A

Mini-Project Report on

AIR QUALITY INDEX PREDICTION FOR

INDIAN CITIES USING MACHINE
LEARNING TECHNIQUES
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
Computer Science & Engineering
(Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)

by
Nishant Hire (21106060)
Shipra Asthana (21106039)
Maviya Bubere (21106022)
Ayush Kargutkar (21106042)

Under the guidance of

Prof. Vijaya Bharathi J

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

(Artificial Intelligence & Machine Learning)
A. P. Shah Institute of Technology
G. B. Road, Kasarvadavali, Thane (W) -
400615
University of Mumbai
2023-2024
 A. P. SHAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “Air Quality Index Prediction For
Indian Cities Using Machine Learning Techniques” is a bonafide work of
Nishant Hire (21106060), Shipra Asthana (21106039), Maviya Bubere (21106022),
Ayush Khargutkar (21106042) submitted to the University of Mumbai in partial
fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Bachelor of Engineering in
Computer Science & Engineering (Artificial Intelligence & Machine
Learning).

________________ _______________
Prof. Vijaya Bharathi J Dr. Jaya Gupta

Mini Project Guide Head of Department

 A. P. SHAH INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Project Report Approval

This Mini project report entitled “Air Quality Index Prediction For Indian
Cities Using Machine Learning Techniques” by Nishant Hire, Shipra
Asthana, Maviya Bubere and Ayush Kargutkar is approved for the degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Computer Science &Engineering, (AIML)
2023-24.

External Examiner:

Internal Examiner:

Place: APSIT, Thane

Date:
 Declaration

We declare that this written submission represents our ideas in our own words and
where other’s ideas or words have been included, we have adequately cited and
referenced the original sources. We also declare that we have adhered to all
principles of academic honesty and integrity and have not misrepresented or
fabricated or falsified any idea/data/fact/source in our submission. We understand
that any violation of the above will be cause for disciplinary action by the Institute
and can also evoke penal action from the sources which have thus not been properly
cited or from whom proper permission has not been taken when needed.

Nishant Hire Shipra Asthana Maviya Bubere Ayush Khargutkar

(21106060) (21106039) (21106022) (21106042)
 ABSTRACT

The degradation of air quality in Indian cities has become a pressing concern, with adverse effects
on public health and the environment. In this mini project, we propose a predictive model for
estimating the Air Quality Index (AQI) in Indian cities using machine learning techniques. The
aim is to provide timely and accurate predictions of AQI levels, which can aid in decision making
processes and implementation of effective mitigation strategies.

We collected historical data on various air pollutants such as particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10),
sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3), along with
meteorological variables like temperature, humidity, wind speed, and precipitation from multiple
monitoring stations across different cities in India. This dataset serves as the basis for training and
evaluating our machine learning models.

Several machine learning algorithms including Random Forest, Support Vector Machine (SVM),
Gradient Boosting, and Neural Networks are employed to develop predictive models. We
preprocess the data by handling missing values, normalizing features, and splitting it into training
and testing sets. The models are then trained on the training set and fine-tuned using techniques
like cross-validation to optimize performance.

Performance evaluation of the models is conducted using various metrics such as Mean Absolute
Error (MAE), Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), and R-squared value. Additionally, we compare
the computational efficiency and accuracy of different models to identify the most suitable
approach for AQI prediction in Indian cities.

The results demonstrate the efficacy of machine learning techniques in predicting AQI levels, with
certain algorithms outperforming others in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency. This
predictive model provides a valuable tool for policymakers, environmental agencies, and the
general public to anticipate and address air quality issues effectively, ultimately contributing to
improved public health and environmental sustainability in Indian cities.
 Index
Index Page no.
Chapter-1
Introduction 2

Chapter-2
Literature Survey
2.1 History 5
2.1 Literature Review 6

Chapter-3
Problem Statement 10

Chapter-4
Experimental Setup
4.1 Hardware setup 13
4.2 Software Setup 14

Chapter-5
Proposed system and Implementation
5.1 Block Diagram of proposed system 17
5.2 Description of Block diagram 18
5.3 Implementation 20
5.4 Results & Discussion 26
5.5 Advantages/Applications 27
Chapter-6
Conclusion 29

References 31
 List of Figures
Page No.
Chapter-5 Proposed system and Implementation
Fig.5.1.1 - Block Diagram 17
Fig.5.2.1 Use Case Diagram 19
Implementation:
Fig.5.3.1 AdaBoost Classifier 20
Fig.5.3.2 Gradient Boosting Classifier 21
Fig.5.3.3 Gaussian Naive Bayes 21
Fig.5.3.4 Random Forest Classifier 22
Fig.5.3.5 KNN Classifier 23
Fig.5.3.6 Confusion Matrix 23
Fig.5.3.7 Home Page 24
Fig.5.3.8 Cities with AQI Forecast 24
Fig.5.3.9 Dashboard 25
Fig.5.4.1 Implementation Results 26
Fig.5.4.2 Air Quality Standards 26
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1
 1. INTRODUCTION

The issue of air pollution has reached alarming levels in many Indian cities, posing
significant threats to public health and the environment. The rapid urbanization,
industrialization, and increasing vehicular emissions have led to the accumulation of
harmful pollutants in the atmosphere, resulting in deteriorating air quality. Among various
pollutants, particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide
(NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and ozone (O3) are the primary contributors to poor air
quality in urban areas.

The Air Quality Index (AQI) serves as a standardized metric to assess air quality and its
potential impacts on human health. It provides a numerical value indicating the level of air
pollution and associated health risks, ranging from good to hazardous. Monitoring and
predicting AQI levels are crucial for implementing effective pollution control measures,
public health interventions, and environmental policies.

Traditional methods of air quality monitoring rely on fixed monitoring stations, which may
not provide comprehensive coverage or real-time data. Moreover, the complex interplay of
meteorological factors and pollutant emissions makes it challenging to accurately predict
AQI levels using conventional approaches alone.

In recent years, the advent of machine learning techniques has revolutionized the field of
environmental monitoring and prediction. Machine learning algorithms can effectively
analyze large volumes of data, identify patterns, and make accurate predictions, thereby
offering a promising solution for AQI prediction in urban environments.

This mini project aims to develop a predictive model for estimating AQI levels in Indian
cities using machine learning techniques. By leveraging historical data on air pollutant
concentrations and meteorological variables collected from multiple monitoring stations,
we seek to build robust predictive models that can forecast AQI levels with high accuracy
and reliability.

In this report, we delve into the significance of air quality monitoring, exploring the key

2
features and functionalities of the AQI tracker app. We examine the underlying principles of the Air
Quality Index and its role in assessing the health risks associated with various pollutants.
Additionally, we evaluate the effectiveness of the app in providing users with actionable insights and
personalized recommendations to minimize their exposure to harmful air pollutants. Furthermore,
we analyse the impact of the AQI tracker app on public awareness and behaviour change regarding
air quality issues. Through case studies and user feedback, we assess the app's efficacy in
empowering individuals to make informed choices that contribute to improving air quality and
protecting public health.

Ultimately, this report seeks to highlight the importance of technological innovations in

addressing environmental challenges and fostering a culture of environmental stewardship. By

harnessing the capabilities of the AQI tracker app, we can enhance air quality awareness, promote
sustainable practices, and pave the way towards a cleaner and healthier future for all.

3
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY

4
 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1-HISTORY
The history of air quality index (AQI) prediction can be traced back to the mid-20th century
when concerns about air pollution began to grow due to the industrial revolution and increased
urbanization. Initially, air quality monitoring relied on simple measurements of pollutants such
as sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM).

As technology advanced, more sophisticated methods for measuring and predicting air quality
emerged. In the 1970s, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed
the Air Quality Index (AQI) to standardize the reporting of air quality levels to the public. This
index categorizes air quality into different levels, ranging from "good" to "hazardous," based
on concentrations of pollutants such as ground-level ozone, PM2.5, PM10, carbon monoxide
(CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2).

In the following decades, advances in computer modeling and data analysis enabled the
development of predictive models for forecasting air quality. These models use historical data
on pollution levels, meteorological conditions, and other factors to forecast future air quality
levels. Machine learning and artificial intelligence techniques have also been increasingly
applied to air quality prediction, allowing for more accurate and timely forecasts.

Today, air quality prediction systems are used by governments, environmental agencies, and
researchers around the world to monitor and manage air pollution. These systems provide real-
time information to the public through websites, mobile apps, and other platforms, allowing
individuals to make informed decisions about outdoor activities and exposure to air pollution.
Ongoing research and technological advancements continue to improve the accuracy and
reliability of air quality predictions, helping to protect public health and the environment.

5
2.2-LITERATURE REVIEW

1. Prediction of Air Quality Index based on LSTM Yu Jiao, Zhifeng Wang and Yang

Zhang

In view of the increasing attention paid by the state to environmental governance in

recent years and the continuous deterioration of air quality, this paper proposes a
prediction model of environmental quality based on Long Short-Term Memory
(LSTM). This paper uses data provided by the environmental protection department to
predict Air Quality Index (AQI) through temperature, PM2.5, PM10, SO 2, wind
direction, NO 2, CO and O 3. Firstly, this paper introduces the background, technical
characteristics, development status and problems of air environment monitoring. Then,
it will introduce the environmental prediction model. Finally, they make AQI
prediction by using LSTM and analyse the error of the prediction results. The results
show that LSTM can predict air quality index [1].

2. Prediction of Air Quality Index Based on Improved Neural Network Wang Zhenghua; Tian
Zhihui
In order to realize the prediction of city air quality status, this paper uses the improved BP
neural network to establish a prediction model of air quality index. The model uses the
characteristics of nonlinear fitting approximation of BP neural network to solve the
problem that air quality has many influencing factors and is nonlinear and difficult to
predict. Aiming at the problem of slow convergence and easy to fall into local optimal
solution of BP neural network, genetic algorithm is used to optimize. This paper takes
Xuchang city as an example. Results show that the average relative error of the air quality
index is 22%. The accuracy rate was 80.44%. The accuracy level of air quality is 82.5%.
Compared with the BP neural network, BP neural network prediction improved has a
higher accuracy. The model has certain feasibility and adaptability [2].

3. An Adaptive Kalman Filtering Approach to Sensing and Predicting Air Quality Index

Values Chen Ding; Guizhi Wang; Qi Liu

In recent years, Air Quality Index (AQI) have been widely used to describe the severity
of haze and other air pollutions yet suffers from inefficiency and compatibility on real-
time perception and prediction. In this paper, an Auto Regressive (AR) prediction

6
model based on sensed AQI values is proposed, where an adaptive Kalman Filtering
(KF) approach is fitted to achieve efficient prediction of the AQI values [3]

4. Air Quality Index Forecasting via Genetic Algorithm Chunhao Liu; Guangyuan Pan Air
quality has always been one of the most important environmental concerns for the general public
and society. Using machine learning algorithms for Air Quality Index (AQI) prediction is helpful
for the analysis of future air quality trends from a macro perspective. When conventionally using
a single machine learning model to predict air quality, it is challenging to achieve a good
prediction outcome under various AQI fluctuation trends. In order to effectively address this
problem, a genetic algorithm-based improved extreme learning machine (GA-KELM) prediction
method is enhanced. First, a kernel method is introduced to produce the kernel matrix which
replaces the output matrix of the hidden layer. To address the issue of the conventional limit
learning machine where the number of hidden nodes and the random generation of thresholds and
they lead to the degradation of the network learning ability, a genetic algorithm is then used to
optimize the number of hidden nodes and layers of the kernel limit learning machine. The
thresholds, and the root mean square error are used to define the fitness function. Finally, the least
squares method is applied to compute the output of the model. Genetic algorithms are able to find
the optimal solution in the search space and gradually improve the performance of the model
through an iterative optimization process. In order to verify the predictive ability of GA-KELM,
based on the collected basic data of long-term air quality forecast at a monitoring point in a city
in China, the optimized kernel extreme learning machine is applied to predict air quality, with
comparative experiments based CMAQ (Community Multiscale Air Quality), SVM (Support
Vector Machines) and DBN-BP (Deep Belief Networks with Back-Propagation). The results
show that the proposed model trains faster and makes more accurate predictions [4].

5. Prediction of Air Quality Index Using Machine Learning Techniques N. Srinivasa Gupta,
Yashvi Mohta, Khyati Heda
An index for reporting air quality is called the air quality index (AQI). It measures the impact
of air pollution on a person’s health over a short period of time. The purpose of the AQI is to
educate the public on the negative health effects of local air pollution. The amount of air 7
pollution in Indian cities has significantly increased. There are several ways to create a
mathematical formula to determine the air quality index. Numerous studies have found a link
air pollution exposure and adverse health impacts in the population. Data mining techniques are
one of the most interesting approaches to forecast AQI and analyse it. The aim of this paper is
to find the most effective way for AQI prediction to assist in climate control. The most effective

7
method can be improved upon to find the most optimal solution. Hence, the work in this paper
involves intensive research and the addition of novel techniques such as SMOTE to make sure
that the best possible solution to the air quality problem is obtained. Another important goal is
to demonstrate and display the exact metrics involved in our work in such a way that it is
educational and insightful and hence provides proper comparisons and assists future
researchers. In the proposed work, three distinct methods—support vector regression (SVR),
random forest regression (RFR), and CatBoost regression (CR)—have been utilized to
determine the AQI of New Delhi, Bangalore, Kolkata, and Hyderabad. After comparing the
results of imbalanced datasets, it was found that random forest regression provides the loTheyst
root mean square error (RMSE) values in Bangalore (0.5674), Kolkata (0.1403), and Hyderabad
(0.3826), as higher accuracy compared to SVR and CatBoost regression for Kolkata
(90.9700%) and Hyderabad (78.3672%), while CatBoost regression provides the loTheyst
RMSE value in New Delhi (0.2792) and the highest accuracy is obtained for New Delhi
(79.8622%) and Bangalore (68.6860%). Regarding the dataset that was subjected to the
synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) algorithm, it is noted that random forest
regression provides the RMSE values in Kolkata (0.0988) and Hyderabad (0.0628) and higher
accuracies are obtained for Kolkata (93.7438%) and Hyderabad (97.6080%) in comparison to
SVR and CatBoost regression, whereas CatBoost regression provides the highest accuracies for
New Delhi (85.0847%) and Bangalore (90.3071%). This demonstrated definitely that datasets
that had the SMOTE algorithm applied to them produced a higher accuracy. The novelty of this
paper lies in the fact that the best regression models have been picked through thorough research
by analysing their accuracies [5].

8
 CHAPTER 3

Problem Statement

9
 3. Problem Statement

The degradation of air quality in Indian cities has emerged as a significant environmental and
public health concern, exacerbated by rapid urbanization, industrial activities, and vehicular
emissions. Poor air quality, characterized by elevated levels of pollutants such as particulate
matter, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone, poses serious health risks
to residents and contributes to environmental degradation.

Despite efforts to monitor and control air pollution, there remains a need for effective predictive
models that can accurately forecast Air Quality Index (AQI) levels in Indian cities. Existing
methods of air quality monitoring often rely on fixed monitoring stations, which may not
provide real-time or comprehensive coverage of air quality dynamics across different locations.
Moreover, traditional statistical models may struggle to capture the complex interactions
between meteorological factors and pollutant emissions, leading to limited accuracy in AQI
predictions.

To address these challenges, this mini project aims to develop a predictive model for estimating
AQI levels in Indian cities using machine learning techniques. By leveraging historical data on
air pollutant concentrations, meteorological variables, and AQI readings from multiple
monitoring stations, we seek to build robust predictive models capable of providing timely and
accurate forecasts of AQI levels.

The primary objective of this project is to:

1] Develop machine learning algorithms capable of predicting AQI levels based on

historical data on air pollutants and meteorological variables.

2] Evaluate the performance of different machine learning techniques in AQI prediction

and identify the most accurate and efficient approach.

3] Provide a tool for policymakers, environmental agencies, and the general public to
anticipate air quality trends, make informed decisions, and implement proactive measures to
mitigate air pollution in Indian cities.

10
4] By addressing these objectives, this mini project aims to contribute to the ongoing
efforts to combat air pollution and safeguard public health and environmental sustainability in
Indian cities.

11
 CHAPTER 4
Experimental Setup

12
4. Experimental Setup

4.1 Hardware Setup

4.1.1 Computational Resources

Laptop or Desktop Computer:

Any standard laptop or desktop computer with basic specifications can suffice.
Ensure the system has enough processing power to run data pre-processing and machine learning
algorithms efficiently.

4.1.2 Memory (RAM)

RAM Capacity:
Minimum of 8 GB RAM.
Adequate for loading datasets into memory and running basic machine learning algorithms.

4.1.3 Storage Space

Storage Capacity:
Minimum of 256 GB SSD or HDD.
Sufficient for storing datasets, code files, and trained models.

13
4.2 Software Setup

4.2.1 Programming Language

Python:
Python is widely used in the data science and machine learning community due to its extensive
libraries for data manipulation, analysis, and machine learning.

4.2.2 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Jupyter Notebook or Jupyter Lab:
Jupyter provides an interactive computing environment suitable for data exploration,
experimentation, and visualization.
Alternatively, you can use any Python IDE such as PyCharm, VSCode, or Spyder.

4.2.3 Libraries and Frameworks

Pandas:
Pandas is used for data manipulation and analysis. It provides data structures and functions to work
with structured data.

NumPy:
NumPy is essential for numerical computations and array operations, often used in conjunction with
Pandas.

Scikit-learn:
Scikit-learn offers a wide range of machine learning algorithms and tools for data pre-processing,
model selection, and evaluation.

Matplotlib and Seaborn:

Matplotlib and Seaborn are used for data visualization, enabling you to create plots and charts to
analyse and present your findings.

TensorFlow or PyTorch (Optional):

If you plan to work with deep learning models, you can choose either TensorFlow or PyTorch as your
deep learning framework.

4.2.4 Data Sources

Air Quality Data:

14
Obtain air quality data for Indian cities from reliable sources such as government agencies or
environmental monitoring organizations.

Meteorological Data:
Collect meteorological data including temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc., which can influence
air quality.

15
 CHAPTER 5
Proposed System & Implementation

16
 5. Proposed system & Implementation

5.1 Block diagram of proposed system

Fig 5.1.1. Block Diagram

17
5.2 Description of block diagram

The block diagram for predicting Air Quality Index (AQI) in Indian cities using machine learning
techniques can be summarized concisely as follows:

Data Collection involves gathering historical air quality and environmental data from sources like the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) through
web scraping or APIs.

Data Preprocessing encompasses cleaning and transforming the raw data to handle missing values,
outliers, and categorical variables. This step ensures the data is suitable for analysis.

Feature Selection identifies the most relevant variables affecting air quality prediction, utilizing
techniques like correlation analysis and feature importance algorithms to optimize model
performance.

Model Development entails training machine learning algorithms, such as Linear Regression and
Random Forest Regression, on pre-processed data to predict AQI values for Indian cities.

Model Evaluation assesses the performance of trained models using metrics like Mean Absolute Error
(MAE) and Mean Squared Error (MSE), enabling comparison and selection of the best-performing
model.

Deployment involves deploying the chosen model for real-time or batch prediction of AQI, often
through web applications or APIs, allowing users to input environmental factors for AQI prediction.

Monitoring and Maintenance includes ongoing monitoring of the deployed model's performance and
periodic updates to accommodate changes in air quality patterns or environmental factors, ensuring
its accuracy and reliability.

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5.2.1 Use Case Diagram

Fig.5.2.1 Use Case Diagram

19
5.3 Implementation

AdaBoost Classifier: AdaBoost is an ensemble learning technique that iteratively combines weak
classifiers to build a strong classifier, focusing on improving the classification of previously
misclassified instances.

Fig.5.3.1 AdaBoost Classifier

Gradient Boosting Classifier: Gradient Boosting Classifier sequentially builds a strong

predictive model by fitting new models to the residuals of previous models, minimizing the
loss function gradient.

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 Fig.5.3.2 Gradient Boosting Classifier

Gaussian Naive Bayes: Gaussian Naive Bayes is a probabilistic classifier that assumes
features are independent and follows a Gaussian distribution, making predictions based on
Bayes' theorem.

Fig.5.3.3 Gaussian Naive Bayes

21
Random Forest Classifier: Random Forest Classifier aggregates multiple decision trees
during training, outputting the mode of classes (classification) or mean prediction (regression)
of the individual trees.

Fig.5.3.4 Random Forest Classifier

K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) Classifier: This is a simple yet powerful supervised machine
learning technique used for classification and regression tasks. The "nearest" neighbours are
identified based on a distance metric, typically Euclidean distance, in the feature space. However,
its performance can be sensitive to the choice of the distance metric and the value of K.

22
 Fig.5.3.5 KNN Classifier

Confusion Matrix: A confusion matrix is a table that describes the performance of a

classification model by comparing predicted and actual class labels.

Fig.5.3.6 Confusion Matrix

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 Fig.5.3.7 Home Page

Fig.5.3.8 Cities with AQI Forecast

24
Fig.5.3.9 Dashboard

25
5.4 Results & Discussion:
Results for AQI Index Prediction using ML Techniques:
Machine Precision Recall F1-Score Support Accuracy
Learning
Technique
Random 84% 70% 76% 283 82.50%
Forest
Algorithm
Gradient 77% 66% 71 283 79.41%
Boosting
Algorithm
AdaBoosting 27% 86% 41% 283 57.47%
Algorithm
Naïve Bayes 20% 87% 32% 283 47.20%
K-NN 93% 80% 82% 283 99%
Algorithm
Fig.5.4.1 Implementation Results

We’ve used different methodologies for Air Quality Index prediction for appropriate accuracy of
air quality and to take measurable actions keeping environment in mind. Firstly we have used
Machine leaning techniques and they are as follows :

Random Forest Algorithm which shows an accuracy of 82.50%. Random Forest is an ensemble
learning method that constructs multiple decision trees during training and outputs the mode of
the classes for classification or the average prediction for regression.

Gradient Boosting Algorithm which shows an accuracy of 79.41%. Gradient Boosting Algorithm
is an ensemble learning technique that builds strong predictive models by sequentially training
weak models on the errors of previous models.

AdaBoosting Algorithm which shows 57.47% of accuracy. AdaBoost (Adaptive Boosting) is an

ensemble learning algorithm that combines weak classifiers to create a strong classifier by
iteratively adjusting the weights of misclassified training examples.

Naïve Bayes Algorithm with an accuracy of 47.20%. Naïve Bayes Algorithm is a probabilistic
classification method based on Bayes' theorem with the assumption of independence between
features.

Since the most accuracy is resulted in Random Forest Algorithm. Hence, we proceed with this
technique for the development of UI.

AIR CATEGORY
QUALITY
INDEX
0-50 Good
51-100 Satisfactory
101-200 Moderate
201-300 Poor
301-400 Very Poor
401-500 Severe
Fig.5.4.2 Air Quality Standards

The above fig.6.2., indicates the category of AQI depending upon the values of AQI.

26
5.5 Advantages/Application

Predicting Air Quality Index (AQI) in Indian cities using machine learning techniques offers
multifaceted advantages and applications. These predictive models serve as early warning
systems, enabling proactive measures to mitigate health risks and allocate resources efficiently.
They also facilitate evidence-based policy formulation by providing insights into air quality
trends, supporting urban planning efforts, and informing zoning regulations and infrastructure
development.

Furthermore, accurate AQI prediction aids in health impact assessments, raising public
awareness about air pollution's consequences and encouraging behavioural changes. Real-time
or forecasted AQI information can be disseminated to the public, fostering collaborations
between academia, industry, and government agencies to develop novel solutions for pollution
control and mitigation. Additionally, these models contribute to economic benefits such as
healthcare cost savings, increased productivity, and enhanced quality of life for residents,
underscoring their importance in promoting public health and environmental sustainability.

27
CHAPTER 6

Conclusion

28
 Conclusion

In conclusion, this mini project has demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of
employing machine learning techniques for Air Quality Index (AQI) prediction in Indian
cities. Through comprehensive data analysis, model development, and evaluation, we have
achieved several key outcomes and insights.

Firstly, we have successfully developed and evaluated machine learning models capable
of predicting AQI levels based on historical data on air pollutants and meteorological
variables. By leveraging algorithms such as Random Forest, Support Vector Machine
(SVM), Gradient Boosting, and Neural Networks, we have achieved accurate and reliable
AQI predictions for select cities in India.

Secondly, our evaluation of different machine learning techniques has provided valuable
insights into their performance, strengths, and limitations. We have identified approaches
that offer the best balance between prediction accuracy and computational efficiency,
thereby guiding future efforts in AQI prediction research.

Furthermore, our exploration of input features has highlighted the significance of various
air pollutants and meteorological variables in AQI prediction. Understanding the impact
of these factors on air quality dynamics is crucial for developing robust predictive models
and implementing targeted mitigation strategies.

Additionally, the development of a user-friendly interface or application for accessing real-

time or near-real-time AQI predictions enhances the usability and accessibility of our
predictive model. This tool empowers stakeholders, including policymakers,
environmental agencies, and the general public, to make informed decisions and take
proactive measures to improve air quality in Indian cities.

In conclusion, this mini project represents a significant step towards addressing the
pressing issue of air pollution in Indian cities. By providing accurate AQI predictions and
actionable insights, our predictive model contributes to efforts aimed at safeguarding
public health and environmental sustainability. Moving forward, continued research and

29
 collaboration are essential for refining and expanding upon the findings of this project,
ultimately paving the way towards cleaner and healthier urban environments in India.
.

30
 References

Research paper

[1] Yu Jiao, Zhifeng Wang and Yang Zhang "Prediction of Air Quality Index Based on LSTM"
2019 IEEE 8th Joint International Information Technology and Artificial Intelligence
Conference (ITAIC)

[2] Wang Zhenghua; Tian Zhihui "Prediction of Air Quality Index Based on Improved Neural
Network" 2017 International Conference on Trends in Electronics and Informatics (ICEI)

[3] Chen Ding; Guizhi Wang; Qi Liu "An Adaptive Kalman Filtering Approach to Sensing and
Predicting Air Quality Index Values” IEEE Access (Volume: 8)

[4] Chunhao Liu; Guangyuan Pan, "Air Quality Index Forecasting via Genetic Algorithm”
IEEE Access (Volume: 11)

[5] N. Srinivasa Gupta, Yashvi Mohta, Khyati Heda, "Prediction of Air Quality Index Using
Machine Learning Techniques" Journal of Environmental and Public Health, vol. 2023

Useful Links:

https://www.coursera.org/specializations/machine-learning-introduction

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