MEDIA AND

INFORMATION LITERACY
WEEK 1 – INTRODUCTION TO MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
COMMUNICATION: defined as the method wherein language, symbols, or manners are used
to share information or to state opinions or thoughts. It is also defined as the exchange of
information and the expression of thoughts or notion that can result in understanding.

BASIC TYPES OF COMMUNICATION:

1. NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION: communicating without the use of words (Signs, symbols,

colors, gestures, body language, facial expressions)
- Facial Expressions
- Hand Gestures
- Eye Contact/Movement
- Head Movement
- Posture/Stance
- Tone of Voice
- Physical/Body Contact (Such as shaking hands)
- Appearance (The way they dress)
- Proximity/Closeness
- Sound (Such as sighing or laughing)

2. VERBAL COMMUNICATION: sharing of information between individuals by using speech

(Oral, Written)
- Talking/chatting face-to-face in conversation.
- Talking/chatting over the telephone.
- Recording a video.
- Public speaking.
- Preaching.
- Monologue.
- Lecturing.
- Dialogue.

MEDIA: refers to the physical objects used as a tool to communicate and give information
such as radio, TV, personal computer, movie films, etc.

INFORMATION: refers to knowledge or data gathered through experiences or research

LITERACY: refers to the skill to recognize, distinguish, understand, evaluate, and produce
information

TYPES OF LITERACY:

MEDIA LITERACY: refers to reading, analyzing, evaluating and producing communication in

different media forms. Individuals who are media literate should demonstrate skills in
several areas, including:

- Know the role and functions of media

- Understand the circumstances under which media and fulfill them
- Examine and assess media content critically
- Using media for preparing for democratic and intercultural discussion and learning
- Make user-generated content

INFORMATION LITERACY: refers to the ability to know when information is required. This
also pertains to the ability to find, analyze, evaluate, communicate and use information
effectively in different formats. Individuals who are information literate should demonstrate
skills in several areas, including:
- Meaning and delivery of information
- Location and access of information
- Evaluation of Information
- Information organization
- Information uses
- Communicating and using information ethically

TECHNOLOGY LITERACY: refers to the ability of knowing how to use technology, its tools or
networks to find, create, evaluate, or use information. Individuals who are technology
literate should demonstrate skills in several areas, including:

- Communication
- Innovation
- Collaboration
- Information and research fluency
- Processes and concepts of technology

MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY: brings together disciplines that were originally
different and separate. According to UNESCO, this refers to the disciplines that allows
people to gather, assess, use, produce, and share information and media content using
appropriate tools and formats ethically and effectively
for different activities purposes.

MIL aims to inspire citizens with essential knowledge about the functions of media and
information systems in a democratic society, how these functions apply and how citizens
assess the quality of the content they provide.

Furthermore, MIL signifies important abilities and skills to equip citizens in the present day,
such as the ability to effectively engage with media and information systems, improve
critical thinking and life- long learning skills that will help them to communicate and
become active citizens. These goals underpin the draft model of media and information
literacy curriculum.

It promotes one's right to communicate and express; to find, obtain, and share information
and/or ideas. Media and Information Literacy also evaluates the sources, medium, and
audience of messages based on how they were created, carried, and by identifying its
listeners.

WEEK 2 – THE EVOLUTION OF TRADITIONAL TO NEW MEDIA

PREHISTORIC TECHNOLOGY: refers to the technology that exists before recorded history.
History refers to the study of the recorded past events. Anything that predates the first
written accounts of history is prehistoric, including earlier technologies. Technology began,
about 2.5 million years before writing was developed, with the earliest hominids who used
stone tools, which they may have used to start fires, hunt, and bury their dead.

EXAMPLES: Cave Paintings 3500 BC, acta duirna in Rome 130 BC, Papyrus in Egypt 2500 BC

INDUSTRIAL AGE: began around 1760 – and later in other countries – that includes economic
and social organization changes. This period of history is known by the concentration of
industry in huge businesses and for the replacement of hand tools with machines that are
driven by power (e.g. power loom and steam engine).

EXAMPLES: Printing press for mass production 1900, The London Gazette 1665, Typewriter
1800

ELECTRONIC AGE: refers to a period wherein people can easily – and instantaneously –
communicate with anyone anywhere. It was ushered in by the invention of the telegraph in
1844. Made printed word a thing of the past. Could gain information despite not being able
to read or write, since we can depend on the other senses. Communicating with the world
in became constant in the daily life of an individual. What we feel was more important than
what we think. The electronic media have kept people informed about events across the
globe without leaving the comfort of their own homes.
EXAMPLES: Transistor Radio 1950s, Commercial Television 1940s, Large electronic computer
1950

NEW AGE: Information age, also known as the Digital Age, Computer Age, or the New Media
Age, refers to a period of history wherein it is described as an economy based on the
computerization of information improved from the Industrial Revolution brought through
industrialization. The experience here is more interactive. The audiences are more involved
and are able to send feedback simultaneously and new media integrates all those aspects
of the traditional media.

EXAMPLES: Web browsers, Social Networks

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION AND MEDIA:

- Inform people of what is happening around them or in the environment
- Educate the audience about the definition and importance of facts.
- Create and facilitate an area for the public for discussion of opinion
- Provide exposure to political or government organizations
- Serve as a medium to convey advocacy of political viewpoints

WEEK 3 – INFORMATION LITERACY

INFORMATION: a term that refers to knowledge or processed data gathered through
experiences or research.

INFORMATION LITERACY: refers to the ability to know when information is required. This
also pertains to the ability to find, analyze, evaluate, communicate and use information
effectively in different formats. In other words, information literacy refers to finding the
right information needed and knowing how to use it.

According to Shigeru Aoyagi, Division of Basic Education, UNESCO, “For all societies,
Information Literacy is becoming an increasingly important component of not only literacy
policies and strategies, but also of global policies to promote human development.

WHY IS INFORMATION LITERACY IMPORTANT?

CRITICAL THINKING: it promotes critical thinking skills by teaching individuals how to

evaluate the credibility, relevance, and reliability of information.

LIFELONG LEARNING: individuals must continuously acquire new knowledge and skills.

ACADEMIC SUCCESS: Students who are information literate are better equipped to conduct
research, write papers, and complete assignment successfully.

PROFESSIONAL SUCCESS: In workplace, information literacy is essential for performing task

effectively, solving problems, and making informed decisions.

ETHICAL INFORMATION USE: It teaches individuals about the ethical and legal use of
information, including citing sources properly and avoiding plagiarism.

DIGITAL CITIZENSHIP: It includes understanding how to navigate digital platforms safely

and responsibly, including issues related to privacy, security, and online behavior.

INFORMATION LITERACY IS ESSENTIAL FOR TODAY’S SOCIETY BECAUSE:

- it improves skills related to critical thinking and problem-solving
- it gives the ability to identify what information is true and appropriate not just for work or
school, but also for everyday decisions in our life.

HOW IS INFORMATION LITERACY SIGNIFICANT IN INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY?

- Information literacy gives us the skills to locate and evaluate information, including the
use of technology.
- Information Literacy has been an educational concern for many years now.
- At present, employees and students alike has paid attention more to developing computer
and information technology skill.
- Because of the fast-growing of technology in our society, becoming information literate is
just as essential as becoming technology literate.
- Through information technology, information is much easier to access and locate
information.
- The use of technology enables an individual to access a large scale of information either
for personal, work-related, or academic uses.

COMPONENTS OF INFORMATION LITERACY:

IDENTIFY:
- Recognize information needed
- Detect the nature and extent of information needed.

EXAMPLES:
- Knowing the difference between a published court decision and an article about the court
case
- Identifying the most current information available on a medical procedure

ACADEMIC EXAMPLES REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

• writing a thesis statement • devising a search strategy to find
• creating a timeline and plan to complete a information on buying a new home
research paper • identifying the difference
• reading background information on a topic before between a published court
researching decision and an article about the
• recognizing the difference between a library court case
database and a website • deciding to search for the most
• differentiating between primary, secondary, and current information available on a
tertiary sources for information medical procedure
FIND:
- Determine source/s of information
- Locate the needed information effectively and efficiently.
EXAMPLES:
- Searching public archives for information on local history
- Accessing a government website for local crime statistics
- Interviewing the right respondents for a research paper

ACADEMIC EXAMPLES REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

• finding an article from the library databases • locating a website written by a credible
• using Boolean terms (AND, OR, NOT) when botanist to help identify
searching online wildflowers
• locating a book on the library shelves by its • searching public archives for
call number information on local history
• refining a search strategy to narrow down • requesting genealogical records
results in databases and search engines through interlibrary loan
• choosing keywords and phrases to use in a • accessing a government website for
library catalog search local crime statistics
EVALUATE:
- Examine and evaluate the quality of information
- Evaluate information and its sources critically.

EXAMPLES:
- Researching the claims made in a political ad on television
- Able to judge if a post on social media is a hoax or not

ACADEMIC EXAMPLES REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

• summarizing the main ideas of an article or book • researching the claims made in a
• reviewing multiple points of view to construct an political ad on television
opinion • scrutinizing a Wikipedia article for
• exploring different sources of information (web, accuracy
books, databases, primary sources) to understand • checking a website for currency of
a topic updates
• analyzing the structure and logic of arguments
made in lectures and speeches
APPLY:
- Using information in an ethical, and efficient way
- Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose.
EXAMPLES:
- Doing a biography of a person based on his answers to the interview conducted
- Citing an information made by experts to support a point during a discussion

ACADEMIC EXAMPLES REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

• paraphrasing an expert essay to support a • developing a market survey based
position in a persuasive speech on gaps identified by reviewing
• integrating a direct quotation from a reference studies
book into a • referencing experts to support a
research paper point during a discussion
• using images from a database to prepare a group • communicating the findings of a
PPT patent search to potential product
investors
ACKNOWLEDGE:
- Cite or search information
- Recognize sources of information and the ethical, legal, and socio-economic issues
surrounding information.

EXAMPLES:
- Referencing information source in the text of a research paper
- Obtaining permission before copying a news story to a blog
- Downloading legally purchased music

ACADEMIC EXAMPLES REAL WORLD EXAMPLES

• citing an information source in the • obtaining permission before copying a news
text of a research paper story to a blog
• creating a works cited page or • giving attribution to a reposted image on a
bibliography website
• understanding what constitutes • recognizing limits and protections
plagiarism of free speech and censorship on television
• utilizing Fair Use and copyright • downloading legally purchased music
guidelines
According to the study of Harrison in 2001, they stated that “at the most ‘basic’ level,
children spend three times as long on computers in the home as they do in school on
average”.

WEEK 4 – TYPES OF MEDIA

MEDIA: is the use of various devices – such as television, radio, television, computers, etc. –
to provide or share information massively. This also refers to any object that is used to
relay messages. Media is considered as a source of reliable information for its contents are
provided by a credible organization or went through editorial process.

TYPES OF MEDIA:

1. PRINT MEDIA: refers to materials that are printed such as books, newsletter, magazines,
journals, etc. that provide information. The newspaper is the most popular form of print
media that plays a significant role in an individual’s daily life. Newspapers gather, and edit
reports or articles for information, or entertainment purposes. Eveningers are newspapers
published in the evening.

2. BROADCAST MEDIA: the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed audience

via any electronic mass communications medium, but typically one using the
electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves), in a one-to-many model.

A. TELEPHONE BROADCASTING (1881-1932): Nowadays, telephones are only used for

communicating with people far away. Way back, telephone broadcasting is considered as
the earliest form of electronic broadcasting. This began with Theatre Phone systems
or “Théâtrophone” that was made by Clément Ader, a French inventor, in 1881. Theatre
Phone allows people to listen to live opera and theatre performance over the telephone.

In 1890s, telephone newspaper services were introduced that broadcasts news and
entertainment programs over the telephone. It is mostly popular in large European cities.
Subscription to these telephone-based services are considered as the first examples of
providing a wide variety of programming in electronic broadcasting.

B. RADIO BROADCASTING: Started experimentally in 1906, and commercially in 1920. These

refers to sounds signals that are transported from a transmitter through the air as radio
waves, collected by an antenna and transmitted to a receiver. Radio networks links radio
stations to disseminate radio programs.

C. TELEVISION BROADCASTING (TELECAST): Started experimentally in 1925, commercially in

the 1930s. Television broadcasting is an extension of radio broadcasting, including not only
sound signals, but also including video signal.

D. CABLE RADIO (1928) AND CABLE TELEVISION (1932): Originally, they mainly serve as
media to transmit radio or television stations programming via coaxial cable, and then
escalating into a wide-range universe of different cable-originated channels.

E. DIRECT-BROADCAST SATELLITE: Also known as DBS, started commercially in 1974 and

Satellite Radio started commercially in 1990 provides a combination of television
broadcasting and traditional radio that has a dedicated satellite radio programming. Meant
for direct-to-home program broadcasting.

F. WEBCASTING OF VIDEO/TELEVISION: Started commercially in 1993 and Webcasting of

audio/radio that started commercially in 1994 streams radio and television station
programming through Internet.

3. NEW MEDIA (INTERNET): refers to the content that is accessed on Internet that is easily
accessed on any digital device. Examples of new media include websites (e.g. blogs, social
media, online newspapers, etc.) or even video games. Unlike the previous technologies,
New Media exists on an interactive community. New Media provides content through
discussion that allows people to share and discuss their own opinions about several topics.

WEEK 5 – MEDIA AND INFORMATION SOURCES

1. INDIGENOUS MEDIA: Also known as community media
- refers to any form of media utilizing indigenous knowledge that is made and managed by,
for, and about the community.
- refers to the unusual source of information that is delivered through people media or
through indigenous media.
- Indigenous knowledge is defined as the knowledge that is unique to a given culture or
society (Warren, 1991).
- This is created by indigenous people to scatter appropriate information, usually in the
language understood by the community, regarding the community needs and interests.

EXAMPLES:

A. NORTHERN DISPATCH WEEKLY (NORDIS) PHILIPPINES: a newspaper and an online news

website (nordis.det) covering the three regions of Northern Luzon (Ilocos, Cordillera, and
Cagayan Valley). According to their website, the newspaper comes out every Sunday, and
the website is updated a few hours after.

B. ZIGZAG WEEKLY: a weekly newspaper that is created by and for the people of Baguio
City.

Like the NORDIS, they also run an online news website - zigzagweekly.net

C. Northern Philippine Times: a weekly publication of opinion and news from the Cordillera,
Ilocos Region, Cagayan Valley, and Central Luzon. They also utilize a website called
northphilitimes.blogspot.com

2. LIBRARY: A place wherein literary, musical, artistic, or reference books or materials are
found and used by various people but are not for sale.

EXAMPLES:

A. BOOKS: these are used in looking for a great deal of information about a topic.
Stacks: refer to collections of books that are organized and stored by libraries. Examples of
books:
- "The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society" by Gary B. Nash in 1990.
- "Visions of Suburbia" by Roger Silverstone in 1997
- "Roman Villas: A Study in Social Structure" by J.T. Smith in 1997

B. ACADEMIC JOURNALS: Mostly used by students for research, academic journals refer to a
group of articles - reviewed by an editorial board - typically written experts or scholars in a
professional or academic field that covers precise topics about a various fields. Examples
are:
- "Journal of Communication"
- "The Historian"
- "Journal of the American Medical Association" "Lancet"

C. ENCYCLOPEDIA: are collections of various facts usually written by different contributors

who are knowledgeable about that topic.

GENERAL ENCYCLOPEDIA: covers a large variety of topics.

- "Encyclopedia Americana"
- "World Book" - an online general encyclopedia
SUBJECT ENCYCLOPEDIA: covers more specific and in-depth entries of information, usually
just focusing on a distinct field of study.
- "African-American Encyclopedia"
- "Gale encyclopedia of genetic disorders" - an online subject encyclopedia

D. LIBRARY CATALOG: refers to organized collection of records of the items found in a

library, usually can be searched on the library's home page. Library catalogue can lead you
to the location of a source about a topic in the library's collection of materials. The Example
of this is the Virginia Tech's library catalog called Addison.

3. MASS MEDIA: reaches a large audience through written, spoken, or broadcast

communication.

EXAMPLE:

A. MAGAZINES: cover a large variety of articles and images of up-to-date information or

opinion about a topic, event, or popular culture.
- National Geographic - Sports illustrated
- Ebony - People Magazine

B. NEWSPAPER: collect, and edit reports of articles about current events for information, or
entertainment purposes that is usually published on a daily basis. People read newspapers
to gather up-to-date information about local, national, or international events.
- The Philippine Star - The Philippine Daily Inquirer
- Manila Bulletin - The Manila Times

C. RADIO: These refers to sending sounds signals from a transmitter through the air as
radio waves, collected by an antenna and transmitted to a receiver. Radio networks links
radio stations that communicates information and messages.

D. TELEVISION: like the Radio, Television sends information and messages through the air,
but instead of just sounds, television also sends visual images through channels for
information, education, or entertainment purposes.

E. INTERNET: composed of millions of networks that are connected by networking

technologies. Nowadays, people rely the most on internet for information.

WEB SITES: The World Wide Web allows one to easily and instantaneously access several
types of information such as text, pictures or images, sounds, and/or video.
- The Library of Congress - Blog Sites
- Wikipedia - Social Media Sites

DATABASE: composed of collections of articles - that may also provide short summaries or
complete information about these articles - cited in newspapers, journals, magazines,
podcasts, and other media types.
- "Academic Search Complete" - a general database
- "Compendex" - an engineering database
- "ABI/Inform" - a business database

WEEK 6 – MEDIA AND INFORMATION LANGUAGES

MEDIA LANGUAGES: refers codes, conventions, formats, symbols and narrative structures
that show the meaning of media messages to an audience.

CODES: refer to signs that create meaning, there are three types of codes: technical,
symbolic, and written.

CONVENTION: refers to the methods of doing something that is largely accepted. In print
media, for instance, the use of quotes when writing is considered as a general convention.
Conventions can also be genre specific.

MESSAGES: refer to the information sent from a source to a receiver

There are people who are the senders and receivers of these media languages called the
producers and the audience.

PRODUCERS: refers to people who engaged or who are part of the process in creating and
finishing the media product

AUDIENCE: refers to the recipients of – or anyone that is exposed to – the message shown
through media

STAKEHOLDERS: refers to other providers of information that can be used in the media
project such as libraries, archives, museums, and internet

TYPES OF CODES:

TECHNICAL CODES: refers to methods of how an equipment or device is used to tell the
story. This includes how cameras work in a film, its framing, lighting, etc.

A. CAMERA SHOT TYPES:

EWS (EXTREME WIDE SHOT): The subject is not entirely visible and the view is very far from
it/him/her. Extreme Wide Shot or EWS is often used as an establishing shot. AKA: extreme
long shot, extreme full shot.

VWS (VERY WIDE SHOT): The subject is almost or barely visible, but the focus is still on
its/his/her place on the environment. AKA: very long shot

WS (WIDE SHOT): The subject occupies the frame as much as possible. AKA: long shot, full
shot.

MS (MID SHOT): The subject is not fully shown, usually from head to waist part, while the
focus is still on the subject.

MCU (MEDIUM CLOSE UP): The subject is usually visible from head to chest. The shot is
somewhat between a Mid Shot and a Close Up Shot.

CU (CLOSE UP): The part or feature of a subject occupies the whole frame, usually the
subject's head.

ECU (EXTREME CLOSE UP): The camera shot is very near and shows tremendous detail of
the subject. AKA: Choker

CUT-IN: Features other part of the subject in close up shot.

CA (CUTAWAY): A shot that does not include the subject.

TWO-SHOT: Refers to a shot of two people in the same frame, usually mid shot.

(OSS) OVER-THE-SHOULDER SHOT: Refers to the shot that is captured from behind a person,
but still focuses on the subject.

NODDY SHOT: This is usually used in interviews; the shot shows the interviewer or the
angle that interviewee reacting to the topic / subject.
POINT-OF-VIEW SHOT (POV): A shot that displays the perspective of the subject.

WEATHER SHOT: Simply uses the weather as a subject. Typically used for background
purposes or even used as an establishing shot.

SHOT ANGLES:

LOW ANGLE: Captures the subject from below, giving an impression of the subject being
dominant or powerful.

EYE-LEVEL: Usually done in 2x2 pictures, wherein the angle is done in the subject's eye
level.

HIGH ANGLE: Unlike the low angle, this shot is captured from above wherein the camera is
angled down towards the subject that creates an impression of being less powerful or
significant.

BIRD'S EYE: Usually done in sports scenes documentaries, this shot is captured directly
above the subject/s. Nowadays, videographers use a camera drone to achieve this shot.

WORM'S EYE: The opposite of the bird's eye which is captured directly below the subject.

CANTED (aka DUTCH TILT): The camera is tilted purpose to one side that creates a dramatic
effect. This is usually used in fantasy movies.

CAMERA MOVEMENTS:

ZOOM: To move the camera closer or further away from the subject.

PAN: To move the camera from side to side or horizontally in a stationary position.

TILT: Like panning, the camera is held on a fixed position, but instead on moving the camera
side to side, it is moved up and down.

DOLLY: refers to a camera movement that involves the camera attached on a track and is
moved towards, or away from the subject

TRUCK: Similar to dolly, but instead of moving the camera toward or away from the subject,
the camera goes from side to side.

PEDESTAL (aka Boom up/down or Jib up/down): Camera angle that involves ascending or
descending the entire camera, instead of just the angle of the camera.

SYMBOLIC CODES: demonstrates or shows what lies below what the audience see. For
instance, an actor or a character’s actions depicts or describes how or what that character
feels or thinks.

SETTING: refer to the place where an event happens. In the picture, we can conclude that
the photo took place in London during the Victorian era judging the way they dress or the
transportation used by the people in the picture.

BODY LANGUAGE: refers to an example of nonverbal communication through gestures or

movements. For example, on the left side of the picture below shows a man who is nervous,
and on the right side of the picture shows a man with confidence.

WRITTEN CODES: use of language style and textual layout (headlines, captions, speech
bubbles, language style, etc.)

WEEK 7 – LEGAL, ETHICAL, AND SOCIETAL ISSUES IN MEDIA AND

INFORMATION
ETHICS: also known as moral philosophy, refers to the morals connecting to human
behavior, whether certain actions are morally accepted or not.

AREAS OF ETHICAL CONCERN IN DIGITAL MEDIA:

1. SOCIAL NETWORKING: refers to the use of websites and applications to interact or to

communicate with other people. Since, social networking sites is vastly use nowadays, it is
questionable whether people apply ethical use of social media. EX. Facebook, Messenger,
Twitter/X, Instagram, Tiktok

ETHICAL CONCERNS:

PRIVACY: The world wide web is very open source of information and that includes the
information we put on our social network accounts, like our address, contact numbers, or
our location.

FREE SPEECH: Since social networking sites give the users the power to post anything,
some users think it is acceptable to put anything on their account even it is against another
person’s privacy, knowledge, principles, or culture.

AUTHENTICITY: The biggest problem in using social media is authenticity. Since users has
no power to validate if something is legitimate on social media, it is very easy for some
people to execute identity theft wherein they would steal or use another person’s
information to get something valuable.

2. BLOGGING: Blog refers to a website that intends to inform people or to discuss about a
particular topic. It is sometimes used to advertise products that are considered useful in
their own experience. It is sometimes used by people as their journal to tell stories about
their daily lives or adventure. According to Article III, Section 4 of the Philippine
Constitution, there is no law that should be passed that relates in reducing or removing
people’s right to express. Although the Philippine Constitution protects people’s right to
free speech and expression, this does not give them the freedom to write to harm other
people.

3. GAMING: As the gaming industry grows, more and more people – specially people in
younger generations are engaging with games on various platforms. Each year, games
become more and more realistic to the eyes of every player which changes the way people
interact with games. Some issues include excessive violence and its effect to the players,
the question whether proper guidelines in making a game is applied, the values people get
in playing, respecting races and culture, and most of all, addiction in games.

4. INSTANT MESSAGING: Often shortened to “IM”, instant messaging refers to the act of
exchanging message through a software application in real time. This software usually
includes the ability to easily let the user know if a person to be contacted is online or
connected through the application.

Ethical concerns about authenticity, and security of data is mostly the issues of instant
messaging, like social networking, people can easily send information to other people,
whether it is authentic or not, or whether the message violates another person’s privacy.

5. DOWNLOADING MUSIC/MOVIES/MEDIA: Downloading music, movies, books, or any other

media off the internet is considered as a norm in today’s society. But, unlike many other
believes that downloading these type of files without proper permission is fine, but it is an
act of piracy.

PIRACY: unauthorized use or reproduction of another’s work

6. UPLOADING AND SHARING ORIGINAL CREATIONS: Media, especially social media, can be
considered as a great platform wherein a person can share or flaunt skills in creating
something. But, uploading and sharing original creations throughout media can be a big
risk on the original creator’s part, some people may post another person’s original creation
as their own without the original creator’s knowledge, therefore getting credit on
something they did not create in the first place.

7. USING WORK FROM ANOTHER COMPANY, SERVICE, INDIVIDUAL, OR PRODUCT, SUCH AS

PHOTOGRAPHY, LOGOS, OR ANY OTHER COPYRIGHTED, PATENTED, OR TRADEMARKED
MATERIAL: Using any material or work used from another company, service, individual, or
product is a violation of copyright, intellectual property rights, and also an act of
plagiarism.

COPYRIGHT: type of intellectual property wherein the author has the absolute right of an
original work for a specific period of time; afterwards, the creation is now considered public
domain. Note that in order for an original work to be considered copyright, the idea must
be expressed first.

COPYRIGHT CAN PROTECT THINGS LIKE: DIFFICULT OR IMPOSSIBLE TO COPYRIGHT:

1. Photos 1. Ideas
2. Stories 2. Facts
3. Illustrations 3. Most federal, state and local government
4. Cartoons records
5. Advertisements 4. Slogans
6. Novels 5. Titles
7. Internet publications 6. Short phrases
8. Marketing campaigns 7. Names
8. Familiar symbols
9. Lists of ingredients
10. Basic instructions
Since copyright is the author’s legal ownership of his intellectual property, he/she has the
right to execute, authorize, or to prevent the following acts:
- Reproduction of any part of the work
- Adaptation, arrangement, or any kind of transformation of the work.
- Selling or transferring ownership of the work
- Lending the work to another person for any kind of purpose
- Displaying the work in public
- Performing or executing the work in public
- Communicating the work in public

FAIR USE: Refers to the author’s sole right and the author’s limitation – which was given by
copyright law to an original work. This may include criticism, researching, commentary, new
broadcasting, search engines, and library archiving.

PLAGIARISM: Refers to taking credits for or stealing another person’s idea or work. This
may also refer to using another’s intellectual creation without properly crediting the
original creator, or taking an existing idea from existing source and presenting it as a new
or an original idea.

COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT: Using or producing someone else’s work without permission

PLAGIARISM: Claiming a work or an intellectual property as your own

NETIQUETTE: Refers to ethical guidelines in communication or using the internet. This

includes rules on how to act during discussion and also the unique nature of the medium.
Netiquette usually administered by people who can immediately recognize violators or
violations of netiquette.

SHEA'S 2004 ONLINE BOOK CALLED "NETIQUETTE":

1. INTRODUCE YOURSELF: always begin by identifying yourself so that the receiver will can
easily know the sender and at the end of a message, use a signature or footer with
information about yourself.
2. ENTER A SUBJECT LINE: in the subject line, include a descriptive phrase that express the
topic of the message.
3. DO NOT USE SARCASM: avoid using sarcasm because some might misinterpret the
message and will cause conflict.
4. VALUE AND HAVE RESPECT FOR OTHERS' PRIVACY: do not send out or share somebody
else's email without permission.
5. IMMEDIATELY RESPOND TO MESSAGES
6. BE CAUTIOUS IN COPYING: avoid copying everyone you know on each message.
7. DO NOT SPAM OR SEND OUT JUNK MAIL: do not respond or massively send out worthless
email postings like chain letters, rumors, gossip, etc.
8. BE CURT: be concise in responding or sending out email
9. OBSERVE PROPER LANGUAGE: avoid rude language, use proper grammar, and check
spelling
10. USE PROPER EMOTION ICONS (OR EMOTICONS) TO HELP EXPRESS MEANING: use
appropriate emoticons like smileys =) or :-) to accentuate emotions or feelings.
11. TO EMPHASIZE OR TO CONVEY MEANING, USE SUITABLE INTENSIFIERS: avoid typing
sentences in all caps or "screaming" when sending or responding to email.
- for emphasis, one can type words between two asterisks (e.g. "to be submitted
*tomorrow*")
- to express state of mind, one can type words between brackets (e.g." I'm so glad to hear
from you (grin)")

SOME ISSUES RELATED IN USING MEDIA AND INFORMATION:

DIGITAL DIVIDE: Originally, digital divide refers to the gap between users when it comes to
access of information and communication technology (e.g. those who have internet
connection at home vs. those who don’t). But since information and communication
technology is within our reach nowadays, digital divide may refer to the gap between users
when it comes to skills in using information and communication technology or the gap
between users who have less and more bandwidth.

ADDICTION: Commonly called PIU or PROBLEMATIC INTERNET USE that refers to too much
use of internet to the point that it affects daily life.

CYBERBULLYING OR CYBER-HARASSMENT: type of bullying done online. This includes

sending threats, sexually harassing others, posting humors, sharing private information, or
negative comments or posts against a person

VIRTUAL SELF: refers to the digital identity or assumed identity in the virtual world