Mark Daniel R.

Baquiran BSMT 2F-NON

Bulk Grain Cargo and Operation

Definition:
Bulk grain cargo refers to large quantities of grains such as wheat, corn, barley, and
rice transported in bulk rather than in bags or containers. This method of
transportation is efficient for handling large volumes of agricultural products,
allowing for economies of scale.

Characteristics:
- Types of Grains: Common bulk grains include wheat, corn, barley, soybeans, and
rice.
- Physical Properties: Grains are usually dry and have varying sizes, weights, and
flow characteristics. Their moisture content is crucial for storage and transport,
typically kept between 12-14% to prevent spoilage.
- Stowage Factors: Each type of grain has a specific stowage factor, influencing
how much can be loaded into a vessel.

Cargo Handling:
1. Loading:
- Equipment Used: Pneumatic systems, conveyor belts, and ship loaders are
typically used for loading bulk grain. These systems help in reducing the time
required for loading while minimizing spillage and dust.
- Pre-loading Checks: Before loading, the hold must be inspected and cleaned to
prevent contamination and to ensure no residues from previous cargo remain.
2. Transport:
- Vessel Types: Bulk carriers, such as geared or gearless bulkers, are designed for
transporting bulk grain. They have specialized cargo holds and systems to facilitate
loading and unloading.
- Ballasting: Proper ballasting is crucial to maintain vessel stability and ensure the
ship's structural integrity during transport.
3. Unloading:
- Methods: Similar to loading, unloading is done using conveyor systems, grabs,
or pneumatic systems, depending on the terminal's capabilities.
- Post-unloading Inspection: After unloading, the holds should be inspected to
ensure no residues are left and to prepare for subsequent cargo if necessary.

Stowage:
- Hold Preparation: Holds should be cleaned, dried, and ventilated to avoid
contamination and moisture buildup.
- Segregation: Different types of grains may need to be segregated to prevent cross-
contamination and to maintain quality.
- Cargo Monitoring: During transport, monitoring of temperature and moisture
levels is essential to prevent spoilage. Ventilation systems may be employed to
control the atmosphere within the holds.

Safety and Environmental Considerations:

- Dust Control: Bulk grain handling can produce dust, necessitating measures to
control airborne particles to prevent fire hazards.
- Spillage Management: Procedures must be in place to manage any spillage during
loading or unloading to minimize environmental impact.

International Grain Code (IGC Code)

Overview:
The International Grain Code (IGC Code) is a set of regulations developed by the
International Maritime Organization (IMO) to ensure the safe transport of bulk
grain cargoes by sea. The code addresses the unique properties of grain and the
specific risks associated with its transport, aiming to minimize hazards related to
stability, cargo handling, and overall safety during transit.

Purpose:
The primary objectives of the IGC Code include:
- Protecting the safety of life at sea.
- Preventing marine pollution.
- Ensuring the safe and efficient handling and stowage of bulk grain cargoes.
1. Definitions:
- The code provides clear definitions related to grain cargo, including types of
grain and their characteristics, ensuring a common understanding among
stakeholders.

2. Stability Considerations:
- Loading and Unloading: The code emphasizes the importance of maintaining the
ship’s stability during loading and unloading operations. Proper loading plans must
account for the shifting nature of grain and its impact on the ship’s center of gravity.
- Transverse and Longitudinal Stability: Specific criteria must be met to ensure
the vessel remains stable when carrying bulk grain. This includes calculations
related to the ship's stability under different loading conditions.

3. Cargo Hold Requirements:

- Design and Construction: The holds must be constructed to prevent the ingress
of water and minimize contamination. They should also facilitate ventilation and
allow for easy cleaning.
- Ventilation: Adequate ventilation is crucial for maintaining the quality of the
grain and preventing spoilage. The code outlines ventilation requirements to
manage moisture and temperature levels within the holds.

4. Handling Procedures:
- Loading and Stowage: Detailed procedures for loading and stowing bulk grain
are specified to prevent spillage and ensure safe handling. This includes guidance
on securing the cargo to prevent shifting during transit.
- Unloading: Procedures for safely unloading bulk grain are also outlined,
emphasizing the need for efficient handling to minimize time in port and reduce the
risk of contamination.

5. Safety Measures:
- Fire Prevention: The code includes recommendations for preventing fire
hazards, which are particularly relevant due to the flammable nature of dust
produced by grain.
- Dust Control: Measures to control dust emissions during handling operations are
necessary to prevent environmental pollution and health risks for crew members.
6. Training and Competence:
- The code highlights the need for crew training in the specific challenges
associated with handling bulk grain, including understanding the properties of the
cargo and the operational procedures necessary for safe transport.

7. Documentation and Record Keeping:

- Accurate records of cargo loading, unloading, and any incidents must be
maintained to ensure compliance with the IGC Code and facilitate accountability.

Compliance and Implementation:

- The IGC Code is mandatory for all vessels carrying bulk grain cargo and is
enforced through inspections and audits by flag states and port state control
authorities.
- Compliance with the code is essential for ensuring that vessels can operate safely
and efficiently in the international shipping environment.

Preparing Holds for the Reception of Grain Cargoes

Overview:
Preparing cargo holds for grain is a critical process in ensuring the safe transport of
bulk grains. This preparation involves thorough cleaning, inspection, and proper
management of the hold's environment to prevent contamination and maintain the
quality of the grain during transit.

Steps for Preparing Holds:

1. Pre-Arrival Inspection:
- Inspect Previous Cargo: Before the arrival of the grain, ensure that the holds
have been inspected for any residues from previous cargoes. This includes checking
for potential contaminants that could spoil the grain.
- Check for Damage: Inspect the holds for structural integrity, including any signs
of corrosion, holes, or leaks that could compromise the hold during transport.
2. Cleaning the Holds:
- Thorough Cleaning: The holds must be thoroughly cleaned using suitable
cleaning agents. This includes removing all remnants of previous cargo, dust, and
debris. High-pressure washing may be used, but it must be followed by drying to
prevent moisture accumulation.
- Drying: After washing, the holds should be adequately dried to reduce humidity
levels. This can be achieved through ventilation or using drying equipment.

3. Inspection and Maintenance:

- Visual Inspection: After cleaning, perform a detailed visual inspection to ensure
no residues or contaminants remain. Look for any signs of pests, mold, or rust.
- Maintenance of Equipment: Check that all hatch covers, vents, and any other
associated equipment are functioning properly and can be sealed tightly to prevent
moisture ingress.

4. Ventilation:
- Ventilation System Check: Ensure that the ventilation system is operational.
Proper ventilation is crucial to control humidity and prevent condensation, which
can spoil the grain.
- Airflow Management: Plan for how airflow will be managed during transit to
maintain optimal conditions for the grain.

5. Moisture Control:
- Monitoring Equipment: Equip the holds with moisture and temperature
monitoring devices to keep track of conditions during loading and transit.
- Pre-loading Moisture Assessment: Assess the moisture content of the grain
before loading to ensure it meets acceptable levels (usually between 12-14%).

6. Stowage Planning:
- Stowage Plan Development: Develop a stowage plan that considers the specific
characteristics of the grain being loaded, including its weight and flow properties.
This plan should account for the ship’s stability.
- Segregation: If carrying different types of grain, ensure that they are segregated
properly to prevent contamination and maintain quality.
7. Loading Preparations:
- Equipment Readiness: Ensure that loading equipment such as grabs, conveyor
belts, or pneumatic systems are clean and operational. They should be suitable for
handling the specific type of grain.
- Safety Measures: Implement safety measures, including dust control systems to
manage airborne particles and reduce fire risks associated with grain handling.

8. Documentation and Procedures:

- Loading Procedures: Establish clear procedures for the loading process to ensure
it is conducted safely and efficiently. This includes the roles of crew members and
the equipment used.
- Record Keeping: Maintain records of cleaning, inspections, and any issues
identified. Documentation is crucial for compliance with regulations and for future
reference.

Approved Grain Loading Methods

1. Gravity Loading: This method relies on the natural force of gravity to fill
containers, making it efficient for transferring bulk grain. It typically involves
hoppers or silos that allow for smooth grain flow into transport vehicles.

2. Mechanical Loading: Machinery such as augers, conveyors, and bucket

elevators are used to move grain from storage to transport. This method increases
loading speed and reduces manual labor, while also minimizing spillage.

3. Pneumatic Loading: This technique uses air pressure to convey grain through
pipelines, which helps minimize dust and reduces the risk of contamination. It is
particularly effective for long-distance transport within facilities.

4. Weighing Systems: Integrating scales during the loading process ensures

accurate measurement of grain quantities, adhering to trade regulations. This helps
maintain transparency and trust in transactions.

5. Safety Protocols: Implementing safety measures, such as explosion-proof

equipment and dust control systems, is crucial in grain handling facilities. These
protocols protect workers and prevent accidents during loading operations.
6. Training and Certification: Ensuring that personnel are trained in proper
loading techniques and safety practices is essential for operational efficiency.
Certification programs help reinforce the importance of safe handling procedures.

7. Monitoring Systems: Utilizing technology to track the loading process enhances

compliance with safety and quality standards. These systems can provide real-time
data, helping to identify potential issues before they escalate.

Trimming of Bulk Grain Cargoes

Overview:
Trimming refers to the process of redistributing bulk cargo within the ship’s hold to
ensure optimal stability, prevent cargo shifting, and maintain the vessel's balance. In
the context of bulk grain cargoes, proper trimming is essential for safe transport and
to avoid issues such as grain spoilage or contamination.

Importance of Trimming
1. Stability
2. Preventing Cargo Shift
3. Minimizing Spoilage
4. Compliance with Regulations

Trimming Process

1. Assessment of Cargo:
- Before trimming, assess the initial state of the loaded cargo. This includes
examining the height and distribution of the grain in the holds and identifying any
areas that require adjustment.

2. Loading Techniques:
- During loading, consider employing techniques that facilitate easy trimming. For
instance, loading the grain in a way that allows for easy redistribution later (such as
leaving space for adjustments).
3. Redistribution of Grain:
- Using Trimming Equipment: Mechanical shovels or other equipment can be
used to move grain from high spots to low spots within the hold. This ensures a
more even distribution.
- Manual Trimming: In some cases, manual methods may be employed, where
crew members use tools to redistribute the grain, especially in smaller holds or tight
spaces.

4. Target Height and Shape:

- The goal is to achieve a uniform height across the hold, often referred to as a
“bathtub” shape, which minimizes voids and maximizes stability. The grain should
be trimmed to create a consistent surface across the entire hold.

5. Monitoring and Adjustment:

- Regularly monitor the condition of the cargo during transit. If any movement or
shifting is detected, further adjustments may be necessary.
- Check for any signs of moisture or spoilage, and adjust the airflow if necessary
to maintain optimal conditions.

6. Documentation:
- Maintain records of the trimming process, including before-and-after
measurements and any adjustments made. This documentation is important for
compliance and for addressing any potential disputes regarding cargo condition
upon arrival.

Procedures for Separating Two Different Bulk Cargoes in the

Same Compartment

1. Pre-Loading Considerations
- Planning: Before loading, conduct a thorough assessment of the cargo types and
their compatibility. Establish whether the two cargoes can be safely loaded in the
same compartment, considering factors like moisture absorption, chemical
reactions, and contamination risks.

- Documentation: Ensure all documentation, including cargo manifests, stowage

plans, and compatibility charts, is prepared and reviewed. This includes
understanding the specific characteristics of each bulk cargo.

2. Hold Preparation

- Cleaning: Prior to loading, clean the hold thoroughly to remove any residues from
previous cargoes. This step is crucial to avoid cross-contamination.

- Inspection: Inspect the holds for any structural issues, leaks, or potential
contamination points. Ensure that all holds are dry and suitable for the intended
cargo.

- Separation Measures: Depending on the cargoes involved, consider using physical

barriers (such as bulkheads) or stowage techniques (such as creating a ‘crown’ of
one cargo) to keep the two types separate during loading.

3. Loading Procedures

- Sequential Loading: Load one cargo type first, followed by the second. This can
reduce the risk of contamination. Ensure that the first cargo is loaded in a way that
allows for easy segregation.

- Controlled Loading Rates: Use appropriate loading equipment to control the rates
of loading for each cargo. This helps maintain the integrity of the cargo and
minimizes the risk of mixing.

- Use of Trimming Equipment: Employ trimming equipment to ensure that each

cargo is evenly distributed within its designated area of the hold, reducing the risk
of spillage or mixing.
4. Segregation Techniques

- Physical Barriers: If feasible, install temporary barriers or partitions within the

hold to physically separate the two cargoes. This could include using dunnage or
other materials to create a clear divide.

- Separate Loading Areas: Consider designing loading patterns that allow for
separate areas within the hold for each cargo type. For instance, loading one type
against the bulkhead and the other towards the center.

5. Monitoring During Loading

- Continuous Supervision: Monitor the loading process closely to ensure that no

mixing occurs. This includes having trained personnel on-site to oversee operations
and address any issues immediately.

- Sampling: Regularly take samples of the cargo during loading to verify that the
correct cargo is being loaded into the designated areas.

6. Post-Loading Inspection

- Final Inspection: After loading, conduct a thorough inspection of the hold to

ensure that both cargoes are properly segregated and that no contamination has
occurred.

- Documentation: Record the loading process, including any measures taken to

separate the cargoes. This documentation is vital for compliance and future
reference.

7. Monitoring During Transit

- Cargo Conditions: Continuously monitor the condition of the cargoes during

transit, including checking for moisture levels and temperature. This is particularly
important when different types of cargoes have varying requirements.
- Ventilation Management: Ensure proper ventilation to maintain suitable conditions
for both types of cargo. Adjust ventilation systems as necessary to prevent moisture
buildup.

8. Unloading Procedures

- Controlled Unloading: Unload each cargo type separately, starting with the cargo
that was loaded first. This reduces the risk of mixing during the unloading process.

- Segregation in the Receiving Facility: Ensure that the receiving facility is prepared
to accept the cargoes separately, with appropriate storage measures in place to avoid
contamination.

Cargo Documents in Maritime Operations

1. Cargo Plan

Definition:
A cargo plan is a detailed schematic outlining the arrangement and distribution of
cargo within a vessel's holds. It indicates where different types of cargo will be
stowed, ensuring safe transport.

Key Components:
- Stowage Locations
- Weight Distribution
- Safety Considerations
- Loading Sequence

Purpose:
- Ensures efficient loading and unloading.
- Helps maintain vessel stability and safety.
- Provides a reference for port authorities and inspectors.
2. Boat Note

Definition:
A boat note is a document that accompanies a shipment and provides details about
the cargo loaded onto a specific vessel, typically used for internal purposes within
the shipping company or terminal.

Key Components:
- Cargo Description
- Vessel Information
- Loading Date
- Shipper and Receiver Information

Purpose:
- Serves as a record of what has been loaded onto the vessel.
- Facilitates communication between the shipper, terminal, and vessel crew.
- Helps in managing logistics and inventory tracking.

3. Mate's Receipt

Definition:
A mate's receipt is a document issued by the ship's mate upon loading cargo,
serving as acknowledgment of receipt of the cargo on board.

Key Components:
- Cargo Description
- Shipper and Consignee Information
- Vessel Information
- Date of Loading

Purpose:
- Acts as a preliminary document to the bill of lading.
- Provides evidence that the cargo was received in the stated condition.
- Can be used to resolve disputes regarding the condition and quantity of the cargo.
4. Bill of Lading

Definition:
The bill of lading (B/L) is a legal document issued by the carrier to the shipper,
serving as a contract of carriage and receipt of goods. It is one of the most important
documents in maritime transport.

Key Components:
- Cargo Details
- Shipper and Consignee Information
- Terms and Conditions
- Signature of the Carrier
Purpose:
- Serves as a title document that can be transferred to others, facilitating the sale and
transfer of goods during transit.
- Provides legal protection for both the shipper and the carrier in case of disputes.
- Acts as a receipt confirming that the cargo has been loaded onto the vessel.

Importance of Maintaining Close Communication with Shore

Personnel During Cargo Operations

Effective communication between the vessel's crew and shore personnel is crucial
for successful cargo operations. This collaboration ensures that all aspects of
loading, unloading, and stowage are conducted smoothly and safely. Below are
detailed reasons highlighting the importance of maintaining close communication
during these operations.

1. Safety Assurance

- Real-Time Updates: Close communication allows for the exchange of real-time

information regarding cargo conditions, weather changes, and operational
challenges. This timely exchange helps mitigate risks associated with safety
hazards.
- Emergency Response: In case of an emergency, such as spills or equipment
failure, immediate communication enables rapid response and decision-making,
minimizing potential harm to personnel and the environment.

2. Operational Efficiency

- Coordinated Loading/Unloading: Effective communication ensures that loading

and unloading schedules are well-coordinated. Shore personnel can provide updates
on the availability of equipment and personnel, which helps the vessel optimize its
operations and reduce turnaround time.
- Problem Resolution: If issues arise during cargo operations—such as delays,
discrepancies in cargo quantity, or equipment malfunctions—swift communication
allows for quick resolution, preventing operational bottlenecks.

3. Quality Control

- Cargo Condition Monitoring: Continuous dialogue helps monitor the condition of

the cargo throughout the operation. Shore personnel can alert the vessel crew to any
issues, such as moisture levels or contamination, allowing for immediate corrective
actions.
- Documentation Verification: Communication facilitates the verification of cargo
documents (e.g., bills of lading, mate's receipts) in real-time, ensuring that all
paperwork is accurate and complete before cargo is loaded or unloaded.

4. Compliance and Regulatory Requirements

- Adhering to Protocols: Maintaining communication ensures that all parties are

aware of and adhere to safety and environmental regulations. This is particularly
important in operations involving hazardous materials or specific handling
requirements.
- Inspection Coordination: Coordinated communication allows for effective
scheduling of inspections and audits by regulatory authorities, ensuring compliance
and avoiding delays due to unforeseen issues.
5. Stakeholder Coordination

- Involvement of All Parties: Cargo operations often involve multiple stakeholders,

including port authorities, stevedores, customs officials, and logistics companies.
Close communication ensures that everyone is informed and aligned with the
operational plan.
- Feedback Loops: Continuous communication allows for feedback from shore
personnel about the vessel’s performance and any operational challenges, fostering
collaboration and improvement in future operations.

6. Crisis Management

- Adaptability to Changing Conditions: In dynamic environments like ports,

conditions can change rapidly (e.g., weather changes, shifts in operational capacity).
Close communication allows for quick adaptation to these changes, ensuring
ongoing safety and efficiency.
- Resource Allocation: Effective communication enables better allocation of
resources, whether it's manpower, equipment, or time, especially during unforeseen
circumstances that may arise.

7. Cultural and Linguistic Barriers

- Building Rapport: Regular communication fosters relationships and understanding

between the vessel’s crew and shore personnel, helping to bridge cultural and
linguistic barriers that might exist in international operations.
- Training and Guidance: Effective communication can also serve as a platform for
training shore personnel on specific cargo handling requirements, ensuring that
everyone involved understands the best practices and protocols.
Possible Causes of Loss or Damage to Cargo and Its Operations

1. Inadequate Care

Definition:
Inadequate care refers to the failure to properly handle, store, and monitor cargo
during loading, transit, and unloading.
Possible Impacts:
- Physical Damage
- Improper Stowage
- Lack of Monitoring

Preventive Measures:
- Implement comprehensive training programs for crew and shore personnel on
proper handling and stowage techniques.
- Regularly inspect cargo conditions and handling equipment.

2. Seawater Ingress

Definition:
Seawater ingress occurs when seawater enters the cargo holds, potentially damaging
the cargo.

Possible Impacts:
- Moisture Damage
- Contamination

Preventive Measures:
- Regularly inspect hatch covers, seals, and other areas for potential leaks.
- Ensure proper maintenance of the vessel’s watertight integrity.

3. Contamination

Definition:
Contamination refers to the introduction of unwanted substances into the cargo,
which can compromise its quality and safety.

Possible Impacts:
- Chemical Contamination
- Biological Contamination
Preventive Measures:
- Thoroughly clean holds and handling equipment before loading.
- Monitor cargo conditions to prevent pest infestations and biological growth.

4. Adulteration

Definition:
Adulteration is the process of adding inferior or unauthorized substances to the
cargo, often to increase quantity or alter quality.

Possible Impacts:
- Legal Consequences
- Health Risks

Preventive Measures:
- Implement stringent quality control measures at all stages of handling and storage.
- Conduct regular inspections and testing of cargo to ensure compliance with
standards.

5. Ad Mixture

Definition:
Ad mixture occurs when different cargoes unintentionally mix, leading to loss of
quality or value.

Possible Impacts:
- Quality Deterioration
- Financial Loss

Preventive Measures:
- Adhere strictly to cargo plans that specify segregation of different cargo types.
- Use physical barriers, like dunnage, to prevent mixing during loading and
stowage.

Reliable Detection of Defects and Damages in Cargo Handling

1. Visual Inspection

Description:
Visual inspection is the most fundamental method of detecting cargo defects and
damages. It involves a thorough examination of the cargo before, during, and after
loading and unloading.

Key Aspects:
- Condition Assessment.
- Load Stability
- Environmental Indicators
Best Practices:
- Conduct inspections at multiple stages: before loading, during loading, while in
transit, and after unloading.
- Document findings with photographs and written records to track the condition of
the cargo over time.

2. Use of Technology

Description:
Advancements in technology provide various tools to enhance the detection of
defects and damages.

Key Tools:
- Ultrasonic Testing
- Infrared Thermography
- Cargo Scanners
Benefits:
- Increased accuracy in identifying defects that are not visible to the naked eye.
- Reduced risk of damage during inspection compared to invasive methods.

3. Regular Maintenance and Calibration of Equipment

Description:
Ensuring that all cargo handling equipment (e.g., cranes, forklifts, conveyor belts) is
properly maintained and calibrated is critical for reliable operation and safety.

Key Aspects:
- Scheduled Inspections
- Calibration Checks

Impact:
- Reduces the risk of equipment failure that could lead to cargo damage.
- Enhances the reliability of the inspection processes.

4. Training and Competence of Personnel

Description:
Trained personnel are essential for the effective detection of defects and damages
during cargo operations.

Key Training Areas:

- Inspection Techniques
- Handling Procedures

Benefits:
- Increases the likelihood of early detection of defects and damages.
- Promotes a culture of safety and accountability among the crew.
5. Documentation and Record-Keeping

Description:
Comprehensive documentation is vital for tracking the condition of cargo
throughout its lifecycle.

Key Documents:
- Cargo Plans
- Inspection Reports
- Condition Reports

Importance:
- Creates a historical record that can be referred to for future assessments and
claims.
- Aids in accountability and ensures compliance with regulations.

6. Collaboration with Stakeholders

Description:
Effective communication and collaboration with all stakeholders involved in cargo
operations—such as shippers, receivers, and port authorities—are vital for reliable
detection of defects and damages.

Key Collaboration Areas:

- Sharing Information
- Joint Inspections

Outcome:
- Enhances overall cargo safety and integrity by pooling knowledge and resources.
- Facilitates quicker resolutions to any issues identified during inspections.
Incident Reporting on Cargo

1. Damage

Definition:
Damage refers to physical harm inflicted on cargo during loading, stowage, or
unloading, which compromises its integrity or value.

Types of Damage:
- Physical Damage: Includes dents, tears, or breakage in packaging or the cargo
itself.
- Environmental Damage: Caused by exposure to moisture, temperature
fluctuations, or other environmental factors.

Reporting Protocol:
- Immediate Notification
- Detailed Documentation
- Assessment and Recovery

2. Taint

Definition:
Taint refers to contamination that affects the quality and safety of cargo, often
caused by exposure to harmful substances or conditions.

Sources of Taint:
- Chemical Exposure: Interaction with hazardous materials or contaminants present
in the cargo hold.
- Biological Contamination: Infestation by pests or growth of mold and bacteria.

Reporting Protocol:
- Prompt Reporting
- Incident Report
- Sampling for Analysis

3. Pilferage

Definition:
Pilferage refers to the theft of cargo, often involving small quantities taken without
detection, leading to financial loss.

Common Indicators:
- Missing Cargo Discrepancies between the documented cargo manifest and the
actual cargo on board.
- Tampered Seals: Signs that seals on containers or packages have been broken or
tampered with.

Reporting Protocol:
- Immediate Alert
- Incident Documentation
- Investigation Coordination

4. Discharge Issues

Definition:
Discharge issues refer to problems encountered during the unloading of cargo from
the vessel, which can impact the timely delivery of goods.

Common Discharge Problems:

- Equipment Failure: Malfunctions of cranes, forklifts, or other handling equipment
that delay the unloading process.
- Incorrect Handling: Damage or misplacement of cargo during discharge
operations.

Reporting Protocol:
- Notify Relevant Parties
- Incident Report
- Corrective Actions

5. Jettison

Definition:
Jettison refers to the deliberate throwing overboard of cargo to lighten the vessel in
emergency situations, such as severe weather or stability concerns.

Reasons for Jettisoning:

- Safety Concerns: Immediate risk to the vessel and crew due to excessive weight or
shifting cargo.
- Environmental Threats: Preventing the risk of capsizing or damaging the vessel in
extreme conditions.

Reporting Protocol:
- Immediate Communication
- Incident Documentation
- Follow-Up Investigation