliest- published work:
Kaufman, J. R.
Kaufman, J. R., & Cochran, D. F.
3. References with the same first author and different second or third
authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the second
author, and so on:
Kaufman, J. R., Jones, K., & Cochran, D. F.
Kaufman, J. R., & Wong, D. F.

4. References with the same authors in the same order are arranged by
year of publication, with the earliest first:
Kaufman, J. R. & Jones, K. (1977).
Kaufman, J. R. & Jones, K. (1980).

5. The order of several works by different authors with the same

surname are arranged alphabetically by the first initial, with no
influence from the earliest-published work:
Elliot, A. L.
Elliot, G. E.
 Writing an APA Reference List

1. Books
a. One author:
Castle, E. B. (1970). The Teacher. London: Oxford
University Press.

b. Two authors:
McCandless, B. R., & Evans, E. D. (1973). Children and
Youth: Psychological Development. Hinsdale, IL: Dryden
Press.

c. Three or more authors: (List each author)

Smith, V., Barr, R., & Burke, D. (1976). Alternatives in
Education: Freedom to Choose. Bloomington, IN: Phi
Delta Kappa Educational Foundation.
d. Society, association, or institution as author and
publisher:
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual
of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).
Washington, DC: Author.

e. Editor or compiler as author:

Rich, J. M. (Ed.). (1972). Reading in the Philosophy of Education
(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

f. Chapter, essay, or article by one author in a book or

encyclopedia edited by another:
Medley, D. M. (1983). Teacher effectiveness. In H. E. Mitzel (Ed.),
Encyclopedia of education research, 4, 1894-1903. New York,
NY: The Free Press.

g. Anonymous:
When no author is given, use the word Anonymous to substitute
for the author's name in the alphabetical reference list.
2. Journal Articles
Many Journals have a digital object identifier, abbreviated
as DOI but written in small case as dol in the reference list.
This is to be Included in the reference entry. In cases where
no dal is supplied and the article was accessed online,
include the home page URL for the journal in the
reference, as follows:

Retrieved from http://www.xxxxxx

Notice that there is no full stop after the doi or the URL
Hodicmation. The above-mentioned format is also used for
newspaper and magazine articles.
a. One author:
Hyde, J. S. (2005). The gender similarities hypothesis
American Psychologist, 60, 581-592. doi:
10.1037/0003-066X.60.6.581

Herrington, A. J. (1985). Classroom as forums for

reasoning and writing. College Composition and
Communication, 36, 404-413.

b. Two authors:

Horowitz, L. M., & Post, D. L. (1981). The prototype as

a construct in abnormal psychology. Journal of
Abnormal Psychology, 90, 575-585.
3. Newspaper Article

Pages numbers are indicated by using the abbreviation p.

(if only one page is involved) or pp. (for more than one
page).

Jones, S. (2008, June 28). Fashion is for men too. The

Washington Post, p. 10A.

If there is no author's name, the title is given at the

beginning of the entry.

More jobs waiting for college grads. (1986, June 17).

Detroit FreePress, pp. 1A, 3А.

In that case, the abbreviation pp. is used because the

newspaper article is on discontinuous pages.
4. Magazines

a. One author:
Powledge, T. M. (1983, July). The importance of being twins.
Psychology Today, 19, 20-27.

b. No author:

CBS invades Cuba, returns with Irakere: Havana Jam.(1979, May 3),
Down Beat, 10.
5. Electronic Media

Material available via the Internet includes journals, newspapers, research

papers, government reports, and web pages. When citing an internet source,
one should provide as much information as possible that will help readers
relocate the information. Giving the reference information for specific
documents, when available, is now considered even more important than
providing the web pages.

References to Internet sources should at least include the following four items:

a. An author's name, if available,

b. Year (in parentheses),
c. Title of description,
d. Source of the information (for example, the title of the online newspaper).

In many cases, an URL address is provided, and when this is done, the words
"Retrieved from" precede it. Page numbers are provided for online articles
from journals, magazines, and newspapers.
a. Internet article based on a print source:

Dryer, C. (2002, January 26). UK judges reverse decision on cloned embryos

[Electronic version). British Medical Journal, 324 (7331), 190.

b. Article in an Internet-only journal:

Dungworth, D. (1997, Spring), Iron age and Roman copper alloys from
Northern Britain. Internet Archaeology. Retrieved from
issue2/dungworth_toc.html http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/

c. Daily newspaper article, electronic version available by search:

Botha, T. (1999, February 21). The Statue of Liberty, Central Park and me.
New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com

d. Webpage:

Raymon H. Mulford Library/Medical College of Ohio. (n.d.) Instructions to

authors in the health sciences. Retrieved from
http://www.mco.edu/lib/instr/libinsta. html
More Specific Guidelines for Writing an APA Reference List

This section should be read in conjunction with the examples given in section
above.

1. Book
The name of the author should start with the surname, followed by the
abbreviated first name and the middle name, if supplied. The title of the
book should be italicized.

Beck, C. A., & Sales, B. (2001). Family Mediation: Facts, Myths and Future
Prospects. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

2. Edited Book

For edited books, the surname of the editor should be placed initially,
followed by the abbreviated first name, in addition to the word "Ed."
between brackets

Gibbs, J. (Ed.) (1991). Children of color: Interventions with minority youth.

San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
3. Article or Chapter in Edited Book

The name of the article or the chapter in an edited book is not underlined or
italicized. Notice the difference in the way the editor or editors are written in these
cases, with the initial of the first name preceding the surname.

Bjork, R. A. (1989). Retrieval inhibition as an adaptive mechanism in human

memory. In H. L. Readinger III & F. I. M. Raik (Eds.), Varieties of memory &
consciousness (pp. 309-330). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

4. Book, No Author Specified

For books with no particular author, simply mention the title in italics.

Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2005). Springfield, MA:

Merriam-Webster.

5. Periodicals (print version) - Journal Article

For periodicals, mention the authors' names, starting with the surnames then the
abbreviated first names. The title of the article is written without being italicized.
Only the name of the periodical should be italicized.

Klimoski, R., & Marrinaro, S. (1983). The ADA and hiring process in organizations.
Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36.
6. Magazine Articles
Articles in a magazine start with the author's surname, then his or her first initial. The
title of the article is not italicized; however, the name of the magazine is Italicized. The
page numbers are Included at the end of the entry.

Weintraub, A., & Cohen, L. A. (2002, 6 May). Thousand year plan of nuclear waste.
Business Week, 94-96.

7. Online Periodical (includes article based on print sources, article in an

international journal, and article in an Internet only newsletter)
Make sure that the names of the authors are mentioned. The name of the journal is in
italics. The website address is to be provided, but not underlined.

VandenBos, G., Knapp, S., & Doe, J. (2001). Role of reference elements in the selection
of resources by psychology undergraduates [Electronic version]. Journal of
Bibliographic Research, 5, 117-123. Retrieved from http://jbr.org/articles.html

8. Non-periodical Online Documents (articles with no author or no date)

When the name of the author and the date of the document are not available, the title
of the article is placed at the beginning of the entry, followed by the abbreviations
(n.d.). This shows the reader that the date is unavailable.

Neilson's 8th WWW user survey. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://

www.cc.gatech.edu/ntv/usersurveyssurvey1997-01
 MLA

MLA STANDS FOR MODERN LANGUAGE

ASSOCIATION. ONLY THE REFERENCES
WHICH ARE ACTUALLY CITED IN THE TEXT
ARE TYPED UP AS A LIST IN WORKS CITED.
 Order of References in an MLA Works Cited List

1. Arrange entries in alphabetical order by surname of the first

author, followed by a full stop.
2. Single author entries precede multiple author entries beginning
with the same surname, with no influence from the earliest-
published work:
Thrill, John and Courtland Bovey.
3. References with the same first author and different second or
third authors are arranged alphabetically by the surname of the
second author, and so on. Notice that the names or initials of the
first and middle names of the second and subsequent authors are
placed before the surnames:
Kaufman, J. R., K. Jones, and D. F. Cochran.
Kaufman, J. R., & D. F. Wong.
4. References with the same authors which are in the same order are
arranged by alphabetical order of the title.
5. When there are two works by the same author, type three hyphens
and then a full stop for the second entry instead of repeating the
author's name:
 Writing an MLA Works Cited List

1. Articles in Books and Compilations

Anthology/Compilation - Reprint/Web Source
The name of the article is put within quotation marks.
The title of the anthology or compilation is italicized.

Appadurai, Arjub. "Disjuncture and Differences in the

Global Cultural Economy" Public Culture. 2.2.
(1990): 1-24.Rpt. In Colonial Discourse and
Post-colonial Theory: A Reader. Ed. Patrick
Williams and Laura Chrisman. New York:
Columbia UP, 1994. 324-39.
2. A Book with One Author
When a book is written by only one author, first mention the surname, and
then the first name. The title of the book should be italicized. This is followed
by the place of publication, publisher, year of publication.

Franke, Damon. Modernist Heresies: British Literary History, 1883-1924.

Columbus: Ohio State UP, 2008.

3. A Book with Two or More Authors

For a book with two authors, include the names of both writers, starting with
the main author, followed by the co-author. For the main author, start with
the surname; while for the co-author, start with the first name. If there are
more than three authors, all names may be written (the surname then the
first name of the first author on the title page, followed by the first name and
the surname of each subsequent author on the title page), or you may simply
add "et al." after the main author.

Bourdieu, Pierre, and Jean-Claude Passeron. Reproduction in Education,

Society and Culture. London: Sage, 1977.
Markman, Robert H., et al. 10 Steps in Writing the Research Paper. 5th ed.
Hauppage, NY: Barron's, 1994.
4. Translated Books
Some books are so popular that they are translated into several languages. In
such a case, there are certain rules that the writers have to pay attention to.

Homer. The Odyssey. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Viking, 1966.

5. Books without Date

Some books are written without supplying the year of publication. This can be
done deliberately or due to negligence. In such a case, it is enough just to write
n.d, which stands for no date. An example of just the publishing information,
without the provision of a date, is shown below.

New York: U of Gotham P, n.d.

6. Edited Books in a Collection

Some books or articles appear in a collection, which could be edited by a single
editor or by more than one editor. A book or article that is used is recorded in
the Works Cited as follows.

Nielson, A. P. "Sexism in England: A 1990s Update." Contexts and Communities.

Eds. R. B. Greenberg and J. J. Comprone. 275- 286. New York:
Macmillan, 1987.
7. Articles in Journals
In writing references from journal articles, use double quotation marks for titles
of articles. Notice how the page numbers are written after the year, which is
written in brackets.

Sun, Herbert. "TQM, ISO 9000 Certification and Performance Improvement."

International Journal of Quality and Reliability Management (2000):
168-79.

8. Articles in Online Journals

For online journals, the date of publication is given in brackets, and the date of
retrieval (of accessing or downloading) should be included at the end. It is no
longer required to include the website address. See the second example below if
no pages are given "(n. pag." is an abbreviation for "no pagination.")

Bower, Rick. "Comedy, Carnival, and Class: A Chaste Maid in Cheapside." Early
Modern Studies 8.3 (Jan. 2003): 3-22. 27 Apr. 2003.

Bower, Rick. "Comedy, Carnival, and Class: A Chaste Maid in Cheapside." Early
Modern Studies 8.3 (Jan. 2003): n. pag. 27Apr. 2003.
9. Internet Articles as References
In writing references from internet websites, mention the time of retrieval in
addition to the website addresses.

American Civil Liberties Union. "ACLU Fact Sheet on the Juvenile Justice
System." 20 Apr. 1999. 12 Oct. 2012.

10. Articles in Newspapers

Articles in quality newspapers can be used as references, especially those which
are written by reputable columnists in different disciplines. The name of the
article is put between quotation marks, followed by the italicized name of the
newspaper, the date of issue, the section and page number (87 in the example
below means Section B on page 7)

Jeromack, Paul. "This Once, a David of the Art World Does Goliath a Favor."
New York Times 13 July 2002, late ed.: B7+.

11. Articles in Magazine

Articles in reputable magazines can be used as references

Wilson, Edward O. "Back from Chaos." Atlantic Monthly 30 Mar. 1998: 41-62.
12.Films
For films, mention the title, directors (first name then surname), performers (first name
then surname), the name of the distributor and the year of production.

Amadeus. Dir. Milos Forman. Perf. F. Murray Abraham, Tom Hulce, and Elizabeth
Berridge. EMI/HBO, 1984.

13. Dictionaries
Dictionaries can also be used as references, for instance, to find a specific meaning of a
word or phrase.

Follett, Wilson. Modern American Usage: A Guide. Rev. Erik Wensberg. Rev. ed. New
York: Hill-Farrar, 1998.

Morris, Wilson, and Mary Morris. Harper Dictionary of Contemporary Usage. 2nd ed.
1985. New York: Harper, 1992.

14. Articles in Dictionaries or Encyclopedias

When an article or definition is cited from a dictionary or encyclopedia, the title of the
article or definition is given first. The number of the definition follows, if more than one
definition is provided for the entry, followed by the title of the dictionary in italics.

“Noon." Def. 4b. The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.
15. Unpublished Dissertations
Dissertations can also be used as references. Start with the surname, followed by the
first name of the author. When the title is unpublished, the title of the dissertation is put
within quotation marks. Make sure to include the name of the institution.

Pingstar, Benjamin Nelson. "Aspect. Diss. Graduate Sch in the Paintings of William
Henry Mount." Diss. Graduate School of the State of U of NY at Birmington,
1980.

16. Published Dissertations

When the dissertation is published, the title of the dissertation is typed in italics. Make
sure to include the name of the institution responsible for the publishing.

Fullerton, Matilda. Women's Leadership in the Public Schools: Towards a Feminist

Educational Leadership Model. Diss. Washington State U, 2010. Ann Arbor:
UMI, 2001.

17.Advertisement
Place the name of the product or company or institution as the subject. Follow this with
the word "Advertisement" in regular font.

Air Canada. Advertisement. CNN. 15 May 1998. Television. Head and Shoulders.
Advertisement. Newsweek 17 Mar. 2008: 2.