Properties of Signals and Systems

2 ENGG2030 Signals and Systems

Jizhou Li

2024-25 Term 1
Outline

q Basic Operations of Signals q System Properties

§ Time Shift § Memoryless
§ Time Scaling § Invertible
§ Time Reversal § Causal
§ Combined Operations § Stable
q Singularity Functions § Linear
§ Unit Step/Impulse/Ramp Functions q Using MATLAB to visualize Signals
q Periodic and Aperiodic Signals and Systems
q Elementary Signals
§ Real Exponential Signals
§ Complex Exponential Signals
q Energy and Power Signals
q Even and Odd Signals 2
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Time Shift

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Time Scaling

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Time Reversal

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Combined Operations

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Combined Operations - Exercise

Sketch the signal x( 2t + 2) based on x(t)

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Frequency Shift

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Decimation and Expansion

M=2 and L=2

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Singularity Functions: Unit Impulse Signal

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Impulse Function

Paul Dirac (1902 - 1984)

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Shifted Impulse Function

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Unit Step Function

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Discrete-time Impulse and Step

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Unit Ramp Function

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Definition of Periodicity

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Continuous-time Sinusoidal

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Continuous-time Sinusoidal

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Discrete-time Sinusoidal

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Examples of Periodic Signals

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Continuous-time Exponential Signal

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Discrete-time Exponential Signal

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Complex Exponential Signal

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Complex Exponential Signal

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Time Average

DC (Direct Current) 27
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Time Average

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Average Power

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Total Energy

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Energy over one Period

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Energy Signal & Power Signal

Note:
• All practical signals have finite energies and are therefore energy signals
• All finite periodic signals are power signals; however, not all power signals are
periodic, e.g. unit step signal.
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Time Average of Periodic Signal

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Average Power of Periodic Signal

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Example

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Even and Odd Signals

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Even and Odd Signals: Decomposition Theorem

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Exercise

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Linear System

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Usefulness of Linearity

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Linear Transform

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Invertible System

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Causal System

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Stable System

Exercise: Proof that

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System with or without Memory

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System with or without Memory

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Plotting of Typical Signals

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Plotting of Typical Signals

1 1

0.8 0.8

0.6 0.6

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

0 0

-0.2 -0.2

-0.4 -0.4

-0.6 -0.6

-0.8 -0.8

-1 -1
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

4
1

0.9 3

0.8
2

0.7
1
0.6

0
0.5

0.4 -1

0.3
-2

0.2
-3
0.1

-4
0 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10

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Signal Transformation

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Signal Transformation

0.5
x(1-2t)

t=-1:.1:3; 0

x=t.*exp(-t);
-0.5
plot(t,x);
legend('x(t)') -1

-1.5

figure
plot(-0.5*(t-1),x)
-2

legend('x(1-2t)') -2.5

-3
-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

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Exercise

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Exercise

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Exam System Properties

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Exam System Properties

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